Modified Diatomaceous Earth in Heparin Recovery from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa.

Heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is a naturally occurring anticoagulant that plays a vital role in various physiological processes. The remarkable structural complexity of heparin, consisting of repeating disaccharide units, makes it a crucial molecule for the development of commercial drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. Over the past few decades, significant progress has been made in the development of cost-effective adsorbents specifically designed for the adsorption of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. This advancement has been driven by the need for efficient and scalable methods to extract heparin from natural sources. In this study, we investigated the use of cationic ammonium-functionalized diatomaceous earth, featuring enhanced porosity, larger surface area, and higher thermal stability, to maximize the isolated heparin recovery. Our results showed that the higher cationic density and less bulky quaternary modified diatomaceous earth (QDADE) could adsorb up to 16.3 mg·g-1 (31%) of heparin from the real mucosa samples. Additionally, we explored the conditions of the adsorbent surface for recovery of the heparin molecule and optimized various factors, such as temperature and pH, to optimize the heparin uptake. This is the introductory account of the implementation of modified diatomaceous earth with quaternary amines for heparin capture.

Efficient and Economic Heparin Recovery from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Using Quaternary Ammonium-Functionalized Silica Gel.

Heparin, usually isolated from porcine intestinal mucosa, is an active pharmaceutical ingredient of great material value. Traditionally, diverse types of commercial resins were employed as an adsorbent for heparin retrieval from biological samples. However, more recent years have encouraged the advent of new cost-effective adsorbents to achieve enhanced heparin retrieval. Inexpensive cationic ammonium-functionalized silica gels, monodispersed with larger surface area, porosity, and higher thermal stability, were chosen to evaluate the heparin recovery yield from porcine intestinal mucosa. We demonstrated that higher positively charged and less bulky quaternary modified silica gel (e.g., QDASi) could adsorb ~28% (14.7 mg g-1) heparin from the real samples. In addition, we also determined suitable surface conditions for the heparin molecule adsorption by mechanistic studies and optimized different variables, such as pH, temperature, etc., to improve the heparin adsorption. This is going to be the first reported study on the usage of quaternary amine-functionalized silica gel for HEP uptake.

Efficient Heparin Recovery from Porcine Intestinal Mucosa Using Zeolite Imidazolate Framework-8.

Heparin is one of the most valuable active pharmaceutical ingredients, and it is generally isolated from porcine intestinal mucosa. Traditionally, different types of commercial resins are employed as an adsorbent for heparin uptake; however, using new, less expensive adsorbents has attracted more interest in the past few years to enhance the heparin recovery. Zeolite imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), as a metal-organic framework (MOF) with a high surface area, porosity, and good stability at high temperatures, was selected to examine the heparin recovery. In this research, we demonstrate that ZIF-8 can recover up to ~70% (37 mg g-1) of heparin from porcine intestinal mucosa. A mechanistic study through kinetic and thermodynamic models on the adsorption revealed appropriate surface conditions for the adsorption of heparin molecules. The effect of different variables such as pH and temperature on heparin adsorption was also studied to optimize the recovery. This study is the first to investigate the usage of MOFs for heparin uptake.