Preoperative survey to evaluate the patients' allergy list and its relevance to perioperative care.

INTRODUCTION: Perioperative hypersensitivity and allergic reactions can result in significant morbidity and mortality. For routine anesthetic care, allergies are determined from a review of the electronic medical record supplemented by a detailed patient history. Although the electronic medical record is generally assumed to be accurate, it may be that allergies are erroneously listed or not based on sound medical practice. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate allergies listed in the electronic medical record of children presenting for surgery and determine their origin, authenticity, and impact on perioperative care. METHODS: Eligible patients included those presenting for a surgical procedure in the main operating room, who were ≤ 21 years of age, with a drug allergy listed on the EMR. Prior to intraoperative care, an electronic survey questionnaire containing questions related to medication allergies was provided to a guardian or parent. Two anesthesiology physicians reviewed the survey responses to determine the validity of any reported allergies. A second electronic survey was given postoperatively to the attending anesthesiologist to determine whether the documented allergy impacted anesthetic care. RESULTS: The study cohort included 250 patients, ranging in age from 5 to 14 years (median age 9 years). All of the patients had at least one allergy listed on the electronic medical record. Seventy of the 250 patients (28%) had more than one drug allergy listed for a total of 351 medication allergies. The majority of the listed allergies were related to antibiotics including 155 (44%) from the penicillin family, 26 (7%) cephalosporins, 16 (5%) sulfonamides, and 36 (10%) other antimicrobial agents. Other commonly listed allergies were 27 (8%) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and 15 (4%) opioids. The remaining 76 (22%) included a miscellaneous list of other medications. On further review of the allergies, the survey was completed for 301 medications. After physician review, 135 of 301 (45%) responses were considered consistent with IgE reactions "true allergy," 73 (24%) were deemed less relevant to IgE reactions "unlikely true allergy," and 93 (31%) were not related to IgE reactions "not an allergy." Care alterations during surgery were uncommon regardless of whether the issue was assessed as a true allergy (11%), unlikely to be a true allergy (3%), or not a true allergy (13%). CONCLUSION: A significant portion of the documented allergies in children are not true allergies, but rather recognized adverse effects (apnea from an opioid, renal failure from an NSAIDs) or other nonallergic concerns (gastrointestinal upset such as nausea). Erroneously listed allergies may lead to unnecessary alterations in patient care during perioperative care. A careful analysis of the allergy list on the EMR should be supplemented by a thorough patient history with specific questions related to the drug allergy. Once this is accomplished, the allergy listed should be updated to avoid its erroneous impact on perioperative care.

Current and Next Generation Portable Screening Devices for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of legal blindness in the United States, and with the growing epidemic of diabetes, a global increase in the incidence of DR is inevitable, so it is of utmost importance to identify the most cost-effective tools for DR screening. Emerging technology may provide advancements to offset the burden of care, simplify the process, and provide financially responsible methods to safely and effectively optimize care for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). We review here currently available technology, both in production and under development, for DR screening. Preliminary results of smartphone-based devices, "all-in-one" devices, and alternative technologies are encouraging, but are largely pending verification of utility when used by nonophthalmic personnel. Further research comparing these devices to current nonportable telemedicine strategies and clinical fundus examination is necessary to validate these techniques and to potentially overcome the poor compliance around the globe of current strategies for DR screening.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis presenting with papulonodular skin lesions and arthritis mutilans.

Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a rare multisystem disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by erosive polyarthritis and papulonodular lesions on the skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs. We report the case of a 54-year-old female who was misdiagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis and underwent numerous joint replacement surgeries for progressively destructive arthritis in her hands, shoulders, hips, and knees. The patient finally received a diagnosis of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis after histopathological examination of the patient's left knee arthroplasty which revealed a diffuse histiocytic infiltrate, multinucleated giant cells, and finely granulated eosinophilic cytoplasm with a ground-glass appearance.

Epidural brain metastases in a patient with early onset pancreatic cancer: a case report and literature review.

We present a case of early onset pancreatic cancer related extra-axial brain metastases. A 46-year-old Caucasian non-Jewish nonobese male with a history of PC diagnosed 3 months ago with metastases to the liver, omentum, malignant ascites, and a history of a pulmonary embolism was admitted to the hospital because of a new onset headache, nausea, and vomiting which started 2 days prior to the encounter. Brain MRI was ordered, which showed acute bihemispheric subdural hematomas and left hemispheric extra-axial heterogeneously enhancing lesions consisting with metastatic disease. The patient was started on ondansentron, metoclopramide, and dexamethasone. The cranial irradiation was started, and the patient's headache and nausea significantly improved. There are only 9 published reports of extra-axial brain metastases related to the pancreatic cancer, whereas our paper is the first such case reported on a patient with epidural metastases and early onset pancreatic cancer.

An Intraoperative algorithm for use of the SIEA flap for breast reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap has been shown to be a reliable option for breast reconstruction. A further refinement in the transfer of lower abdominal tissue for breast reconstruction is the superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap. A retrospective study was conducted to assess the reliability and examine the outcomes of SIEA flaps for breast reconstruction while considering an intraoperative algorithm established in this study. METHODS: Ninety-nine SIEA flap reconstructions were performed in 82 patients in a 3(1/2)-year period. Patients were divided into two groups (before and after algorithm implementation), and their medical records were evaluated with respect to demographic information, tumor type, tobacco use, ischemic time, flap weight, and complications. Potential risk factors for complications were also assessed. RESULTS: Of the first 72 SIEA flaps, five were lost because of arterial thrombosis. All failed flaps had an SIEA diameter of less than 1.5 mm at the level of the lower abdominal incision. In February of 2004 (point T), the senior author (A.J.S.) implemented an intraoperative algorithm for flap selection that allowed use of the SIEA flap only when the SIEA diameter was 1.5 mm or greater than. In the remaining cases, a DIEP flap was used for breast reconstruction. After point T, 27 SIEA flap procedures were performed without any flap losses. Overall fat necrosis and partial flap loss rates were 1.0 and 5.1 percent, respectively. No abdominal bulges/hernias were observed. Only smoking at the time of surgery was associated with increased donor-site complications (p = 0.016). CONCLUSION: The intraoperative algorithm helped decrease flap and abdominal complication rates for the SIEA flap.

Vein graft anastomoses with magnets.

BACKGROUND: Performing vascular anastomoses requires complete circumferential access and is time-consuming and technically challenging. The purpose of our study was to assess a sutureless magnetic device for anastomosing vein grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS: Oval magnets with a lumen were placed in six male foxhounds. The femoral artery was ligated and an 8 cm length of femoral vein was harvested and reversed. After a 4 mm venotomy or arteriotomy, one magnet was inserted into each vessel lumen and a second magnet was placed outside the vessel but aligned directly over the intraluminal magnet, forming a magnetic port in each vessel. The graft and target vessels were then allowed to self-align and seal, creating a side-to-side anastomosis. Patency was confirmed with duplex Doppler ultrasound scans after 6 and 13 weeks and during explantation after 14 weeks. At that time, the contralateral femoral vein was harvested and an acute graft was created as a control. Macroscopically there was no sign of stenoses or aneurysms. After explant, saline was perfused through all grafts and the hydrodynamic resistance was quantified. There was no significant difference in resistance between the acute and 14-week grafts indicating stenosis. Microscopic examination of 14-week anastomoses showed that all blood-contacting surfaces were well-endothelialised. CONCLUSIONS: The magnetic vascular coupler allowed sutureless anastomoses between blood arteries and veins. This device might prove useful for anastomosis of large and small vessels, as well as for anastomosis or approximation of non-vascular structures such as peripheral nerves, fallopian tubes or ureters.