Comparison performance of the Bayesian Approach with the Weibull and Birnbaum-Saunders distributions in imputation of time-to-event censors.

Almost all survival data is censored, and censor imputation is necessary. This study aimed to investigate the performance of the Bayesian Approach (BA) in the imputation of censored records in simulated and Breast Cancer (BC) data. Due to the difference in the distribution of time to event in survival analysis, two well-known the Weibull and Birnbaum-Saunders (BS) distributions have been used to test the performance of the BA. For each of the censored, 10,000 times were simulated using the BA in R and BUGS software, and their median or mean was imputed instead of each censor. The eligibility of both imputation methods was investigated using different curves, different censoring percentages, and sample sizes, as well as the Deviance Information Criteria (DIC), Effective Sample Size, and the Geweke diagnostic in simulated and especially real BC data. The BC data, which contains 220 patients who were identified and followed up between 2015 and 2023, was made accessible on February 1, 2023. The Kaplan-Meier, the BA, and other survival curves were drawn for the observed times. Findings indicated that the performance of the BA under the Weibull and BS distributions in simulated data is similar. The DIC index in the BC data under the BS distribution (1510) is less than the Weibull distribution (1698). Therefore, the BS distribution is preferred over the Weibull for imputation of censoring times in real BC data.

Survival analysis of recurrent breast cancer patients using mix Bayesian network.

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women. Iranians have an 11% BC recurrence rate, which lowers their survival rates. Few studies have investigated cancer recurrence survival rates. This study's major purpose is to use a mixed Bayesian network (BN) to analyze recurrent patients' survival. Material and methods: This study aimed to evaluate the pathobiological features, age, gender, final status, and survival time of the patients. Bayesian imputation was used for missing data. The performance of BN was optimized through the utilization of a blacklist and prior probability. After structural and parametric learning, posterior conditional probabilities and mean survival periods for the node arcs were predicted. The hold-out technique based on the posterior classification error was used to investigate the model's validation. Results: The study included 220 cancer recurrence patients. These patients averaged 47 years old. The BN with a blacklist and prior probability has a higher network score than other networks. The hold-out technique verified structural learning. The Directed Acyclic Graph showed a statistically significant relationship between cancer biomarkers (ER, PR, and HER2 receptors), cancer stage, and tumor grade and patient survival duration. Patient death was also significantly associated with education, ER, PR, HER2, and tumor grade. The BN reports that HER2 negative, ER positive, and PR positive patients had a higher survival rate. Conclusion: Survival and death of relapsed patients depend on biomarkers. Based on the findings, patient survival can be predicted with their features.

Epidemiology and survival of cervical cancer in Iran based on national cancer registry data (2008-2014).

Background: Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in females worldwide, associated with the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The CC incidence is low in Iran, ranking 11th among cancers. This study aimed to estimate the survival rate of CC and the reasons for its low survival rate based on the data retrieved from the Iranian National Cancer Registry System. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, data for patients diagnosed with CC from 2008 to 2014 were collected and analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis based on epidemiological and clinical factors. Results: A total of 5,304 women were diagnosed from March 10, 2008 to March 9, 2014 and 2,423 patients were followed. The mean age of the cases was 51.91 years, and 65.91% were alive. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 58% and 50%, respectively, with no difference between younger cases with SCC or AC but better survival rates for older patients with SCC. Conclusions: As a preventable disease, CC is related to biological factors and geographical and sociodemographic indices. Geographical, cultural, and religious behaviors affect the CC incidence and survival. In Iran, the 5-year survival rate ranges from 34% to 70% among different geographic regions. Hence, effective screening based on cultural and sociodemographic issues is recommended.

Ten-Year Survival of Breast Cancer in Iran: A National Study (Retrospective Cohort Study).

Purpose: This study aimed to estimate the 5- and 10-year survival rates of breast cancer in Iran. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed in 2019 on breast cancer patients registered in the national cancer registry system of Iran during 2007-2014. The patients were contacted to collect their information and status (alive or dead). Age and pathological type of tumor were categorized into five groups, and the place of residence was divided into 13 regions. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model were used for data analysis. Results: A total of 87,902 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer during the study, 22,307 of whom were followed-up. The 5- and 10-year survival rates of the patients were 80% and 69%, respectively. The mean age of the patients was 50.68 ± 12.76 years (median age, 49 years). About 2.3% of the patients were male. The 5- and 10-year survival rates were 69% and 50% in men, respectively. The highest survival rate was reported in the age group of 40-49 years, and the lowest rate was found in the age group of ≥70 years. Of all pathological types, 88% were found in the invasive ductal carcinoma group; the highest survival rate was reported in the noninvasive carcinoma group. The highest survival rate was reported in the Tehran region and the lowest in the Hamedan region. Based on the results, the Cox proportional hazards model, sex, age group, and pathological type were statistically significant differences. Conclusion: This nationwide study performed on breast cancer patients indicated an improvement in the overall survival rate of these patients over the past years (the 5-year survival rate increased from 71% in 2011 to 80% in the present study), which might be attributed to advances in cancer management.

Exosomal circular RNAs: New player in breast cancer progression and therapeutic targets.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy among women. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles of cell membrane origin that are released via exocytosis. Their cargo contains lipids, proteins, DNA, and different forms of RNA, including circular RNAs. Circular RNAs are new class of non-coding RNAs with a closed-loop shape involved in several types of cancer, including breast cancer. Exosomes contained a lot of circRNAs which are called exosomal circRNAs. By interfering with several biological pathways, exosomal circRNAs can have either a proliferative or suppressive role in cancer. The involvement of exosomal circRNAs in breast cancer has been studied with consideration to tumor development and progression as well as its effects on therapeutic resistance. However, its exact mechanism is still unclear, and there have not been available clinical implications of exo-circRNAs in breast cancer. Here, we highlight the role of exosomal circRNAs in breast cancer progression and to highlight the most recent development and potential of circRNAas therapeutic targets and diagnostics for breast cancer.

Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma.

While brain tumors are not extremely frequent, they cause high mortality due to lack of appropriate treatment and late detection. Glioblastoma is the most frequent type of primary brain tumor. This malignant tumor has a highly aggressive behavior. Expression profile of different types of transcripts, methylation status of a number of genomic loci and chromosomal aberrations have been found to affect course of glioblastoma and propensity for recurrence and metastasis. Recent studies have shown that glioblastoma cells produce extracellular vesicles whose cargo can affect behavior of neighboring cells. Several miRNAs such as miR-301a, miR-221, miR-21, miR-16, miR-19b, miR-20, miR-26a, miR-92, miR-93, miR-29a, miR-222, miR-221 and miR-30a have been shown to be transferred by glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles and enhance the malignant behavior of these cells. Other components of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles are EGFRvIII mRNA/protein, Ndfip1, PTEN, MYC ssDNA and IDH1 mRNA. In the current review, we discuss the available data about the molecular composition of glioblastoma-derived extracellular vesicles and their impact on the progression of this malignant tumor and its resistance to therapeutic modalities.

The Effect of Neoadjuvant vs Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Final Outcome of Patients with Triple Negative Breast Cancer.

Background: Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 10% to 20% of breast cancers, does not respond to endocrine treatment, and is more aggressive. Two chemotherapy methods suggested include neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), performed before surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC), performed after surgery. In order to determine whether the choice of chemotherapy method has any impact on patients' outcome, the present study aimed to compare the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) of TNBC patients with a 10-year follow-up. Methods: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neoadjuvant versus adjuvant chemotherapy on the final outcome of patients with TNBC. Women with TNBC stages II and III who referred to the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences during 2000 and 2020 were included (N = 237) and visited or called by phone to obtain their consent and complete their information. The participants were categorized into 2 groups according to the treatment protocol they received; one group received NAC (N = 85) and the other group received AC (N = 188); patients' age, tumor's grade and stage, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), DFS, and OS were compared between the 2 treatment types. For the statistical analysis, the statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. (IBM Corp) was used. All tests were 2-sided and P values < 0.050 were considered statistically significant. Results: The frequency of pathologies, LVI, and type of surgery was not different between the groups (p = 0.543, p = 0.352, p = 0.935), while the frequency of age categories and tumor grade was significantly different between the groups (p = 0.003, p = 0.001). Ten-year OS and DFS were not different between the groups (p = 0.771, p = 0.506). The Multivariate Cox analysis results showed clinical stage, pathologic grade, age >70, and LVI as significant predictors of death. Conclusion: These results showed that the choice of chemotherapy method, performed before or after surgery, does not influence the 10-year OS and DFS of TNBC patients.

Five-Year Survival Rate of Bladder Cancer in Iran during 2001-2007.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and the most common cancer in women, comprising 8% of all males and 3% of female tumors. The present study aimed to estimate the five-year survival rates of bladder cancer in Iran. METHODS: Information on 3,337 registered cases of bladder cancer was obtained from the Office of National Cancer Registry in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH & ME). A telephone survey was conducted to gather additional information, such as survival status, demographic, and clinical profile. Kaplan-Meier estimates of five-year survival rates were calculated according to the age of diagnosis, gender, pathological type, and provincial pole. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Overall five-year survival rate was 77%. According to the pathologic type, five-year survival rates were 81%, 66%, 81%, 42%, 77%, and 82% in low-grade urothelial carcinoma, high-grade urothelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, undifferentiated carcinomas, Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCCs), and other tumors, respectively. Additionally, those tumors were 93%, 88%, 81%, 64%, and 44% among patients whose average ages at diagnosis were < 50, 50-59, 60-59, 70-79, and > 80 years old, respectively. Our study revealed that age and histological type were the major prognostic factors for survival in patients with bladder cancer. Therefore, given the histologic features of the tumor and patients with advanced age, a continuous screening would be highly warranted.

Association between Gastric Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratio and Human Development Index: Evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer has been one of the major causes of death in the past decades. It is the fifth most prevalent cancer and the third leading cause of neoplasm death worldwide. Thus, to know more about this health problem, assessing the burden of this cancer and its association with socioeconomic status of countries is of great importance. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the mean trend of gastric cancer mortality-to-incidence ratio (GCMIR) in different super regions defined by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) and investigate the relationship between GCMIR and Human Development Index (HDI) in the period 2000-2016. METHODS: We used the data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2016 study to calculate GCMIR for 185 world countries in the period 2000-2016. We also extracted the HDI data for each year under study from the Updates of the UNDP website. To attain the analytic aims, marginal modeling and generalized estimating equations (GEE) were utilized. RESULTS: Sub-Saharan Africa was the only super region with a positive slope of GCMIR, and high-income countries had the greatest decreasing slope of GCMIR during the study period. Moreover, there was a negative association between GCMIR and HDI in these years. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed that gastric cancer could be thought not only as a biological disease but also as a social event that will be more controllable with the improvement of economic status and other social determinants of health.

Survival Rate and Prognostic Factors among Iranian Breast Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUND: Survival time is one of the indicators used for evaluation of the quality of care in different types of malignancies, including breast cancer. The present study aimed to estimate the survival rate of breast cancer and its related factors among Iranian patients. METHODS: Overall, 3148 cases of breast cancer who referred to the Cancer Research Center in Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran during 1994-2017 participated in this longitudinal study. Survival estimates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and the Bayesian generalized Birnbaum-Saunders model with cure rate from geometric distribution. Clinical, pathological, and biological variables as potential prognostic factors were entered in univariate and multivariate analyses.In order to identify the significant prognostic factors, 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals were used. RESULTS: The overall 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25-year survival rate were 95%, 75%, 60%, 47%, 46% and 46%, respectively. A significant relation was observed between survival time and the variables such as age, size of tumor, number of lymph nodes, stage, histological grade, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and lymphovascular invasion. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study might help the health managers to plan long-term programs considering regional determinants, public education, and screening for early detection of breast cancer cases which can eventually influence the overall survival rate of these patients.

Using Nanochelating Technology for Biofortification and Yield Increase in Rice.

Iron is a vital microelement that plays an important role in plant metabolism. Consuming a large amount of chemical fertilizers increases the risk factors of neoplastic diseases such as heavy metals and harmful components in crops edible parts. Therefore, utilizing novel technologies to increase yields without requiring more chemical fertilizers seems essential. In this regard, nanotechnology holds considerable potentials for creating valuable outputs in agriculture. The effect of nano chelated iron fertilizer, which is synthesized based on novel nanochelating technology, on agronomic traits and yield of rice were evaluated in the present study. A randomized complete block experiment was conducted with 3 replicates. The treatments were: T0 (control), T1 (2.5 g/L foliar application twice at nursery with a one-week interval), T2 (foliar application at tillering + T1), T3 (foliar application at booting + T1), T4 (foliar application at tillering and booting + T1), T5 (8 kg/ha soil application at tillering + T1), T6 (8 kg/ha soil application at booting + T1), T7 (4 kg/ha soil application at tillering + 4 kg/ha soil application at booting + T1). Nano chelated iron fertilizer increased biological yield by 27% and decreased hollow grain number by 254%; in addition, it raised protein content by 13%. This fertilizer also led to increase in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc concentrations in white rice by 46%, 43%, 41%, 25% and 50%, respectively. Nanochelating technology can decrease the need for chemical fertilizers; additionally, this technology has the capability to bio-fortify crops with vital micronutrients.

Saving the Breast Saves the Lives of Breast Cancer Patients.

Introduction. Surgery has been known as the procedure of choice for breast cancer management since 1700 years before Christ. Nowadays, breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy are performed in selected cases with specific clinical criteria. Here, we compare these two procedures for breast cancer patients with variable features in Cancer Research Center, Tehran, as a single institution experience. METHODS: In this 25-year follow-up retrospective cohort study, we identified breast cancer patients who had undergone breast-conserving therapy or mastectomy. Disease-free survival and overall survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test between the two groups. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 3358 breast cancer patients, including 61% breast-conserving therapy and 39% mastectomy cases were identified, with a mean follow-up time of 94 months. The overall survival and disease-free survival of all cases were significantly better in breast-conserved patients, particularly in early-stage breast cancer with favorable clinical, pathological, and biological features. Ten-year disease-free survival and overall survival in breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy cases were 74%, 88% and 58%, 80%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy prove to be an appropriate treatment option for breast cancer patients in terms of overall survival and disease-free survival when indicated.

The Relationship of Pre and Early Postnatal Risk Factors with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent cancer in Iranian women and the fifth most common cause of cancer-related death in Iran. Risk factors in the adult life may act during fetus life and after delivery. We conducted a case-control study to find out the relation of in utero and early life exposure and risk of BC. METHODS: A structured questionnaire that covered demographic criteria and BC risk factors in utero was completed for case (732 cases) and control (584 subjects) groups, matched in terms of demographic variants, reproductive issues and socioeconomic status. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed as measures of association from the logistic models. RESULTS: Having been breast feed for more than 19-24 month (P<0.001, OR 0.03, CI 0.004-0.21) is protective and positive family history of mother (P-value= 0.009, OR 3.4) is a risk factor for BC in adult. CONCLUSION: There is increasing recognition that condition in utero is important for later risks in breast. Emerging evidence suggests an association between intrauterine status and women prenatal condition and their subsequent risk of developing breast cancer. this is the first Iranian study assessing prenatal factors and breast cancer risk in the EMR and it should be followed by the larger group of cases and controls in the future.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation of BCc1 nanomedicine effect on survival and quality of life in metastatic and non-metastatic gastric cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the main goal of cancer research is to increase longevity of patients suffering malignant cancers. The promising results of BCc1 in vitro and vivo experiments made us look into the effect of BCc1 nanomedicine on patients with cancer in a clinical trial. METHODS: The present investigation was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel, and multicenter study in which 123 patients (30-to-85-year-old men and women) with metastatic and non-metastatic gastric cancer, in two separate groups of BCc1 nanomedicine or placebo, were selected using a permuted block randomization method. For metastatic and non-metastatic patients, a daily dose of 3000 and 1500 mg was prescribed, respectively. Overall survival (OS) as the primary endpoint and quality of life (measured using QLQ-STO22) and adverse effects as the secondary endpoints were studied. RESULTS: In metastatic patients, the median OS was significantly higher in BCc1 nanomedicine (174 days [95% confidence interval (CI) 82.37-265.62]) than in placebo (62 days [95% CI 0-153.42]); hazard ratio (HR): 0.5 [95% CI 0.25-0.98; p = 0.046]. In non-metastatic patients, the median OS was significantly higher in BCc1 nanomedicine (529 days [95% CI 393.245-664.75]) than in placebo (345 days [95% CI 134.85-555.14]); HR: 0.324 [95% CI 0.97-1.07; p = 0.066]. The QLQ-STO22 assessment showed a mean difference improvement of 3.25 and 2.29 (p value > 0.05) in BCc1 nanomedicine and a mean difference deterioration of - 4.42 and - 3 (p-value < 0.05) in placebo with metastatic and non-metastatic patients, respectively. No adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSION: The findings of this trial has provided evidence for the potential capacity of BCc1 nanomedicine for treatment of cancer. Trial registration IRCTID, IRCT2017101935423N1. Registered on 19 October 2017, http://www.irct.ir/ IRCT2017101935423N1.

Survival probability and prognostic factors of Iranian breast cancer patients using cure rate model.

Breast cancer, the major concern of the global health, is the fifth cause of death of women in Iran. In this longitudinal study, 3048 cases of breast cancer who visited and were treated at the Cancer Research Center in Shahid Beheshti University, were studied. During study, 518 patients died. The overall survival rate of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20-year were 95%, 76%, 59%, 47% and 46%, respectively. A significant relation was observed between survival time and the variables such as age, size of tumor, number of lymph nodes, stage, grade, and lymphovascular invasion.

Determinants of survival of common childhood cancers in Iran.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is the second most common cause of morbidity and mortality in children. This study aimed to epidemiologically and demographically assess common cancers in children in Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cohort study was conducted on children registered in Mahak Hospital and Rehabilitation Complex (which is a non-governmental organizations (NGO)-related hospital for only malignant diseases). A total of 2232 questionnaires were filled out for cancer patients between 2007 and 2016. The factors including age, gender, race, family history, type of treatment, and type of cancer were entered into Cox regression model to examine their effect on mortality of children diagnosed with cancer. RESULTS: The Cox regression model showed that age, race, type of cancer, family history of cancer, and type of treatment had a significant effect on mortality of children diagnosed with cancer (P < 0.05). The hazard ratio (HR) of mortality in 10-15 years old was higher than that of 1-5 years old (P = 0.03, HR = 1.3). The HR of mortality in patients with brain tumor (P < 0.01, HR = 2.24), sarcoma (P < 0.01, HR = 2.32), and neuroblastoma (P < 0.01, HR = 2.56) was twice the value in patients with leukemia. The HR of mortality in patients who had a family history of cancer was higher than that of patients without it (P < 0.01, HR = 1.33). Patients who had undergone chemotherapy along with surgery and radiotherapy (P = 0.02, HR = 0.68) and patients who received chemotherapy along with surgery (P = 0.01, HR = 0.67) had a lower HR of mortality compared to the chemotherapy group. CONCLUSION: Young age, multidisciplinary approach, and absence of family history were associated with lower hazard of death in children diagnosed with cancer; brain tumor, leukemia, and sarcoma had higher hazard of mortality compared to leukemia. Children with a family history of cancer should be under regular follow-up. Treatment should be multidisciplinary and comprehensive.

Breast Cancer Status in Iran: Statistical Analysis of 3010 Cases between 1998 and 2014.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the 5th leading cause of cancer death in Iranian women. This study analyzed 3010 women with breast cancer that had been referred to a cancer research center in Tehran between 1998 and 2014. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 3010 breast cancer cases with 32 clinical and paraclinical attributes. We checked the data quality rigorously and removed any invalid values or records. The method was data mining (problem definition, data preparation, data exploration, modeling, evaluation, and deployment). However, only the descriptive analyses' results of the variables are presented in this article. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive study on breast cancer status in Iran. RESULTS: A typical Iranian breast cancer patient has been a 40-50-year-old married woman with two children, who has a high school diploma and no history of abortion, smoking, or diabetes. Most patients were estrogen and progesterone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor (HER) negative, and P53 negative. Most cases were detected in stage 2 with intermediate grade. CONCLUSION: This study revealed original findings which can be used in national policymaking to find the best early detection method and improve the care quality and breast cancer prevention in Iran.

Does Histologic Subtype Influence the Post-Operative Outcome in Spinal Meningioma?

BACKGROUND: Postoperative outcome of spinal meningiomas is an important issue in surgery decision-making. There are limited and conflicting data in the literature about the prognostic factors influencing recovery, especially about the histopathologic subtypes. OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of some of these factors on postoperative outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was performed on 39 patients operated for spinal meningioma between October 1998 and January 2012; their histopathologic subtype was determined according to WHO criteria. The follow up period ranged between 8 - 120 months. The influence of histopathologic subtype, grade, age, sex, surgical approach, local adhesion and anatomical location was assessed according to Frankel classification of neurologic deficit. RESULTS: From a total number of 39 spinal meningiomas, 34 cases were WHO grade I, from which 15 cases were psammomatous, 7 cases were meningothelial, 9 cases were transitional and 3 cases were fibroblastic. Five cases were grade II, 3 of which had clear cell appearance and the remaining 2 had chordoid appearance. The mean age was 51.6 (22 to 76) years; 25 cases were female and 14 cases were male. This study revealed that grade II meningioma cases had poor prognosis in all 5 cases and psammomatous subtype had poor postoperative outcome in 40% of cases while the other subtypes had good outcome in all cases (P = 0.026). Cervical location of the tumor was also related with poor outcome in 37.5% of the cases, while 22.5% had poor outcome in other locations (P = 0.029). Age below and above 45 years and sex had no significant influence on the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal meningiomas of psammomatous type and grade II spinal meningiomas are associated with less favorable postoperative neurologic outcome. Cervical location has also a negative correlation with a good outcome.

BCc1, the novel antineoplastic nanocomplex, showed potent anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo.

PURPOSE: In spite of all the efforts and researches on anticancer therapeutics, an absolute treatment is still a myth. Therefore, it is necessary to utilize novel technologies in order to synthesize smart multifunctional structures. In this study, for the first time, we have evaluated the anticancer effects of BCc1 nanocomplex by vitro and in vivo studies, which is designed based on the novel nanochelating technology. METHODS: Human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and mouse embryonic fibroblasts were used for the in vitro study. Antioxidant potential, cell toxicity, apoptosis induction, and CD44 and CD24 protein expression were evaluated after treatment of cells with different concentrations of BCc1 nanocomplex. For the in vivo study, mammary tumor-bearing female Balb/c mice were treated with different doses of BCc1 and their effects on tumor growth rate and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: BCc1 decreased CD44 protein expression and increased CD24 protein expression. It induced MCF-7 cell apoptosis but at the same concentrations did not have negative effects on mouse embryonic fibroblasts viability and protected them against oxidative stress. Treatment with nanocomplex increased survival and reduced the tumor size growth in breast cancer-bearing balb/c mice. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that BCc1 has the capacity to be assessed as a new anticancer agent in complementary studies.

Expression of EMSY, a novel BRCA2-link protein, is associated with lymph node metastasis and increased tumor size in breast carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: The EMSY gene encodes a BRCA2-binding partner protein that represses the DNA repair function of BRCA2 in non-hereditary breast cancer. Although amplification of EMSY gene has been proposed to have prognostic value in breast cancer, no data have been available concerning EMSY tissue expression patterns and its associations with clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the current study, we examined the expression and localization pattern of EMSY protein by immunohistochemistry and assessed its prognostic value in a well-characterized series of 116 unselected breast carcinomas with a mean follow up of 47 months using tissue microarray technique. RESULTS: Immunohistochemical expression of EMSY protein was detected in 76% of primary breast tumors, localized in nuclear (18%), cytoplasmic (35%) or both cytoplasmic and nuclear sites (23%). Univariate analysis revealed a significant positive association between EMSY expression and lymph node metastasis (p value=0.045) and larger tumor size (p value=0.027), as well as a non-significant relation with increased risk of recurrence (p value=0.088), whereas no association with patients' survival (log rank test, p value=0.482), tumor grade or type was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we demonstrated for the first time the immunostaining pattern of EMSY protein in breast tumors. Our data imply that EMSY protein may have impact on clinicipathological parameters and could be considered as a potential target for breast cancer treatment.