Accurate diagnosis of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy using explainable advanced electrocardiogram analysis.

AIMS: Typical electrocardiogram (ECG) features of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) include tall R waves and deep or giant T-wave inversion in the precordial leads, but these features are not always present. The ECG is used as the gatekeeper to cardiac imaging for diagnosis. We tested whether explainable advanced ECG (A-ECG) could accurately diagnose ApHCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Advanced ECG analysis was performed on standard resting 12-lead ECGs in patients with ApHCM [n = 75 overt, n = 32 relative (<15 mm hypertrophy); a subgroup of which underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (n = 92)], and comparator subjects (n = 2449), including healthy volunteers (n = 1672), patients with coronary artery disease (n = 372), left ventricular electrical remodelling (n = 108), ischaemic (n = 114) or non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy (n = 57), and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy HCM (n = 126). Multivariable logistic regression identified four A-ECG measures that together discriminated ApHCM from other diseases with high accuracy [area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve (bootstrapped 95% confidence interval) 0.982 (0.965-0.993)]. Linear discriminant analysis also diagnosed ApHCM with high accuracy [AUC 0.989 (0.986-0.991)]. CONCLUSION: Explainable A-ECG has excellent diagnostic accuracy for ApHCM, even when the hypertrophy is relative, with A-ECG analysis providing incremental diagnostic value over imaging alone. The electrical (ECG) and anatomical (wall thickness) disease features do not completely align, suggesting that future diagnostic and management strategies may incorporate both features.

Baseline Left Ventricle Longitudinal Strain as a Predictor for Clinical Improvement Following Coronary Sinus Reducer Implantation.

Coronary sinus narrowing device (reducer) implantation has emerged as an effective treatment to improve the quality of life and functional capacity in patients suffering from disabling refractory angina. Left ventricle global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) is a useful tool for early diagnosis of subclinical cardiac injury and an independent predictor for coronary artery disease. We aimed to investigate whether LV-GLS could help predict clinical improvement after coronary sinus reducer implantation. LV-GLS assessments were performed at baseline and 6 months after reducer implantation in consecutive patients treated for refractory angina. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on reduced (<17% absolute value) or preserved baseline LV-GLS. Clinical improvement was defined as an increase of ≥25 m in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) at follow-up. Overall, 41 patients were included, 31 in the reduced LV-GLS group and 10 in the preserved LV-GLS group. The mean age was 68 ± 8 years, with only 2 female patients (5%). Baseline characteristics did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Univariable analysis revealed that LV-GLS was the only significant predictor for 6MWT improvement. Baseline preserved LV-GLS reduced the likelihood of 6MWT improvement by 82% (odds ratio 0.18 [0.04 to 0.83], p = 0.029). A significant increase in 6MWT (307 ± 97 m to 343 ± 92 m, p = 0.017) was observed in the reduced LV-GLS group, compared with a decrease in the preserved LV-GLS group (378 ± 86 m to 361 ± 123 m, p = 0.651). In conclusion, reduced LV-GLS may serve as a marker for potential clinical improvement in patients with refractory angina treated with reducer. Larger clinical trials are needed to establish its role.

Ethnic and sex-related differences at presentation in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: An observational cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: We investigated whether ethnicity and sex are associated with different clinical presentations and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) findings in individuals with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM). METHODS: A retrospective observational cohort study of consecutive ApHCM patients from a large tertiary referral center in the United Kingdom (UK). Demographic, clinical, 12­lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and CMR findings were collected. Participants presented in our clinics between 2010 and 2020. 'Pure' ApHCM was defined as isolated apical hypertrophy and 'mixed' with both apical and septal hypertrophy but with the apical segments of a greater wall thickness. Deep T-wave inversion was defined as ≥5 mm in any electrocardiogram lead. RESULTS: A total of 150 consecutive ApHCM patients (75% men, 25% women; 37% White, 25% Black, 24% Asian and 15% of Mixed/Other ethnicity) were included. Females were diagnosed at an older age compared to men, had less prominent ECG changes, had higher left atrial area index, and were more hypertensive. Black patients had higher left ventricular mass index, more hypertension, and more of the 'mixed' type of ApHCM. The majority of hypertensive male patients showed the 'mixed' phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals of Black ethnicity and hypertensive male patients are more likely to present with mixed apical and basal hypertrophy, whereas White, Asian and non-hypertensive male patients tend to have hypertrophy limited to the apex. Females present at an older age and are less likely to have deep T wave inversion on ECG.

Predictive value of elevated neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels for assessment of in-hospital adverse outcomes among myocardial infarction patients.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory biomarkers are known to rise and have predictive value for adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary ischemia. One of those biomarkers is neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL). To date, only very few studies have assessed the prognostic value of NGAL in this setting. We investigated the prognostic utility of elevated NGAL levels on clinical outcomes among ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients. METHODS: High NGAL was defined as values within the 4th quartile. Patients were assessed for major in-hospital adverse clinical events (MACE). Multivariable logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used to further evaluate NGAL association for MACE and discrimination ability. RESULTS: A total of 273 patients were included. patients with high NGAL were at increased risk for MACE (62% vs. 19%; odds ratio 6.88, 95% confidence interval, 3.77-12.54, P  < 0.001). After propensity score matching, the incidence of MACE was significantly higher in patients with high vs. low NGAL levels (69% vs. 6%, P  = 0.002). In multivariable regression, high NGAL level was independently associated with MACE. The discrimination ability of NGAL to identify MACE (AUC 0.823), is significantly better than that of other inflammatory markers. CONCLUSION: Among ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention, high NGAL levels are associated with adverse outcomes, independent of traditional inflammatory markers.

Impact of care bundles on the occurrence and outcomes of acute kidney injury among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Several reports suggested that compliance with acute kidney injury care bundles among hospitalized patients resulted in improved kidney and patient outcomes. We investigated the effect of acute kidney injury care bundle utilization on the incidence of acute kidney injury and renal outcomes in a large cohort of myocardial infarction patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: We included patients with myocardial infarction admitted following percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2008 and December 2020. From January 2016, acute kidney injury care bundle was implemented in our cardiac intensive care unit. Acute kidney injury care bundle consisted of simple standardized investigations and interventions, including strict monitoring of serum creatinine and urine analysis, planning investigations, treatment, and guidance about seeking nephrologist advice. Patients' records were evaluated for the occurrence of acute kidney injury, its severity, and recovery, before and after the implementation of acute kidney injury care bundle. RESULTS: We included 2646 patients (1941 patients in the years 2008-2015 and 705 patients in the years 2016-2020). Implementation of care bundles resulted in a significant decrease in the occurrence of acute kidney injury from 190/1945 to 42/705 (10-6%; p < 0.001), with a trend for lower acute kidney injury score > 1 (20% vs. 25%; p = 0.07) and higher acute kidney injury recovery (62% vs. 45%, p = 0.001). Using a multivariable regression model, the use of care bundles resulted in a 45% decrease in the relative risk for acute kidney injury (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37-0.82, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Among patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction, treated with percutaneous coronary intervention and admitted to our cardiac intensive care unit over the period January 2008-December 2020, compliance with acute kidney injury care bundle was independently associated with a significant decrease in occurrence of acute kidney injury and with better renal outcomes following acute kidney injury. Further interventions, such as e-alert systems for acute kidney injury, could improve utilization of the acute kidney injury care bundle and optimize its clinical benefits.

Prevalence and diagnostic significance of de-novo 12-lead ECG changes after COVID-19 infection in elite soccer players.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The efficacy of pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 infection 12-lead ECGs for identifying athletes with myopericarditis has never been reported. We aimed to assess the prevalence and significance of de-novo ECG changes following COVID-19 infection. METHODS: In this multicentre observational study, between March 2020 and May 2022, we evaluated consecutive athletes with COVID-19 infection. Athletes exhibiting de-novo ECG changes underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) scans. One club mandated CMR scans for all players (n=30) following COVID-19 infection, despite the absence of cardiac symptoms or de-novo ECG changes. RESULTS: 511 soccer players (median age 21 years, IQR 18-26 years) were included. 17 (3%) athletes demonstrated de-novo ECG changes, which included reduction in T-wave amplitude in the inferior and lateral leads (n=5), inferior leads (n=4) and lateral leads (n=4); inferior T-wave inversion (n=7); and ST-segment depression (n=2). 15 (88%) athletes with de-novo ECG changes revealed evidence of inflammatory cardiac sequelae. All 30 athletes who underwent a mandatory CMR scan had normal findings. Athletes revealing de-novo ECG changes had a higher prevalence of cardiac symptoms (71% vs 12%, p<0.0001) and longer median symptom duration (5 days, IQR 3-10) compared with athletes without de-novo ECG changes (2 days, IQR 1-3, p<0.001). Among athletes without cardiac symptoms, the additional yield of de-novo ECG changes to detect cardiac inflammation was 20%. CONCLUSIONS: 3% of athletes demonstrated de-novo ECG changes post COVID-19 infection, of which 88% were diagnosed with cardiac inflammation. Most affected athletes exhibited cardiac symptoms; however, de-novo ECG changes contributed to a diagnosis of cardiac inflammation in 20% of athletes without cardiac symptoms.

Apical Ischemia Is a Universal Feature of Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM) accounts for ≈10% of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy cases and is characterized by apical hypertrophy, apical cavity obliteration, and tall ECG R waves with ischemic-looking deep T-wave inversion. These may be present even with <15 mm apical hypertrophy (relative ApHCM). Microvascular dysfunction is well described in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that apical perfusion defects would be common in ApHCM. METHODS: A 2-center study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance short- and long-axis quantitative adenosine vasodilator stress perfusion mapping. One hundred patients with ApHCM (68 overt hypertrophy [≥15 mm] and 32 relative ApHCM) were compared with 50 patients with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 40 healthy volunteer controls. Perfusion was assessed visually and quantitatively as myocardial blood flow and myocardial perfusion reserve. RESULTS: Apical perfusion defects were present in all overt ApHCM patients (100%), all relative ApHCM patients (100%), 36% of asymmetrical septal hypertrophy hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 0% of healthy volunteers (P<0.001). In 10% of patients with ApHCM, perfusion defects were sufficiently apical that conventional short-axis views missed them. In 29%, stress myocardial blood flow fell below rest values. Stress myocardial blood flow was most impaired subendocardially, with greater hypertrophy or scar, and with apical aneurysms. Impaired apical myocardial blood flow was most strongly predicted by thicker apical segments (ß-coefficient, -0.031 mL/g per min [CI, -0.06 to -0.01]; P=0.013), higher ejection fraction (-0.025 mL/g per min [CI, -0.04 to -0.01]; P<0.005), and ECG maximum R-wave height (-0.023 mL/g per min [CI, -0.04 to -0.01]; P<0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Apical perfusion defects are universally present in ApHCM at all stages. Its ubiquitous presence along with characteristic ECG suggests ischemia may play a disease-defining role in ApHCM.

High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an early sign of cardiotoxicity in breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline.

BACKGROUND: Cardiotoxicity, defined mainly as left ventricle (LV) dysfunction, is a significant side effect of anthracyclines (ANT) therapy. The need for an early simple marker to identify patients at risk is crucial. A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients; however, its role as a predictor for cardiotoxicity development is unknown. OBJECTIVE: Evaluating whether elevated NLR, during ANT exposure, plays a predictive role in the development of cardiotoxicity as defined by LV global longitudinal strain (LV GLS) relative reduction (≥10%). METHODS AND RESULTS: Data were prospectively collected as part of the Israel Cardio-Oncology Registry. A total of 74 female patients with breast cancer, scheduled for ANT therapy were included. NLR levels were assessed at baseline (T1) and during ANT therapy (T2). All patients underwent serial echocardiography at baseline (T1) and after the completion of ANT therapy (T3). NLR ≥ 2.58 at T2 was found to be the optimal predictive cutoff for LV GLS deterioration. A relative LV GLS reduction ≥10% was significantly more common among patients with high NLR (50% vs. 20%, p = .009). NLR ≥ 2.58 at T2 increases the risk for LV GLS reduction by fourfold (odds ratio [OR]: 4.63, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29-16.5, p = .02), with each increase of 1-point NLR adding an additional 15% risk (OR: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01-1.32, p = .046). CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides novel data that high NLR levels, during ANT exposure, have an independent association with the development of LV dysfunction. Routine surveillance of NLR may be an effective means of risk-stratifying.

The predictive value of high sensitivity troponin measurements in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized the treatment of cancer; however, at the potential cost of serious adverse events including cardiac injury. OBJECTIVE: To assess the baseline and longitudinal changes in high sensitivity-Troponin (hs-Tn) in patients treated with pembrolizumab as a potential predictor for the development of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and survival. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of cancer patients treated with pembrolizumab at our center. All participants had baseline measurements of hs-TnI prior to initiation of pembrolizumab (T1), with half of the patients performing follow-up measurements at their second encounter for therapy introduction (T2). We first evaluated the prevalence of abnormally elevated serum hs-TnI (> 50 nanogram per liter) at T1 and T2. We then evaluated the predictive value of abnormal levels at T1 or T2 in relation to the development of MACE (composite outcomes of myocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular hospitalization and cardiovascular mortality) and all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Among 135 patients, the mean age was 72 years, predominantly male (61%). Abnormally elevated hs-TnI at T1 was observed in 7 (5%) patients and emerged as a significant independent predictor for MACE (HR 8.1, 95% CI 1.67-37.4, p = 0.009) and all-cause mortality (HR 5.37, 95% CI 2.1-13.57, p < 0.001). Abnormally elevated hs-TnI at T2 was observed in 8 (11%) patients and emerged as a significant independent predictor for MACE (HR 10.49, 95% CI 1.68-65.5, p = 0.009), but not for mortality (p = 0.200). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormally elevated baseline and follow-up hs-TnI served as significant independent predictors for MACE, with an increased risk of development being 8-tenfold. Furthermore, elevated baseline hs-TnI showed a predictive value for all-cause mortality. Central illustration: Novel immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICIs) therapy has been found to revolutionize cancer therapy through increased activation of host immune systems to target and reduce tumor burden, but may come at the cost of serious adverse cardiac events. Identification of early biomarkers for the prediction and detection of these events is necessary.

Valvular Heart Disease following Anthracycline Therapy-Is It Time to Look beyond Ejection Fraction?

The association between anthracycline (ANT) and left ventricle (LV) dysfunction is well known; however, data regarding its direct effect on cardiac valve function is limited. We aimed to evaluate how ANT therapy affected valvular function in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. Data were prospectively collected as part of the Israel Cardio-Oncology Registry (ICOR). Patients underwent echocardiography exams at baseline (T1), during ANT therapy (T2), and after completion within 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4). A total of 141 female patients were included, with a mean age of 51 ± 12 years. From T1 to T4, we observed a significant deterioration in LV ejection fraction (60.2 ± 1.5 to 59.2 ± 2.7%, p = 0.0004) and LV global longitudinal strain (−21.6 (−20.0−−23.0) to −20.0 (−19.1−−21.1)%, p < 0.0001)), and an increase in LV end-systolic diameter (25 (22−27) to 27 (24−30) mm, p < 0.0001). We observed a significant increase in the incidence of new mitral regurgitation (MR) development (4 to 19%, p < 0.0001), worsening with concomitant trastuzumab therapy (6% to 31%, p = 0.003), and a trend for tricuspid regurgitation development (4% to 8%, p = 0.19). ANT therapy is associated with the development of a new valvular disease, mainly MR, which may imply the need for a valvular focus in the monitoring of cancer patients.

Forced Diuresis with Matched Isotonic Intravenous Hydration Prevents Renal Contrast Media Accumulation.

The accumulation of contrast media in the kidneys might lead to contrast-induced acute kidney injury. In this prospective, controlled observational study, we aimed to evaluate whether forced diuresis with matched isotonic intravenous hydration prevents the accumulation of contrast media in the kidneys of patients undergoing cardiac interventional procedures. We compared the intensity of contrast media accumulation as observed in nephrograms following these procedures, with and without peri-procedural controlled renal flushing. The study group consisted of 25 patients with impaired renal function treated with the RenalGuard system. The two control groups included 25 patients with normal kidney function and 8 patients with impaired renal function undergoing similar procedures with routine pre-procedural hydration, but without controlled renal flushing. Renal contrast media accumulation at the end of each procedure was scored by blinded cardiologists. The renal contrast accumulation score (CAS) in the study group was significantly lower, with a median score of 0 (IQR (0-0)) compared with 1.5 (IQR (1-2)) in the normal renal function control group and 1 (IQR (0.38-1.62)) in the impaired renal function control group (p < 0.001 and 0.003, respectively). In a multivariate analysis of CAS, RenalGuard treatment was independently associated with lower CAS compared to both control groups. In conclusion, RenalGuard use prevents renal contrast accumulation in patients with impaired renal function undergoing cardiac procedures with intra-arterial contrast media injection.

Cardiac arrest as first presentation of arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy due to Filamin C mutation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Arrhythmogenic left ventricular cardiomyopathy (ALVC) is a rare form of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy characterized by fibrofatty replacement of left ventricular myocardium, malignant arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death. The definition incorporates several genetic causes, including pathogenic variation in the Filamin C gene (FLNC). Although awareness of ALVC has improved, identification remains challenging and diagnostic criteria continue to evolve. CASE SUMMARY: A 50-year-old athletic male was admitted following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) whilst playing football. Coronary angiography revealed unobstructed epicardial vessels and the diagnosis of ALVC was suggested by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, which demonstrated a mildly dilated and moderately impaired left ventricle with epicardial late gadolinium enhancement in the basal to mid-lateral walls and subendocardial septum. Initial testing with a cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia gene panel was negative but extended testing uncovered a likely pathogenic variant in FLNC. Subsequently, the patient experienced a recurrence of sustained VT necessitating implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapies, ultimately undergoing a combined epicardial and endocardial VT ablation 4 years after presentation. Six months post-ablation, he was asymptomatic and his arrhythmia rendered quiescent. DISCUSSION: Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy should be considered in the evaluation of an initially unexplained cardiac arrest. This case characterizes the clinical features of a patient with FLNC cardiomyopathy and emphasizes the utility of genetic testing using modern gene panels in patients with comparable phenotypes. We also demonstrate that optimal medical therapy with antiarrhythmic drugs, exercise restriction, ICD insertion, and catheter ablation can be useful in the management of ALVC with positive outcomes.

Incidence, characteristics and outcomes in very young patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) in very young adults is uncommon. Many studies have focused on the cutoff of 45-50 years old to define young patients with STEMI leaving limited data on the group of very young patients aged less than 35 years old. We investigated the incidence of STEMI in different subgroups of young patients and focused on the characteristics, possible pathogenesis and outcomes in very young patients aged less than 35 years old. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 792 STEMI patients aged less than 55 years who underwent successful primary PCI. We categorized patients as very young if they were or less 35 years old and as young if they were between 36 and 55 years old. Baseline characteristics, angiographic findings, as well as short- and long-term outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were 46 (6%) very young patients (age ≤ 35 years) and 748 (94%) young patients (36 < age ≤ 55 years). Very young patients had fewer atherosclerotic risk factors than young patients, but there was no difference in short- or long-term outcomes. Overt hypercoagulable state was evident serologically (antiphospholipid antibodies) in 2/7 (29%) of screened patients and clinically (left ventricular thrombus or acute coronary thrombosis without an atherosclerotic plaque) in 6/46 patients (13%). CONCLUSION: Very young patients with STEMI constitute a distinct subset of young patients with fewer atherosclerotic risk factors yet comparable outcomes. More efforts should be made screening for serologic and clinical evidence of hypercoagulability in this group of patients.

Outcomes of early and reversible renal impairment in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). While AKI occurring post-PCI has been well studied, the incidence and clinical significance of early renal impairment evident on hospital admission prior to PCI and which resolves towards discharge has not been investigated. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 2339 STEMI patients treated with primary PCI. The incidence of renal impairment and in-hospital complications as well as short and long-term mortality were compared between patients who did not develop renal impairment, patients who developed post-PCI AKI and those who presented with renal impairment on admission but improved their renal function during hospitalization (improved renal function). Improved renal function was defined as continuous and gradual decrease of ⩾ 0.3 mg/dL in serum creatinine levels obtained at hospital admission. RESULTS: One hundred and nineteen patients (5%) had improved renal function and 230 patients (10%) developed post-PCI AKI. When compared with patients with no renal impairment, improved renal function and post-PCI AKI were associated with more complications and adverse events during hospitalization as well as higher 30-day mortality. Long-term mortality was significantly higher among those with post-PCI AKI (63/230, 27%) following STEMI than those without renal impairment (104/1990, 5%; p<0.001), but there was no significant difference in long term mortality between patients with no renal impairment and those with improved renal function (5% vs. 7.5%, p=0.17). CONCLUSION: In STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, the presence of renal impairment prior to PCI which resolves towards discharge is not uncommon and is associated with adverse short-term outcomes but better long-term outcomes compared with post-PCI AKI.

Quinidine-responsive out-of-hospital polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients with coronary heart disease.

AIMS: We recently reported that patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) who develop polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) during the healing phase of an acute coronary event, generally fail to respond to revascularization or standard antiarrhythmic therapy but respond immediately to quinidine therapy. Here, we describe that CAD patients presenting with out-of-hospital polymorphic VT without a recent coronary event or an obvious precipitating factor, also respond uniquely to quinidine therapy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Retrospective study of patients with unheralded, mainly out-of-hospital, polymorphic VT related to CAD but without evidence of acute myocardial ischaemia. We identified 20 patients who developed polymorphic VT without precipitating factors. The polymorphic VT events were triggered by extrasystoles with short (376 ± 49 ms) coupling interval. Arrhythmic storms occurred in 70% patients. These arrhythmic storms were generally refractory to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy but invariably responded to quinidine therapy. Revascularization was antiarrhythmic in 3 patients despite the absent clinical or ECG signs of ischaemia. During long-term follow-up (range 2 months to 11 years), 3 (15%) of patients not receiving quinidine developed recurrent polymorphic VT. There were no recurrent arrhythmias during long-term quinidine therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CAD may develop polymorphic VT in the absence of obvious acute ischaemia or apparent precipitating factors, presenting as out-of-hospital polymorphic VT with high risk of arrhythmic storms that respond uniquely to quinidine therapy.

Grapefruit juice prolongs the QT interval of healthy volunteers and patients with long QT syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The list of medications linked to drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS) is diverse. It is possible that food products too have QT-prolonging potential. OBJECTIVE: We tested the effects of grapefruit juice on the QT interval with the methodology used by the pharmaceutical industry to test new drugs. METHODS: This was an open-label, randomized, crossover study with blinded outcome evaluation, a thorough QT study of grapefruit juice performed according to the Guidelines for the Clinical Evaluation of QT/QTc for Non-antiarrhythmic Drugs. Thirty healthy volunteers and 10 patients with congenital LQTS were studied. Healthy volunteers drank 2 L of grapefruit juice (in divided doses), or received 400 mg oral moxifloxacin, in a randomized crossover study. Patients with LQTS were tested with only grapefruit. Repeated baseline, off-drug, and on-drug (grapefruit or moxifloxacin) electrocardiograms were scanned and coded. QT measurements were done with electronic calipers. RESULTS: In comparison to off-drug electrocardiograms, grapefruit juice led to significant rate-corrected QT (QTc) prolongation. The absolute net QTc prolongation from grapefruit was 14.0 ms (95% confidence interval 6.2-21.7 ms; P < .001). The QT-prolonging effects of grapefruit in healthy volunteers were comparable with those of moxifloxacin. The QT-prolonging effects of grapefruit juice were greater in female patients and particularly marked in patients with LQTS (net QTc prolongation 21.8 ms; 95% confidence interval 3.4-35.3 ms; P = .034). CONCLUSION: Grapefruit juice, at doses tested, prolongs the QT interval. The effect is significant in healthy volunteers, greater in female patients, and more so in patients with LQTS.

Acute renal impairment in older adults treated with percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Elderly individuals ( ≥ 75 years) constitute an increasing proportion of patients presenting with myocardial infarction treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), but only limited data are available regarding the incidence and prognostic implications of acute kidney injury (AKI) in this group of patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and prognostic implications of AKI in older adults ( ≥ 75 years) with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with primary PCI. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort, observational, single-center study of consecutive 416 older patients with STEMI (≥ 75 years) treated with primary PCI between January 2008 and August 2017 was conducted. AKI was defined as an increase of at least 0.3 mg/dl in serum creatinine within 48 h following admission. RESULTS: A total of 96/416 (23%) patients developed AKI. The occurrence of AKI was associated with adverse in-hospital outcomes, higher 30 days (25 vs. 6%; P < 0.001), and long-term mortality (46 vs. 17%; hazard ratio: 3.2; 95% confidence interval: 2.1-4.7; P < 0.001). Among patients with AKI, 46/96 (48%) demonstrated recovery of renal function at hospital discharge. Lack of renal function recovery at discharge (50/96 patients; 52%) was associated with the occurrence of new or progression of baseline chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSION: Among older patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, AKI is a frequent complication associated with adverse renal short-term and long-term outcomes.

Prolonged Hyperglycemia and Renal Failure after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding the effect of long-standing hyperglycemia on the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). METHODS: We retrospectively studied 723 STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Patients were stratified into two groups according to glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as a marker of prolonged hyperglycemia: those with HbA1c < 7% and those with HbA1c ≥7%. Medical records were reviewed for the occurrence of AKI. RESULTS: HbA1c levels ≥7% were found in 225/723 (31%) of patients. The occurrence of AKI was significantly higher among patients with HbA1c levels ≥7% (32/225, 14%) compared to patients with HbA1c levels < 7% (32/498, 6%; p = 0.001). Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and HbA1c ≥7% had an eight-fold increase in the incidence of AKI compared to patients with HbA1c < 7% and no CKD (32 vs. 4%). In a multivariable regression model, HbA1c ≥7% was independently associated with AKI (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.09-3.36, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: HbA1c ≥7% was associated with a higher likelihood of AKI in STEMI patients treated with primary PCI.

Association of pre-admission statin therapy and the inflammatory response in ST elevation myocardial infarction patients.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the possible association of statin therapy with C reactive protein (CRP) serial measurements in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: STEMI patients between 2008 and 2016 with available CRP data from admission were divided into two groups according to pre-admission statin therapy. A second CRP measurement was noted following primary coronary intervention (within 24 h from admission). The difference between the two measurements was designated ΔCRP. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 1134 patients with a median age of 61 (IQR52-70), 81% males. Patients on statins prior to admission (336/1134, 26%) were more likely to have CRP levels within normal range (≤5 mg/l) compared to patients without prior treatment, both at admission (75 vs. 24%, p = 0.004) and at 24 h (70 vs. 48%, p = 0.029). The prevalence of patients with pre-admission statin therapy decreased as ΔCRP increased (p = 0.004; n = 301). The likelihood of ΔCRP to be above 5 mg/l in patients with pre-admission statin therapy was reduced after age and gender adjustments (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.92, p = 0.023) and in multivariate (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.99, p = 0.048) analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-admission statin therapy is associated with a less robust inflammatory response in STEMI patients, highlighting statin's pathophysiological importance.