The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in children with tracheomalacia and laryngomalacia.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a retrospective study to determine the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and large airways malacia in infancy. METHODS: One hundred sixteen children referred for chronic respiratory problems who were between the ages of 3 and 28 months were investigated. All of them underwent flexible bronchoscopy and chest radiography. Eighteen children had laryngomalacia, 13 had tracheomalacia, and 23 had combined laryngotracheomalacia. During bronchoscopy, BAL was performed. An analysis of macrophages in the BAL fluid for lipid content was performed. Fifty-four children with laryngomalacia and tracheomalacia constituted the study group, and 62 children were in the control group. Reflux studies were obtained for 40 children from the study group and 41 from the control group. RESULTS: In the study group, 28 children (70%) had GER documented by reflux studies compared with 16 children (39%) in the control group (p < 0.01). In the control group, GER was found mainly among those with recurrent bilateral pneumonia. The lipid-laden macrophage score was correlated with the documented GER. CONCLUSION: GER is prevalent among infants with large airways malacia, and treatment of this group with antireflux therapy should be considered.

[Experimental and clinical study of the effectiveness of the combined use of anticonvulsants and tranquilizers in epilepsy]. / Eksperimental'noe i klinicheskoe izuchenie éffektivnosti kombinirovannogo primeneniia antikonvul'santov i trankvilizatorov pri épilepsii.

Using experimental and clinical methods, the authors studied the efficacy of combined use of anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, hexamidine, chloracon, trimetin, benzonal, diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine) and tranquilizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, meprotan, trioxazine, mebicar) in epilepsy treatment. The experimental findings showed that 13 combinations of the above drugs had a synergic effect. Five of these combinations (hexamidine-chlordiazepoxide, benzonal-chlordiazepoxide, phenobarbital-diazepam, phenobarbital-trioxazine, and phenobarbital-mebicar also proved clinically more effective than the use of anticonvulsants alone.

[Effect of anticonvulsants on the psychotropic activity of tranquilizers in their joint use in an experiment]. / Vliianie antikonvul'santov na psikhotropnuiu aktivnost' trankvilizatorov pri ikh sovmestnom primenenii v éksperimente.

Effects of anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, hexamidine, benzonal, difenin, chloracon, trimetin, carbamazepine) on the psychotropic activity of tranquillizers (diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, meprotan, trioxazine, mebicar) were studied in experiments on mice and rats. Thirteen combinations were studied by using corazol test, "open field" and elementary-defensive conditioned response technique. According to all three tests the psychotropic activity was enhanced to the greatest degree by administration of hexamidine in combination with chlordiazepoxide.

[Anticonvulsive activity of anticonvulsants and tranquilizers when used together]. / Protivosudorozhnaia aktivnost' nekotorykh antikonvul'santov i trankvilizatorov pri ikh sovmestnom primenenii.

Experiments on mice were made to study anticonvulsive activity of the combinations of 5 tranquilizers (diazepam, chlorodiazepoxide, meprotan, trioxazin, mebicar) and 7 anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, hexamidine, benzonal, diphenin, chloracon, trimetin, carbamazepin) according to the maximal electroshock test. The data obtained form an experimental basis for the combined use of some anticonvulsants and tranquilizers in the treatment of epilepsy, since in a number of cases these combinations permit a significant lowering of the doses of both components without reducing their anticonvulsant activity.