Differential RNA Expression Between Metastatic and Primary Neuroblastoma Cells.

INTRODUCTION: Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most common extra-cranial malignancy in children. Poor survival in high-risk NB is attributed to recurrent metastatic disease. To better study metastatic disease, we used a novel mouse model to investigate differential gene expression between primary tumor cells and metastatic cells. We hypothesized that metastatic NB cells have a different gene expression profile from primary tumor cells and cultured cells. METHODS: Using three human NB cell lines (NGP, CHLA255, and SH-SY5Y), orthotopic xenografts were established in immunodeficient nod/scid gamma mice via subcapsular renal injection. Mice were sacrificed and NB cells were isolated from the primary tumor and from sites of metastasis (bone marrow, liver). RNA sequencing, gene set analysis, and pathway analysis were performed to identify differentially expressed genes and molecular pathways in the metastatic cells compared to primary tumor cells. RESULTS: There were 266 differentially expressed genes in metastatic tumor cells (bone marrow and liver combined) compared to primary tumor cells. The top upregulated gene was KCNK1 and the top downregulated genes were PDE7B and NEBL. Top upregulated pathways in the metastatic cells were involved in ion transport, cell signaling, and cell proliferation. Top downregulated pathways were involved in DNA synthesis, transcription, and cellular metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In metastatic NB cells, our study identified the upregulation of biologic processes involved in cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Ongoing studies aim to validate downstream translation of these genomic alterations, as well as target these pathways to more effectively suppress and inhibit recurrent metastatic disease in NB.

Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes After Enterostomy Closure in Low Body Weight Infants: A Multi-Center Retrospective Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The minimum weight for enterostomy closure (EC) in infants remains debated with the current acceptable cut-off of >2 kg. As enterostomy-related complications or high enterostomy output (>30cc/kg/d) may prohibit a premature infant from reaching 2 kg, additional data is needed to evaluate the safety of EC in infants <2 kg. The objective of this study was to evaluate postoperative outcomes in low body weight (<2 kg) infants undergoing EC compared to larger infants. METHODS: We performed a multi-center retrospective analysis from 1/1/2012-12/31/2022 of all infants (age <1 year) who were <4 kg at time of EC. Primary outcomes included postoperative complications and 30-day mortality. Non-parametric analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests. Univariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with postoperative complications. RESULTS: Of 92 infants, 15 infants (16.3%) underwent EC at <2 kg, 16 (17.4%) at 2-2.49 kg, 31 (33.7%) at 2.5-2.99 kg, and 30 (32.6%) at ≥3 kg. Infants <2 kg at time of EC exhibited higher rates of hyperbilirubinemia (P = .030), neurologic comorbidities (P = .030), and high enterostomy output (P = .041). There was no difference in postoperative complications (P = .460) or 30-day mortality (P = .460) between the <2 kg group and larger weight groups. Low body weight was not associated with an increased risk for developing a postoperative complication (OR: 1.001, 95% CI: 1.001-1.001; P = .032). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that EC in infants <2 kg may be safe with comparable postoperative outcomes to larger weight infants. Thus, the timing of EC should be based on the infant's physiologic status, in contrast to a predetermined minimum weight cut-off.

Management of undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver: A Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative study.

BACKGROUND: Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare tumor for which there are few evidence-based guidelines. The aim of this study was to define current management strategies and outcomes for these patients using a multi-institutional dataset curated by the Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively for patients with UESL treated across 17 children's hospitals in North America from 1989 to 2019. Factors analyzed included patient and tumor characteristics, PRETEXT group, operative details, and neoadjuvant/adjuvant regimens. Event-free and overall survival (EFS, OS) were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. RESULTS: Seventy-eight patients were identified with a median age of 9.9 years [interquartile range [IQR): 7-12]. Twenty-seven patients underwent resection at diagnosis, and 47 patients underwent delayed resection, including eight liver transplants. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy led to a median change in maximum tumor diameter of 1.6 cm [IQR: 0.0-4.4] and greater than 90% tumor necrosis in 79% of the patients undergoing delayed resection. R0 resections were accomplished in 63 patients (81%). Univariate analysis found that metastatic disease impacted OS, and completeness of resection impacted both EFS and OS, while multivariate analysis revealed that R0 resection was associated with decreased expected hazards of experiencing an event [hazard ratio (HR): 0.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.04-0.6]. At a median follow-up of 4 years [IQR: 2-8], the EFS was 70.0% [95% CI: 60%-82%] and OS was 83% [95% CI: 75%-93%]. CONCLUSION: Complete resection is associated with improved survival for patients with UESL. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy causes minimal radiographic response, but significant tumor necrosis.

A Multi-Institutional Study Comparing Stoma Location in Neonates With Intestinal Perforation.

INTRODUCTION: Neonates with intestinal perforation often require laparotomy and intestinal stoma creation, with the stoma placed in either the laparotomy incision or a separate site. We aimed to investigate if stoma location is associated with risk of postoperative wound complications. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective review was performed for neonates ≤3 mo who underwent emergent laparotomy and intestinal stoma creation for intestinal perforation between January 1, 2009 and April 1, 2021. Patients were stratified by stoma location (laparotomy incision versus separate site). Outcomes included wound infection/dehiscence, stoma irritation, retraction, stricture, and prolapse. Multivariable regression identified factors associated with postoperative wound complications, controlling for gestational age, age and weight at surgery, and diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall, 79 neonates of median gestational age 28.8 wk (interquartile range [IQR]: 26.0-34.2 wk), median age 5 d (IQR: 2-11 d) and median weight 1.4 kg (IQR: 0.9-2.42 kg) had perforated bowel from necrotizing enterocolitis (40.5%), focal intestinal perforation (31.6%), or other etiologies (27.8%). Stomas were placed in the laparotomy incision for 41 (51.9%) patients and separate sites in 38 (48.1%) patients. Wound infection/dehiscence occurred in 7 (17.1%) neonates with laparotomy stomas and 5 (13.2%) neonates with separate site stomas (P = 0.63). There were no significant differences in peristomal irritation, stoma retraction, or stoma stricture between the two groups. On multivariable regression, separate site stomas were associated with increased likelihood of prolapse (odds ratio 6.54; 95% confidence interval: 1.14-37.5). CONCLUSIONS: Stoma incorporation within the laparotomy incision is not associated with wound complications. Separate site stomas may be associated with prolapse. Patient factors should be considered when planning stoma location in neonates undergoing surgery for intestinal perforation.

Precision Oncology in Pediatric Cancer Surgery.

Pediatric precision oncology has provided a greater understanding of the wide range of molecular alterations in difficult-to-treat or rare tumors with the aims of increasing survival as well as decreasing toxicity and morbidity from current cytotoxic therapies. In this article, the authors discuss the current state of pediatric precision oncology which has increased access to novel targeted therapies while also providing a framework for clinical implementation in this unique population. The authors evaluate the targetable mutations currently under investigation-with a focus on pediatric solid tumors-and discuss the key surgical implications associated with novel targeted therapies.

The First Generation of Asian American Pediatric Surgical Trainees in North America.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric surgical trainees come from diverse races and ethnicities. However, Asian-Americans (AAs) including West, South, and East Asians may represent a unique group of individuals. We sought to identify any unique challenges and experiences. METHODS: Pediatric surgical trainees were identified from, "The Genealogy of North American Pediatric Surgery: From Ladd to Now" and "Celebrating 50 Years: Canadian Association of Paediatric Surgeons/Association Canadienne de Chirurgie Pediatrique". A database was compiled, and AAs identified who completed their pediatric surgical training on or before 1980. Personal interviews and online sources provided further information. RESULTS: Of 635 pediatric surgical trainees in North America (NA) there were 49 AA trainees (7.7%). There was insufficient information for seven, thus leaving 42 (41 male, one female) for review. The region of Asia of origin included 16 East, 16 West, and 10 South. Thirty-seven (88.0%) had moved to NA for training. The most frequent training programs included seven from Toronto and four each at Buffalo, Detroit, Pittsburgh, and Chicago (Children's Memorial). Thirty-five (83%) trainees spent most of their careers in NA while 7 (17%) practiced in their home country. CONCLUSIONS: The first AA pediatric surgical trainees voiced few examples of discrimination but indicated needs to adjust to the NA culture and often confusion over non-Western names. Mentorship was valued and gratitude expressed over the opportunity offered to train in NA. While some had intended to return to their home countries, plans changed due to meeting spouses or political turmoil. Many of those reviewed sought each other out at national meetings.

Optimizing the Postoperative Management of Children Undergoing Resection of High-Risk Abdominal Neuroblastoma.

BACKGROUND: Surgical resection is a mainstay of treatment in high-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB), but there exists wide variability in perioperative management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate two standardized adult perioperative enhanced recovery practices (ERPs) in pediatric patients undergoing open resection of abdominal HR-NB. METHODS: All patients with abdominal HR-NB surgically resected at a free-standing children's hospital between 12/2010 and 7/2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Perioperative ERPs of interest included avoidance of routine nasogastric tube (NGT) use and the use of neuraxial anesthesia. Primary outcomes included time to enteral intake, urinary catheter use, opioid utilization, and length of stay (LOS). RESULTS: Overall, 37 children, median age 33 months (IQR: 20-48 months), were identified. Avoidance of an NGT allowed for earlier feeding after surgery (P = .03). Neuraxial anesthesia use more frequently required an indwelling urinary catheter (P < .01) for a longer duration (P = .02), with no difference in total opioid utilization (P = .77) compared to patients without neuraxial anesthesia. Postoperative LOS was unaffected by avoidance of routine NGT use (P = .68) or use of neuraxial anesthesia (P = .89). CONCLUSION: Children undergoing open resection of abdominal HR-NB initiated diet sooner when an NGT was not left postoperatively, and the need for a urinary catheter was significantly higher in patients who received neuraxial anesthesia. However, these two ERP components did not decrease postoperative LOS. To optimize the postoperative management of NB patients, postoperative NGTs should be avoided, while the benefit of neuraxial anesthesia is less clear as it necessitates the placement of a urinary catheter without decreasing opioid utilization.

Management and Outcomes of Wilms Tumor With Suprarenal Intravascular Extension: A Pediatric Surgical Oncology Research Collaborative Study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe management and outcomes from a contemporary cohort of children with Wilms tumor complicated by inferior vena caval thrombus. BACKGROUND: The largest series of these patients was published almost 2 decades ago. Since then, neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been commonly used to manage these patients, and outcomes have not been reported. METHODS: Retrospective review of 19 North American centers between 2009 and 2019. Patient and disease characteristics, management, and outcomes were investigated and analyzed. RESULTS: Of 124 patients, 81% had favorable histology (FH), and 52% were stage IV. IVC thrombus level was infrahepatic in 53 (43%), intrahepatic in 32 (26%), suprahepatic in 14 (11%), and cardiac in 24 (19%). Neoadjuvant chemotherapy using a 3-drug regimen was administered in 82% and postresection radiation in 90%. Thrombus level regression was 45% overall, with suprahepatic level showing the best response (62%). Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was potentially avoided in 67%. The perioperative complication rate was significantly lower after neoadjuvant chemotherapy [(25%) vs upfront surgery (55%); P =0.005]. CPB was not associated with higher complications [CPB (50%) vs no CPB (27%); P =0.08]. Two-year event-free survival was 93% and overall survival was 96%, higher in FH cases (FH 98% vs unfavorable histology/anaplastic 82%; P =0.73). Neither incomplete resection nor viable thrombus cells affected event-free survival or overall survival. CONCLUSIONS: Multimodal therapy resulted in excellent outcomes, even with advanced-stage disease and cardiac extension. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy decreased the need for CPB to facilitate resection. Complete thrombectomy may not always be necessary.

Comparison of Outcomes Between Surveillance Ultrasound and Completion Lymph Node Dissection in Children and Adolescents With Sentinel Lymph Node-Positive Cutaneous Melanoma.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the impact of nodal basin ultrasound (US) surveillance versus completion lymph node dissection (CLND) in children and adolescents with sentinel lymph node (SLN) positive melanoma. BACKGROUND: Treatment for children and adolescents with melanoma are extrapolated from adult trials. However, there is increasing evidence that important clinical and biological differences exist between pediatric and adult melanoma. METHODS: Patients ≤18 years diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma between 2010 and 2020 from 14 pediatric hospitals were included. Data extracted included demographics, histopathology, nodal basin strategies, surveillance intervals, and survival information. RESULTS: Of 252 patients, 90.1% (n=227) underwent SLN biopsy (SLNB), 50.9% (n=115) had at least 1 positive node. A total of 67 patients underwent CLND with 97.0% (n=65/67) performed after a positive SLNB. In contrast, 46 total patients underwent US observation of nodal basins with 78.3% (n=36/46) of these occurring after positive SLNB. Younger patients were more likely to undergo US surveillance (median age 8.5 y) than CLND (median age 11.3 y; P =0.0103). Overall, 8.9% (n=21/235) experienced disease recurrence: 6 primary, 6 nodal, and 9 distant. There was no difference in recurrence (11.1% vs 18.8%; P =0.28) or death from disease (2.2% vs 9.7%; P =0.36) for those who underwent US versus CLND, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Children and adolescents with cutaneous melanoma frequently have nodal metastases identified by SLN. Recurrence was more common among patients with thicker primary lesions and positive SLN. No significant differences in oncologic outcomes were observed with US surveillance and CLND following the identification of a positive SLN.

Factors Associated with Postoperative Opioid Use in Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify factors associated with postoperative prescription opioid use in adolescents. METHODS: Adolescents aged 13-20 years undergoing surgery were prospectively recruited from a children's hospital. Adolescent-parent dyads completed a preoperative survey, measuring clinical and sociodemographic factors, and two postoperative surveys evaluating self-reported opioid use at 30- and 90-days. Poisson regression analysis identified factors associated with the number of pills used within 90-days, adjusting for age, gender, race/ethnicity, surgery type, and pain at discharge. RESULTS: We enrolled 119 adolescents who reported postoperative opioid use following posterior spinal fusion (PSF) (50 %), arthroscopy (23 %), pectus excavatum repair (11 %), tonsillectomy (8 %), and hip reconstruction (7 %). Overall, 81 % of adolescents reported unused opioids. The median pain score at discharge was 7 (IQR:5-8). Adolescents reported using a median of 7 (IQR:2-15) opioid pills, with 20 (IQR:7-30) pills left unused. Compared to all other surgeries, adolescents undergoing PSF reported the highest median pill use (10, IQR:5-29; p = 0.004). Adolescents undergoing tonsillectomy reported the lowest median pill use (1, IQR:0-7; p = 0.03). On regression analysis, older patient age was associated with a 12 % increase in pill use (95 % CI:3%-23 %). Undergoing PSF was associated with a 63 % increase in pill use (95 % CI:15%-31 %). Each additional pain scale point reported at discharge was associated with a 13 % increase in pill use (95 % CI:5%-22 %). CONCLUSIONS: Older age, surgery type, and patient-reported pain at discharge are associated with postoperative prescription opioid use in adolescents. Understanding patient and surgery-specific factors associated with opioid use may guide surgeons to minimize excess opioid prescribing. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

Anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide prolongs survival in a minimal residual disease mouse model of neuroblastoma.

C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) is a monocyte chemoattractant that promotes metastatic disease and portends a poor prognosis in many cancers. To determine the potential of anti-CCL2 inhibition as a therapy for recurrent metastatic disease in neuroblastoma, a mouse model of minimal residual disease was utilized in which residual disease was treated with anti-CCL2 monoclonal antibody with etoposide. The effect of anti-CCL2 antibody on neuroblastoma cells was determined in vitro with cell proliferation, transwell migration, and 2-dimensional chemotaxis migration assays. The in vivo efficacy of anti-CCL2 antibody and etoposide against neuroblastoma was assessed following resection of primary tumors formed by two cell lines or a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) in immunodeficient NOD-scid gamma mice. In vitro, anti-CCL2 antibody did not affect cell proliferation but significantly inhibited neuroblastoma cell and monocyte migration towards an increasing CCL2 concentration gradient. Treatment of mice with anti-CCL2 antibody combined with etoposide significantly increased survival of mice after resection of primary tumors, compared to untreated mice.

Critical elements of pediatric liver cancer surgery.

The appropriate management of pediatric liver malignancies, primarily hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma, requires an in depth understanding of contemporary preoperative risk stratification, experience with advanced hepatobiliary surgery, and a good relationship with one's local or regional liver transplant center. While chemotherapy regimens have become more effective, operative indications more well-defined, and overall survival improved, the complexity of liver surgery in small children provides ample opportunity for protocol violation, inadequate resection, and iatrogenic morbidity. These guidelines represent the distillation of contemporary literature and expert opinion as a means to provide a framework for preoperative planning and intraoperative decision-making for the pediatric surgeon.

Survival outcomes and surgical morbidity based on surgical approach to pulmonary metastasectomy in pediatric, adolescent and young adult patients with osteosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Thoracotomy is considered the standard surgical approach for the management of pulmonary metastases in osteosarcoma (OST). Several studies have identified the advantages of a thoracoscopic approach, however, the clinical significance of thoracotomy compared to thoracoscopy is yet to be evaluated in a randomized trial. AIMS: The primary aim was to determine the survival outcomes in OST patients based on surgical approach for pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) and secondary aim was to assess the post-operative morbidities of OST PM through various surgical approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a single institution retrospective study to compare survival outcomes and surgical morbidity according to the surgical approach of the management of pulmonary metastases in patients with OST. RESULTS: Sixty-one patients with OST underwent PM. Twenty-one patients were metastatic at diagnosis and underwent PM during primary treatment; nine had thoracotomy, six thoracoscopy, and six combined thoracoscopy with thoracotomy (CTT). Forty-three patients with first pulmonary relapse or progression underwent PM; 18 had thoracotomy, 16 thoracoscopy and nine CTT. There was no difference in survival between surgical approaches. There were significantly more postoperative morbidities associated with thoracotomy for initial PM (pain and postoperative chest tube placement), and for PM at first relapse (pneumothoraces, pain, Foley catheter use and prolonged hospitalizations). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that patients with OST pulmonary metastases have comparable poor outcomes despite varying surgical approaches for PM. There were significantly more postoperative morbidities associated with thoracotomy for PM. Surgical bias and other competing risks could not be assessed given the limitations of a retrospective study and may be addressed in a prospective trial evaluating surgical approach for PM in OST.

Epidural Analgesia Is Associated With Reduced Inpatient Opioid Consumption and Length of Stay After Wilms Tumor Resection.

INTRODUCTION: Wilms' tumor (WT) is the most common renal malignancy in children and requires an extensive laparotomy for resection. Epidural analgesia (EA) is commonly used in postoperative pain management, but previous literature suggests it may prolong length of stay (LOS). We hypothesized that EA is associated with prolonged LOS but decreased postoperative opioid use in children undergoing WT resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for all WT patients who underwent nephrectomy between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2018, at a tertiary children's hospital. Patients with incomplete records, bilateral WT, caval or cardiac tumor extension, or intubation postoperatively were excluded. Outcomes included postoperative opioid consumption measured in oral morphine equivalents per kilogram, receipt of opioid prescription at discharge, and postoperative LOS. Mann-Whitney and multivariable regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: Overall, 46/77 children undergoing WT resection received EA. Children with EA used significantly less inpatient opioids than children without EA (median 1.0 vs. 3.3 oral morphine equivalents per kilogram; P < 0.001). Comparing patients with EA to patients without, there was no significant difference in opioid discharge prescriptions (57% vs. 39%; P = 0.13) or postoperative LOS (median 5 d vs. 6 d; P = 0.10). Controlling for age and disease stage, EA was associated with shorter LOS by multivariable regression (coefficient -0.73, 95% confidence interval: -1.4, -0.05; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: EA is associated with decreased opioid use in children without an associated increase in postoperative LOS following WT resection. EA should be considered as part of multimodal pain management for children undergoing WT resection.

Opioid and Methadone Use for Infants With Surgically Treated Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Importance: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) requiring surgical intervention is the most common reason for surgical procedures in preterm neonates. Opioids are used to manage postoperative pain, with some infants requiring methadone to treat physiologic opioid dependence or wean from nonmethadone opioid treatment during recovery. Objective: To describe postoperative opioid use and methadone treatment for infants with surgically treated NEC and evaluate postoperative outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: A cohort study of infants with surgically treated NEC admitted from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2022, to 48 Children's Hospital Association hospitals contributing data to the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) was performed. Infants who received methadone preoperatively, were aged 14 days or less at the time of the operation, had a congenital heart disease-related operation, or died within 90 days of the operation were excluded. Mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate thresholds for duration of opioid use after the operation associated with methadone treatment and clinical outcomes associated with methadone use were enumerated. Exposure: Postoperative administration of nonmethadone opioids. Main Outcomes and Measures: Methadone use and postoperative length of stay, ventilator days, and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) days. Results: Of the 2037 infants with surgically treated NEC identified, the median birth weight was 920 (IQR, 700.0-1479.5) g; 1204 were male (59.1%), 911 were White (44.7%), and 343 were Hispanic (16.8%). Infants received nonmethadone opioids for a median of 15 (IQR, 6-30) days after the operation and 231 received methadone (11.3%). The median first day of methadone use was postoperative day 18 (IQR, days 9-64) and continued for 28 days (IQR, 14-73). Compared with infants who received nonmethadone opioids for 1 to 5 days, infants receiving 16 to 21 days of opioids were most likely to receive methadone treatment (odds ratio, 11.45; 95% CI, 6.31-20.77). Methadone use was associated with 21.41 (95% CI, 10.81-32.02) more days of postoperative length of stay, 10.80 (95% CI, 3.63-17.98) more ventilator days, and 16.21 (95% CI, 6.34-26.10) more TPN days. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study of infants with surgically treated NEC, prolonged use of nonmethadone opioids after the operation was associated with an increased likelihood of methadone treatment and increased postoperative length of stay, ventilation, and TPN use. Optimizing postoperative pain management for infants requiring an operation may decrease the need for methadone treatment and improve health care use.

A Single Center Experience With Bilateral Wilms Tumor.

BACKGROUND: Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common pediatric renal malignancy and bilateral disease (BWT) occurs in 5% of cases and is associated with poor outcomes. Management of BWT includes chemotherapy and oncologic resection while preserving renal function. Previous literature has demonstrated variable approaches in BWT treatment. The aim of this study was to examine a single institution experience and outcomes with BWT. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed for all patients with WT treated at a free-standing tertiary children's hospital between 1998 and 2018. Patients with BWT were identified and treatment courses were compared. Outcomes of interest included need for dialysis post-operatively, need for renal transplantation post-operatively, disease recurrence, and overall survival. RESULTS: Of 120 children with WT, 9 children (6F:3M) of median age 32 months (IQR: 24-50 months) and median weight 13.7 kg (IQR: 10.9-16.2 kg) were diagnosed with and treated for BWT. Pre-operative biopsies were obtained in 4/9 patients, 3 of whom received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 1 who underwent radical nephrectomy. Of the 5 patients who did not undergo biopsy, 4/5 were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 1/5 underwent upfront nephrectomy. Post-operatively, 4/9 children required dialysis, of whom 2 subsequently underwent renal transplantation. Two patients were lost to follow-up, and of the remaining 7 patients, disease recurrence occurred in 5/7 children and overall survival was 71% (n=5). CONCLUSION: Management of BWT varies regarding the use of pre-operative biopsy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and extent of disease resection. Further guidelines on treatment protocols may optimize outcomes in children with BWT.

The Challenges of Parenthood for Female Surgeons: The Current Landscape and Future Directions.

Although surgical training programs have nearly reached gender parity, pregnancy and parenthood remain challenging for female surgeons, with obstetric risks related to occupational demands, stigma, inconsistent and brief parental leaves, a paucity of postpartum support for lactation and childcare, and little mentorship on work-family integration. This work environment causes many to postpone starting a family, which leads to higher risks of infertility among female surgeons compared to their male peers. Perception of work-family incompatibility jeopardizes recruitment and retention of our surgical workforce, as it deters medical students from the profession, increases risk of resident attrition, and leads to burnout and career dissatisfaction. The challenges of parenthood for female surgeons was the focus of a Hot Topics session during the 2022 Academic Surgical Congress, the discussion of which is presented herein with recommendations for policy change to better support maternal-fetal health and the needs of surgeons with young children.

Intercostal Nerve Cryoablation is Associated with Reduced Opioid Use in Pediatric Oncology Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Intercostal nerve cryoablation reduces postoperative pain in adults undergoing thoracotomy and children undergoing pectus excavatum repair. We hypothesize that cryoablation is associated with decreased post-thoracotomy pain and opioid use in pediatric oncology patients. METHODS: A single-center retrospective cohort study was performed for oncology patients who underwent thoracotomy from January 1, 2017 to May 31, 2021. Outcomes included postoperative opioid use measured in morphine milligram equivalents per kilogram (MME/kg), pain scores (scale 0-10), and opioid prescription at discharge. Univariable analysis compared patients who received cryoablation to patients who did not receive cryoablation. Multivariable regression analysis controlling for age and prior thoracotomy evaluated associations between cryoablation and postoperative pain. RESULTS: Overall, 32 patients (19 males:13 females) underwent thoracotomy with 16 who underwent >1 thoracotomy resulting in 53 thoracotomies included for analysis. Cryoablation was used in 14 of 53 (26.4%) thoracotomies. Throughout the postoperative hospitalization, patients receiving cryoablation during thoracotomy consumed less opioids compared to patients who did not receive cryoablation (median 0.38 MME/kg, interquartile range [IQR] 0.20-1.15 versus median 1.47 MME/kg, IQR 0.71-4.02, P < 0.01). Maximum pain scores were lower in cryoablation patients (median 6, IQR 5-8) than noncryoablation patients (median 8, IQR 6-10), with a significant difference observed on postoperative day 4 (P = 0.01). Cryoablation patients were also less frequently prescribed opioids at discharge (21.4% versus 58.97%, P = 0.02). Multivariable regression demonstrated that cryoablation was associated with 2.59 MME/kg less opioid use (95% confidence interval -4.56 to -0.63) and decreased likelihood of opioid prescription at discharge (adjusted odds ratio 0.14, 95% confidence interval 0.03-0.67). CONCLUSIONS: Cryoablation is significantly associated with decreased post-thoracotomy pain and opioid use in pediatric cancer patients and should be considered in postoperative pain regimens.

High Infertility Rates and Pregnancy Complications in Female Physicians Indicate a Need for Culture Change.

OBJECTIVE: This survey study aims to determine the prevalence of pregnancy complications and infertility in female physicians in comparison to the general population. Risk factors, workplace environment, and education are also examined. BACKGROUND: Physicians undertake long training and have stressful work environments during optimal childbearing years. While growing literature indicates increased rates of pregnancy complications and infertility in female surgeons, the prevalence in female physicians of all specialties is unknown. METHODS: An anonymous, voluntary survey was distributed to female physicians via private physician social media groups. It queried pregnancy demographics and complications, infertility diagnosis and treatment, workplace environment, and prior education on these topics. Results were compared with general population data, between medical and surgical subspecialties, and between physicians who were and were not educated on the risks of delaying pregnancy. RESULTS: A total of 4533 female physicians completed the survey. Compared with the general population, female physicians were older at first pregnancy, more often underwent infertility evaluation and treatment, and had higher rates of miscarriage and preterm birth. During training, only 8% of those surveyed received education on the risks of delaying pregnancy. Those who were educated were significantly less likely to experience miscarriage or seek infertility evaluation or treatment. Compared with physicians in nonsurgical specialties, surgeons had fewer children, were older at first pregnancy, had more preterm births and fetal growth problems, and were more likely to be discouraged from starting a family during training and practice. CONCLUSIONS: Female physicians, particularly surgeons, have a significantly greater incidence of miscarriage, infertility, and pregnancy complications compared with the general population. The culture of medicine and surgery must continue to evolve to better support women with family planning during their training and careers.

Screening for Child Abuse in Children With Isolated Skull Fractures.

OBJECTIVE: Head trauma is the most common cause of death from child abuse, and each encounter for recurrent abuse is associated with greater morbidity. Isolated skull fractures (ISF) are often treated conservatively in the emergency department (ED). We determined patterns of physical abuse screening in a children's hospital ED for children with ISF. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed for children aged 3 years and younger who presented to the ED with ISF from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Children were stratified by age (<12 mo, ≥12 mo) and witnessed versus unwitnessed injury. Primary outcome was social work (SW) assessment to prescreen for abuse. Secondary outcomes were suspicion for abuse based on Child Protective Services (CPS) referral and subsequent ED encounters within 1 year. RESULTS: Sixty-six ISF patients were identified. Of unwitnessed injury patients aged younger than 12 months (n = 17/22), 88.2% (n = 15/17) underwent SW assessment and 47.1% (n = 8/17) required CPS referral. Of witnessed injury patients aged younger than 12 months (n = 23/44), 60.9% (n = 14/23) underwent SW assessment, with no CPS referrals. Overall, 18.2% (n = 4/22) unwitnessed and 20.5% (n = 9/44) witnessed injury patients returned to our ED: 2 were aged younger than 12 months and had recurrent trauma. CONCLUSIONS: To decrease risk of missed physical abuse, SW consultation should be considered for all ISF patients.