Scanning Electron Microscopy Imaging of Large DNA Molecules Using a Metal-Free Electro-Stain Composed of DNA-Binding Proteins and Synthetic Polymers.

This paper presents the first scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-based DNA imaging in biological samples. This novel approach incorporates a metal-free electro-stain reagent, formulated by combining DNA-binding proteins and synthetic polymers to enhance the visibility of 2-nm-thick DNA under SEM. Notably, DNA molecules stain with proteins and polymers appear as dark lines under SEM. The resulting DNA images exhibit a thickness of 15.0±4.0 nm. As SEM is the primary platform, it integrates seamlessly with various chemically functionalized large surfaces with the aid of microfluidic devices. The approach allows high-resolution imaging of various DNA structures including linear, circular, single-stranded DNA and RNA, originating from nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Furthermore, quantum dots are successfully visualized as bright labels that are sequence-specifically incorporated into DNA molecules, which highlights the potential for SEM-based optical DNA mapping. In conclusion, DNA imaging using SEM with the novel electro-stain offers electron microscopic resolution with the ease of optical microscopy.

Comparative effects of glucose-lowering agents on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes: A network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Despite accumulating evidence on the potential of glucose-lowering agents (GLAs) to prevent cardiovascular events, the comparative effects of GLAs on vascular function remain unclear. This study utilized validated indicators such as flow-mediated dilation (FMD; positive value favors) and pulse wave velocity (PWV; negative value favors) to uncover the comparative effects of GLAs on vascular function. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of GLAs on FMD or PWV with placebo or other GLAs in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were searched through PubMed and Embase. The frequentist method of network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted using a random effects model, and standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: The NMA included 38 RCTs with 2,065 patients. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2Is) had significantly more positive effects on FMD improvement and PWV reduction than placebo. Thiazolidinedione (TZD) treatment resulted in significantly improved FMD compared to other GLAs as well as placebo (SMD: 1.14; 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.43). Both pioglitazone and rosiglitazone were discovered to have considerably more favorable effects on improving FMD and reducing PWV compared to placebo and other GLAs, as a result of the analysis incorporating each drug in the TZD class. The sensitivity analysis results corroborated the main findings. CONCLUSIONS: This NMA showed more favorable effects of GLP-1RAs and SGLT-2Is than placebo in improving both arterial stiffness and endothelial function in patients with T2DM. In addition, TZDs showed superior effects in improving endothelial function as compared with the other GLAs and placebo.

Mediating Effect of Self-Control on the Relationship between Obesity-Related Stress and Weight Control Behavior among Female College Students with Overweight and Obesity.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to determine whether self-regulation acts as a mediating factor in the relationship between obesity-related stress and weight control behavior, targeting Korean female college students. Obesity-related stress and weight control behaviors are important factors affecting an individual's health and well-being, and self-control, a psychological trait, can play a pivotal role in regulating how individuals respond to stress and engage in weight management behaviors. METHODS: This study employed a descriptive correlational design. A total of 109 female college students with overweight and obesity participated in the study. We used a self-report questionnaire to measure obesity-related stress, self-control, and degree of weight control behavior. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis, and bootstrapping using Hayes' PROCESS macro for mediation. RESULTS: Significant relationships between obesity-related stress and weight control behavior (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), obesity-related stress and self-control (r = -0.36, p < 0.001), and weight control behavior and self-control (r = 0.26, p < 0.001) were observed. Self-control showed an indirect mediating effect on the relationship between obesity-related stress and weight control behavior (Β = 0.37, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Through the research results, it was confirmed that self-control is a factor that has a mediating effect in the relationship between obesity-related stress and weight control behavior among female college students with overweight and obesity. These results underscore the importance of addressing self-control strategies in interventions aimed at promoting healthy weight management among female college students with overweight or obesity.

Low temperature-mediated repression and far-red light-mediated induction determine morning FLOWERING LOCUS T expression levels.

In order to flower in the appropriate season, plants monitor light and temperature changes and alter downstream pathways that regulate florigen genes such as Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). In Arabidopsis, FT messenger RNA levels peak in the morning and evening under natural long-day conditions (LDs). However, the regulatory mechanisms governing morning FT induction remain poorly understood. The morning FT peak is absent in typical laboratory LDs characterized by high red:far-red light (R:FR) ratios and constant temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that ZEITLUPE (ZTL) interacts with the FT repressors TARGET OF EATs (TOEs), thereby repressing morning FT expression in natural environments. Under LDs with simulated sunlight (R:FR = 1.0) and daily temperature cycles, which are natural LD-mimicking environmental conditions, FT transcript levels in the ztl mutant were high specifically in the morning, a pattern that was mirrored in the toe1 toe2 double mutant. Low night-to-morning temperatures increased the inhibitory effect of ZTL on morning FT expression by increasing ZTL protein levels early in the morning. Far-red light counteracted ZTL activity by decreasing its abundance (possibly via phytochrome A (phyA)) while increasing GIGANTEA (GI) levels and negatively affecting the formation of the ZTL-GI complex in the morning. Therefore, the phyA-mediated high-irradiance response and GI play pivotal roles in morning FT induction. Our findings suggest that the delicate balance between low temperature-mediated ZTL activity and the far-red light-mediated functions of phyA and GI offers plants flexibility in fine-tuning their flowering time by controlling FT expression in the morning.

"To be or Not to be Me?": Exploration of Self-Similar Effects of Avatars on Social Virtual Reality Experiences.

The growing interest in the self-similarity effect of avatars in virtual reality (VR) has spurred the creation of realistic avatars that closely mirror their users. However, despite extensive research on the self-similarity effect in single-user VR environments, our understanding of its impact in social VR settings remains underdeveloped. This shortfall exists despite the unique socio-psychological phenomena arising from the illusion of embodiment that could potentially alter these effects. To fill this gap, this paper provides an in-depth empirical investigation of how avatars' self-similarity influences social VR experiences. Our research uncovers several notable findings: 1) A high level of avatar self-similarity boosts users' sense of embodiment and social presence but has minimal effects on the overall presence and even slightly hinders immersion. These results are driven by increased self-awareness. 2) Among various factors that contribute to the self-similarity of avatars, voice stands out as a significant influencer of social VR experiences, surpassing other representational factors. 3) The impact of avatar self-similarity shows negligible differences between male and female users. Based on these findings, we discuss the pros and cons of incorporating self-similarity into social VR avatars. Our study serves as a foundation for further research in this field.

Clinical Significance of Sphingosine 1-phosphate Receptor 2 and Takeda G Protein-coupled Receptor 5 in Extrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In biliary epithelial cells, two bile acid receptors, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2) and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) have been reported to trigger cell proliferation, as well as neoplastic cell invasiveness. In this study, we aimed to investigate the clinical significance of S1PR2/ TGR5 expression in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients. METHODS: Patients who underwent surgical resection of extrahepatic CCA at Korea University Guro Hospital between 2002 and 2018 were included. Data on immunohistochemical staining and H-score of S1PR2 and TGR5 were evaluated using digital image analysis. RESULTS: A total of 115 cases of invasive CCA were analyzed. The H-score of S1PR2 showed a decrease in invasive CCA (p=0.052) but that of TGR5 showed a significant increase (p=0.02). Overall survival and disease-free survival were significantly lower in the low S1PR2 expression group (p<0.05) than in the control group; however, TGR5 expression was not significant (p=0.096). In multivariate analysis, low S1PR2 was only significant for poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Low S1PR2 level was the only independent poor prognostic factor in patients with resected extrahepatic CCA.

Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adult patients with atopic dermatitis.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) in adults newly diagnosed with atopic dermatitis (AD). METHODS: This propensity score-matching cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) 2.0 database in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model, for the new onset of T2D (ICD-10 code, E11) in AD patients compared to the matched controls. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. RESULTS: Each of the 36,692 individuals in the AD group and matched control group was included in the analysis. The risk of T2D in the AD group was significantly higher than that of the matched controls in the adjusted model (adjusted HR 1.44; 95% CI 1.27-1.63, P <.001). The results of subgroup analysis by sex, age, and body mass index were consistent with the results of the primary analysis. Sensitivity analyses using different T2D and/or AD definitions also showed consistent results. CONCLUSIONS: The significant risk of subsequent T2D in adult AD patients suggested the necessity for efforts to prevent T2D in AD patients.

Comparison of the acid suppression effects between low-dose esomeprazole and famotidine in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Famotidine, an H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA), is mainly prescribed to alleviate the early symptoms of gastritis. Our aim was to explore the possibilities of low-dose esomeprazole as a treatment of gastritis as well as the pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of esomeprazole and famotidine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, multiple-dose, 6-sequence, 3-period crossover study was conducted with a 7-day washout between periods. For each period, the subjects were administered one dose of esomeprazole 10 mg or famotidine 20 mg or esomeprazole 20 mg each day. To evaluate the PDs, the 24-hour gastric pH was recorded after single and multiple doses. The mean percentage of time during which the gastric pH was above 4 was evaluated for PD assessment. To confirm the pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of esomeprazole, blood was collected for up to 24 hours after multiple doses. RESULTS: 26 subjects completed the study. Following the multiple doses of esomeprazole 10 mg, esomeprazole 20 mg, and famotidine 20 mg, the mean percentages of time during which the gastric pH was above 4 over the course of 24 hour were 35.77 ± 19.56%, 53.75 ± 20.55%, and 24.48 ± 17.36%, respectively. After multiple doses, the time of peak plasma concentration at steady state (tmax,ss) was 1.00 and 1.25 hours for 10 and 20 mg of esomeprazole, respectively. The geometric mean ratio and its 90% confidence interval of area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve in steady state (AUCT,ss) and maximum concentration of drug in plasma in steady state (Cmax,ss) for esomeprazole 10 mg compared to 20 mg were 0.3654 (0.3381 - 0.3948) and 0.5066 (0.4601 - 0.5579), respectively. CONCLUSION: The PD parameters of esomeprazole 10 mg were comparable to those of famotidine after multiple doses. These findings provide support for further evaluating the use of 10 mg of esomeprazole as a treatment option for gastritis.

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics of Pelubiprofen Tromethamine vs. Pelubiprofen in Healthy Subjects.

Compared to pelubiprofen, a cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibitor, pelubiprofen tromethamine has been reported to exhibit improved solubility and absorption. Pelubiprofen tromethamine combines the anti-inflammatory effect of pelubiprofen with the gastric protective function of tromethamine salt, making it a relatively safe class of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with low levels of gastrointestinal side effects in addition to its original analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. This study assessed the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of pelubiprofen and pelubiprofen tromethamine in healthy subjects. Two independent clinical trials were performed in healthy subjects using a randomized, open-label, oral, single-dose, two-sequence, four-period, crossover design. In Study I and Study II, subjects received 25 mg of pelubiprofen tromethamine and 30 mg of pelubiprofen tromethamine, respectively, with 30 mg of pelubiprofen being the reference. Study I fell within the bioequivalence study criteria. A trend of increased absorption and exposure for 30 mg of pelubiprofen tromethamine vs. the reference in Study II was observed. The maximum cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory effect of 25 mg of pelubiprofen tromethamine was approximately 98% compared to the reference, showing no significant pharmacodynamic variation. It is thus predicted that 25 mg of pelubiprofen tromethamine would show no clinically significant discrepancies in clinical analgesic and antipyretic effects from 30 mg of pelubiprofen.

Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease After Atopic Dermatitis Development: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study.

PURPOSE: Despite increasing evidence for the potential association between atopic dermatitis (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), results have still remained controversial. Therefore, this study investigated the association between AD and subsequent CVDs in adults newly diagnosed with AD. METHODS: Datasets from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort in South Korea from 2002 to 2015 were analyzed. The primary outcome was new-onset CVD, which included angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, stroke, or any revascularization procedure. The crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in the AD group compared with the matched control group using the Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: A total of 40,512 individuals with AD were matched with 40,512 control subjects without AD. The overall incidence of CVDs was 2,235 (5.5%) and 1,640 (4.1%) in the AD and matched control groups, respectively. In the adjusted model, AD was associated with an increased risk of CVDs (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.33-1.52), angina pectoris (adjusted HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.36-1.63), myocardial infarction (adjusted HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.15-1.70), ischemic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20-1.49), and hemorrhagic stroke (adjusted HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.05-1.52). Most of the subgroup and sensitivity analysis results were consistent with those of the main analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The current study found that adult patients newly diagnosed with AD were at significantly increased risk for subsequent CVDs, suggesting the need to consider early prevention strategies for CVDs targeting patients with AD.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of tumor molecular testing in stage III endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: Standard of care for adjuvant treatment of stage III endometrial cancer includes chemotherapy and radiation. In addition to stage, tumor molecular profiles may predict treatment outcomes, and prospective clinical trials are ongoing. However, tumor molecular testing is costly and time-consuming. Our objective was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of tumor molecular testing in stage III endometrial cancer. METHODS: A Markov decision model compared two strategies for stage III endometrial cancer: Tumor Molecular Testing (TMT) versus No TMT. TMT included sequential POLE next generation sequencing, mismatch repair immunohistochemistry (IHC), and p53 IHC. POLE-mutated patients were assigned to adjuvant radiation therapy; all others including controls were assigned to adjuvant chemoradiation. First recurrences were treated with 6 cycles of carboplatin and paclitaxel. Second recurrences were treated with pembrolizumab alone for mismatch repair deficient patients and both pembrolizumab and lenvatinib for other patients. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test model robustness. RESULTS: Compared to No TMT, TMT was cost saving with equivalent effectiveness. On one-way sensitivity analysis, TMT remained cost saving over all parameter ranges. TMT was also favored on probabilistic sensitivity analysis in 80% of iterations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000/quality adjusted life-year (QALY) gained. However, when TMT was compared to mismatch repair IHC alone, TMT cost $182,798/QALY gained. CONCLUSIONS: In this model of patients with stage III endometrial cancer, TMT was cost saving compared to No TMT. However, when compared to mismatch repair IHC alone, TMT was economically unfavorable.

Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and thiazolidinediones on treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Previous studies have revealed that glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and thiazolidinedione (TZD) can improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, comprehensive research comparing the effects of GLP-1RA and TZD is limited. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of GLP-1RA and TZD on NAFLD or NASH through a network meta-analysis. METHODS: The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that explored the efficacy of GLP-1RAs or TZDs in adult patients with NAFLD or NASH. The outcomes were liver biopsy-based (NAFLD activity score [NAS], fibrosis stage, and NASH resolution), noninvasive technique-based (liver fat content on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy [1H-MRS] and controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]), biological, and anthropometric indicators. A random effects model was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) and relative risk with 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Twenty-five RCTs with 2,237 overweight or obese patients were included. GLP-1RA was significantly superior in reducing liver fat content evaluated using 1H-MRS (MD -2.42, 95% CI -3.84 to -1.00), body mass index (MD -1.60, 95% CI -2.41 to -0.80), and waist circumference (MD -4.89, 95% CI -8.17 to -1.61) than TZD. In liver biopsy-based evaluation and liver fat content assessment using CAP, GLP-1RA tended to surpass TZD, albeit not significantly. Sensitivity analysis showed consistent results with the main results. CONCLUSION: Compared with TZD, GLP-1RA had better effects on liver fat content, body mass index, and waist circumference in overweight or obese patients with NAFLD or NASH.

Atopic dermatitis and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A nationwide population-based study.

BACKGROUND: As atopic dermatitis (AD) has been found to be related to various comorbidities as well as substantial patient burden, questions of a possible relationship between AD and nonallergic diseases beyond allergic diseases have also been raised. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this nationwide matched cohort study was to evaluate whether AD would increase the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). METHODS: Patients diagnosed with AD were identified from the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort (NHIS-NSC) 2.0 database in South Korea from 2002 to 2015. Finally, 9,164 adults with AD (≥20 years old) and age, sex, household income, region of residence, disability, and baseline year-matched 9,164 controls were included in the analysis. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for the development of GERD was estimated using a Cox proportional hazard regression model. RESULTS: Overall, 12.3% of the patients in the AD group developed GERD, whereas 10.4% of the individuals in the control group developed GERD. The results of the adjusted model revealed that patients with AD had a significantly increased risk of developing GERD (adjusted HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.06-1.26) compared with the matched controls. Increased risk of developing GERD was consistent in subgroup analyses by sex or age groups under 60 years old as well as all the sensitivity analyses performed. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that appropriate management should be considered in adults with AD to prevent GERD, because AD was found to be associated with an increased risk of subsequent GERD.

Factors for risk stratification of patients with actinic keratosis using integrated analysis of clinicopathological features and gene expression patterns.

BACKGROUND: Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered as precursor lesion of invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Molecular studies on AK are limited because of too small size of the biopsy specimen to obtain enough DNA or RNA. METHODS: Twenty biopsy cases of AK, followed by second same-sited biopsies, were included. Ten cases were diagnosed with total regression (regression group), while the other 10 were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma (progression group) in the follow-up biopsies. Using digital spatial profiling (DSP) technology, whole-gene expression analysis defined by specific regions of interest was performed for all 20 cases. After the clinicopathological features were assessed, separate and integrated analyses of these features and gene expression patterns were performed using machine-learning technology. All analyses were performed on both lesion keratinocytes (KT) and infiltrated stromal lymphocytes (LC). RESULTS: Among the 18,667 genes assessed, 33 and 72 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the regression and progression groups were found in KT and LC respectively. The primary genes distinguishing the two groups were KRT10 for KT and CARD18 for LC. Clinicopathological features were weaker in risk stratification of AK progression than the gene expression patterns. Pathways associated with various cancers were upregulated in the progression group of KT, whereas the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor signalling pathway was upregulated in the progression of LC. CONCLUSION: Gene expression patterns were effective for risk stratification of AK progression, and their distinguishing power was higher than that of clinicopathological features.

Factors associated with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) treatment patterns and patient-reported outcomes across a large integrated health network.

PURPOSE: To examine associations between ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients' characteristics, treating locations and DCIS treatments received and to pilot assessing quality-of-life (QoL) values among DCIS patients with diverse backgrounds. METHODS: We performed a retrospective tumor registry review of all patients diagnosed and treated with DCIS from 2018 to 2019 in the UPMC-integrated network throughout central and western Pennsylvania. Demographics, clinical information, and administered treatments were compiled from tumor registry records. We categorized contextual factors such as different hospital setting (academic vs. community), socioeconomic status based on the neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) as well as age and race. QoL survey was administered to DCIS patients with diverse backgrounds via QoL questionnaire breast cancer module 23 and qualitative assessment questions. RESULTS: A total of 912 patients were reviewed. There were no treatment differences noted for age, race, or NDI. Mastectomy rate was higher in academic sites than community sites (29 vs. 20.4%; p = 0.0045), while hormone therapy (HT) utilization rate was higher in community sites (74 vs. 62%; p = 0.0012). QoL survey response rate was 32%. Only HT side effects negatively affected in QoL scores and there was no significant difference in QoL domains and decision-making process between races, age, NDI, treatment groups, and treatment locations. CONCLUSION: Our integrated health network did not show chronically noted disparities arising from social determinates of health for DCIS treatments by implementing clinical pathways and system-wide peer review. Also, we demonstrated feasibility in collecting QoL for DCIS women with diverse backgrounds and different socioeconomic statuses.

Outcomes of 3D MRI based HDR brachytherapy with hybrid multichannel vaginal cylinder applicator and freehand needles for treatment of vaginal disease.

Freehand needles can be used with multichannel vaginal cylinders (MCVC) to cover vaginal cancer >7 mm thick or with supra-vaginal extension. We report our institutional outcomes using this novel hybrid technique. Patients with vaginal malignancies treated with HDR BT using MCVC plus freehand needles from 2014-2021 at our institution were identified. Clinical characteristics, details of brachytherapy, initial response, and overall local control (LC) outcomes were recorded. LC was analyzed via Kaplan-Meier method. 34 patients were identified with median follow-up 1.9 years. 19 patients had primary endometrial cancer with vaginal recurrence/disease, and remaining had primary vaginal cancer or other primaries. 7 patients had recurrence after previous RT course. 25 patients received EBRT with median dose 45 Gy in 25 fractions, and rest received BT alone. Median HR-CTV D90 for patients treated with EBRT plus BT was 77.4 Gy. 30 patients had complete local response to BT on initial examination and/or follow-up imaging. 1 and 2-year LC rates in patients without prior RT treated with EBRT + BT were 94.1% and 94.1%, respectively. 1 and 2-year LC rates for those without prior RT were 88.1% and 76.4%, respectively. 1 and 2-year LC rates for those with prior RT were 68.6% and 34.3%, respectively. 1 patient had vaginal laceration requiring surgical repair, and 1 patient developed small bowel obstruction 1 month after BT, with no additional acute grade 3+ toxicities identified. Our approach with MCVC plus freehand needles with MRI-based planning was feasible and safe, with excellent initial local response and low rate of serious toxicities.

Prediction of 12-Week Remission by Psychopharmacological Treatment Step in Patients With Depressive Disorders.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the predictors of remission by 4 treatment steps in depressive outpatients receiving 12-week psychopharmacotherapy. METHODS: Patients were consecutively recruited at a university hospital in South Korea from March 2012 to April 2017. At baseline, 1,262 patients were evaluated for sociodemographic and clinical data including assessments scales, and were received antidepressant monotherapy. For patients with an insufficient response or uncomfortable side effects, next treatment steps (1, 2, 3, and 4) with alternative strategies (switching, augmentation, combination, and mixtures of these approaches) were administered considering measurements and patient preference at every 3 weeks in the acute treatment phase (3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks). Remission was defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score of ≤7. RESULTS: In the multi-variate logistic regression analyses, remission was predicted by higher functional levels in patients received Step 1 and 2 treatment; by lower life stressors in Step 1; by higher social support in Step 3 and 4; and by lower suicidality in Step 1-3. CONCLUSION: Differential associations were found between symptoms or functions and treatment steps, which suggested that multi-faceted evaluations at baseline could predict remission by treatment steps.

Dual-Layer Spectral CT of Pancreas Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Can Virtual Monoenergetic Images of the Portal Venous Phase Be an Alternative to the Pancreatic-Phase Scan?

Objectives: To determine the performance of virtual monoenergetic images (VMIs) of the portal venous phase (PVP) compared with the pancreatic-phase image for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) evaluation. Materials and methods: This retrospective study enrolled 64 patients with PDAC who underwent pancreatic CT with dual-layer spectral CT between February 2018 and January 2020. A polychromatic pancreatic-phase image and VMIs at 40 (VMI40), 55 (VMI55), and 70 keV (VMI70) of the PVP were generated. The tumor-to-pancreas contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), attenuation difference, peripancreatic vascular signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and CNR were compared among the four images. Subjective image analysis was performed for tumor conspicuity, heterogeneity, size, and arterial invasion. Results: VMI40 and VMI55 demonstrated higher tumor-to-pancreas CNR, attenuation difference, and higher peripancreatic vascular CNR and SNR than the pancreatic-phase image and VMI70 (p < .001). On subjective analysis, VMI55 showed the best tumor conspicuity. Moreover, the inter-reader agreement for arterial invasion in VMIs from the PVP was not inferior to that in the pancreatic-phase image. Conclusion: For evaluating PDAC, the VMI55 of the PVP was superior to the pancreatic-phase image in terms of tumor conspicuity and peripancreatic vascular enhancement. Therefore, the VMI55 of the PVP could be an alternative to the pancreatic-phase scan in patients suspicious of PDAC.

Cerebellar Gray Matter Volume and its Role in Executive Function, and Attention: Sex Differences by Age in Adolescents.

Objective: This research measures the regional GMV (rGMV) of the cerebellum, attention, Executive Function (EF) and we aimed to identify their correlation and sex differences in children and adolescents. Methods: Subjects comprised 114 children (male = 62, female = 52, 12.44 ± 2.99 years old) from South Korea. Participants were divided into three groups by age (age 6-9, 10-13, and 14-17). The Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA) were used to estimate executive function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were analyzed with Regional Voxel-Based Morphometry Analysis. Results: The correlations between cerebellar rGMV and SCWT, WCST, and ATA subcategories showed difference by age and sex. In 6-9 age group, girls showed more overall correlations with cerebellar regions than boys, in WCST Categories Completed and ATA results. In age 10-13 group, more regions of cerebellum corresponded to SCWT subcategories in girls. Nevertheless, more correlation between cerebellar rGMV, WCST subcategories and some ATA subtests were observed in boys in the same age group. In the adolescent group, aged 14-17, boys showed more correlation with cerebellar rGMV, while girls showed little correlation. Conclusion: This study highlights that sex-different cerebellum maturation in adolescence might be correlated with EF and attention. These results provides evidence that cerebellum modulates higher cognitive functioning during child development.

Novel Yellow Azo Pyridone Derivatives with Different Halide Atoms for Image-Sensor Color Filters.

Novel yellow azo pyridone dye derivatives were synthesized for use in image-sensor color filters. The synthesized compounds have a basic chemical structure composed of azo, hydroxy, amide, and nitrile groups as well as different halide groups. New materials were evaluated on the basis of their optical, thermal, and surface properties under conditions mimicking those of a commercial device fabrication process. A comparison of their related performance revealed that, among the four prepared compounds, 5-((4,6-dichlorocyclohexa-2,4-dien-1-yl)diazenyl)-6-hydroxy-1,4-dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (Cl-PAMOPC) exhibited the best performance as an image-sensor color filter material, including a solubility greater than 0.1 wt% in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate solvent, a high decomposition temperature of 263 °C, and stable color difference values of 4.93 and 3.88 after a thermal treatment and a solvent-resistance test, respectively. The results suggest that Cl-PAMOPC can be used as a green dye additive in an image-sensor colorant.