Loneliness, Implicit-Self and Digital Literacy.

Digital literacy is becoming more important because of the skillset of functioning in online is becoming a necessary skill set in daily life. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between loneliness and digital literacy and the mediation effect of motivation in that association. Also, this study examined the moderating effect of mindset in the meditation effect of motivation in the association between loneliness and digital literacy. 287 respondents were recruited from online survey in United States. To investigate the direct effect of loneliness on digital literacy, the mediating effect of motivation, and the moderating of mindset on the mediating effect, this research employed a mediated moderation model. The findings of this research suggest that prevention-focused motivation mediated the effect of loneliness on digital literacy and the effect was moderated by a fixed mindset (as opposed to a growth mindset). The result of the study contributes to the literature by examining how loneliness could impede acquiring digital literacy through prevention-focused motivation and fixed mindset.

The impact of awareness of terminal illness on quality of death and care decision making: a prospective nationwide survey of bereaved family members of advanced cancer patients.

OBJECTS: We aimed to assess whether awareness of a terminal illness can affect care decision making processes and the achievement of a good death in advanced cancer patients receiving palliative care services. METHODS: Awareness of terminal illness at the time of palliative care service admission was assessed by the health care professionals during the routine initial comprehensive assessment process and was recorded in the national terminal cancer patient registry. A follow-up nationwide bereavement survey was conducted, which contained questions regarding decision making processes and the Korean version of the Good Death Inventory. RESULTS: Among the 345 patients included in the final analysis, the majority (68.4%) of the patients were aware of the terminal illness. Awareness of the terminal illness tended to reduce discordances in care decision making (adjusted odds ratio = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.29-1.07), and increased the patients' own decision making when there were discordances between patients and their families (adjusted odds ratio = 3.79; 95% CI: 1.31-10.94). The Good Death Inventory score was significantly higher among patients who were aware of their terminal illnesses compared with those who were not (5.04 vs. 4.80; p = 0.013) and especially in the domains of 'control over the future' (5.18 vs. 4.04; p < 0.001), 'maintaining hope and pleasure' (4.55 vs. 3.92; p = 0.002), and 'unawareness of death' (4.41 vs. 4.26; p = 0.024). CONCLUSION: Awareness of the terminal illness had beneficial effect on the harmonious decision making, patient autonomy, and patient's quality of death. Disclosure of terminal illness should be encouraged.

Nonmotor symptoms more closely related to Parkinson's disease: comparison with normal elderly.

Nonmotor symptoms (NMSs) commonly occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study sought to explore the domains of NMSs that are more closely related to PD using nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS), through a quantitative comparison of NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores of PD patients with normal controls, and clinical implications. We performed a prospective case-control study on PD patients (n=131) and age- and gender-matched normal controls (n=129). We compared NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores of the PD patients with those of normal controls, and obtained the ratio to identify the domains that were more closely related to PD than normal aging using the NMSS. NMSs are very common among normal elderly as well as PD patients. The domains with the highest ratio of NMSs' prevalence and NMSS scores between the patient and control groups were the miscellaneous, perceptual problems/hallucinations, and sexual function. These three domains were found to be most closely related to PD. NMSs with higher prevalence in PD patients do not always relate more to PD. As NMSs in PD can also commonly occur among the normal elderly, the NMS prevalence should be interpreted with extreme caution. To properly manage the NMSs in PD, it should be kept in mind that avoiding the overestimation of NMSs as part of PD is as important as their early recognition in PD.

Ingestion and inactivation of bacteriophages by Tetrahymena.

Abiotic factors are thought to be primarily responsible for the loss of bacteriophages from the environment, but ingestion of phages by heterotrophs may also play a role in their elimination. Tetrahymena thermophila has been shown to ingest and inactivate bacteriophage T4 in co-incubation experiments. In this study, other Tetrahymena species were co-incubated with T4 with similar results. In addition, T. thermophila was shown to inactivate phages T5 and lambda in co-incubations. Several approaches, including direct visualization by electron microscopy, demonstrated that ingestion is required for T4 inactivation. Mucocysts were shown to have no role in the ingestion of T4. When (35)S-labeled T4 were fed to T. thermophila in a pulse-chase experiment, the degradation of two putative capsid proteins, gp23(*) and hoc, was observed. In addition, a polypeptide with the apparent molecular mass of 52 kDa was synthesized. This suggests that Tetrahymena can use phages as a minor nutrient source in the absence of bacteria.

[Development and application of a computerized nursing process program for orthopedic surgery inpatients-- NANDA, NOC, and NIC linkages].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to develop and to apply the NANDA, NOC, and NIC (NNN) linkages into a computerized nursing process program using the classification systems of nursing diagnoses, nursing outcomes and nursing interventions. METHOD: The program was developed with planning, analysis, design and performance stages. The program was applied to 117 patients who were admitted to orthopedic surgery nursing units from January to February, 2004. RESULTS: Thirty-five of fifty-three nursing diagnoses were identified. Five nursing diagnoses in order of frequency were: Acute pain (28.4%), Impaired physical mobility (15.6%), Impaired walking (8.7%), Chronic pain (5.5%) and Risk for disuse syndrome (5.0%). The nursing outcomes of the 'Acute pain' nursing diagnosis tended to have higher frequencies (cumulative) in order of Pain management (95.2%), Comfort level (35.5%) and Pain level (17.7%). The nursing interventions of the 'Acute pain' nursing diagnosis tended to have higher frequencies (cumulative) in order of Pain management (71.0%), Splinting (24.2%) and Analgesic administration (17.7%). In comparison of outcome indicator scores between before and after the intervention according to the 61 nursing outcomes, the mean scores of 52 outcome indicators after the intervention were significantly higher than before the intervention. CONCLUSION: It is expected that this program will help nurses perform their nursing processes more efficiently.

[A correlation study of perceived importance of nursing interventions with performance frequency in psychiatric nursing units using the 3th NIC].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived importance of nursing interventions of psychiatric nurses according to domains, classes and interventions using the 3th NIC. METHOD: In this study, a 435 of 486 nursing interventions were selected from 75% consent reached by experts. Data were collected from 9 hospitals and 141 nurses(return rates : 94.0%) in Seoul, Kyonggi, Chungnam, Gwang-ju and Chonnam region from January, 2002 to February, 2002 using 4 point Likert scale. RESULT: Total perceived importance score was 2.905+/-0.463 and total correlation score with performance frequency was r=0.295. The most important perceived domain and class was found to be 'safety' (3.217+/-0.465) and 'community health promotion' (3.285+/-0.866). The most correlated domain and class with performance frequency appeared to be 'behavioral' (r=0.431, p=0.000) and 'communication enhancement' (r=0.439, p=0.000). The most important perceived nursing intervention was found to be 'active listening' (3.652+/-0.549). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, nurses in clinical settings were found to perform less than perceive its importance. Therefore, further researches are needed to identify factors related to impede and develop strategies to improve the performance of nursing interventions.