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A novel Gram-negative, white-pigmented, and auxin-producing strain, 20NA77.5T, was isolated from fresh water during cyanobacterial bloom period. Pairwise comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 20NA77.5T belonged to the genus Undibacterium and exhibited the highest sequence similarity to the type strains of Undibacterium danionis (98.00%), Undibacterium baiyunense (97.93%), Undibacterium macrobrachii (97.92%), and Undibacterium fentianense (97.71%). The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain 20NA77.5T and its related type strains were below 79.93 and 23.80%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids (> 10% of the total fatty acids) were C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c). The genomic DNA G + C content of strain 20NA77.5T was found to be 48.61%. Based on the phylogenetic distinctness, chemotaxonomic features, and phenotypic features, strain 20NA77.5T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Undibacterium, for which the name Undibacterium cyanobacteriorum sp. nov is proposed. The type strain is 20NA77.5T (= KCTC 8005T = LMG 33136T).
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Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Composição de Bases , Cianobactérias , DNA Bacteriano , Ácidos Graxos , Água Doce , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Água Doce/microbiologia , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Cianobactérias/genética , Cianobactérias/classificação , Cianobactérias/isolamento & purificação , Cianobactérias/metabolismo , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Microbiologia da ÁguaRESUMO
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a destructive disease caused by several species of Fusarium, such as Fusarium graminearum and F. asiaticum. FHB affects cereal crops, including wheat, barley, and rice, worldwide. Fusarium-infected kernels not only cause reduced yields but also cause quality loss by producing mycotoxins, such as trichothecenes and zearalenone, which are toxic to animals and humans. For decades, chemical fungicides have been used to control FHB because of their convenience and high control efficacy. However, the prolonged use of chemical fungicides has caused adverse effects, including the emergence of drug resistance to pathogens and environmental pollution. Biological control is considered one of the most promising alternatives to chemicals and can be used for integrated management of FHB due to the rare possibility of environment pollution and reduced health risks. In this study, Bacillus velezensis JCK-7158 isolated from rice was selected as an ecofriendly alternative to chemical fungicides for the management of FHB. JCK-7158 produced the extracellular enzymes protease, chitinase, gelatinase, and cellulase; the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid; and the 2,3-butanediol precursor acetoin. Moreover, JCK-7158 exhibited broad antagonistic activity against various phytopathogenic fungi and produced iturin A, surfactin, and volatile substances as active antifungal compounds. It also enhanced the expression of PR1, a known induced resistance marker gene, in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing ß-glucuronidase (GUS) fused with the PR1 promoter. Under greenhouse conditions, treatments with the culture broth and suspension concentrate formulation of JCK-7158 at a 1,000-fold dilution inhibited the development of FHB by 50 and 66%, respectively. In a field experiment, treatment with the suspension concentrate formulation of JCK-7158 at a 1,000-fold dilution effectively controlled the development of FHB with a control value of 55% and reduced the production of the mycotoxin nivalenol by 40%. Interestingly, treatment with JCK-7158 enhanced the expression of plant defense-related genes in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathways before and after FHB pathogen inoculation. Taken together, our findings support that JCK-7158 has the potential to serve as a new biocontrol agent for the management of FHB.
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Hypopigmented scars are challenging to treat, and the focus for successful treatment is to cause pigment cells to produce more melanin. In this study, we evaluated the repigmentation effects of 0.4 mm motorized-micropunch grafting with skin-seeding for hypopigmented scars. Twenty-one patients with hypopigmented scars on the face and neck that had been resistant to conventional treatment and who had finally undergone micropunch grafting with a skin-seeding technique (SST) were retrospectively reviewed. Repigmentation outcomes were evaluated with global assessment by a physician using a 4-point repigmentation scale. Adverse events were noted. The subjects were followed for a 2-year follow-up period post grafting. All 21 subjects exhibited excellent to complete repigmentation of more than 75% of the hypopigmented scars. More than 90% repigmentation was observed in 17 patients. The mean duration for repigmentation that the subjects were satisfied with was 5.5 months. No adverse effects or recurrence instances were observed. Motorized micropunch grafting is an effective and promising alternative treatment for repigmentation of hypopigmented scars.
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Seborrheic keratosis (SK) is a common skin disease in the elderly. However, in cases where SK presenting as multiple skin-colored or clustered lesions can be easily misdiagnosed as verruca plana (VP), especially in the young population. This retrospective study investigated the prevalence of SK and VP in the lesions that appear clinically similar to VP according to age. We examined the pathology slides of the skin tissue and photographs of patients who were clinically suspected to have VP. A total of 503 patients were included in the study, out of which 174 patients were finally diagnosed with SK (34.6%) and 132 with VP (26.2%). The mean ages of the SK- and VP-diagnosed group were 39.3 and 35.4 years, respectively. SK had a higher prevalence among individuals older than 30 years, and relative frequency of SK should not be ignored in patients with a grouped distribution in their 20 s and 30 s. Therefore, our study suggests that multiple verrucous skin-colored to brownish plaques are also commonly diagnosed as SK in young people as well as VP, and the prevalence of SK and VP may not always depend solely on chronological aging, and the prevalence of SK among young people may be higher than commonly believed stereotypes suggest.
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Ceratose Seborreica , Verrugas , Idoso , Humanos , Adolescente , Ceratose Seborreica/epidemiologia , Incidência , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pele , Verrugas/epidemiologiaRESUMO
The conservation of the endangered Korean fir, Abies koreana, is of critical ecological importance. In our previous study, a yeast-like fungus identified as Aureobasidium pullulans AK10, was isolated and shown to enhance drought tolerance in A. koreana seedlings. In this study, the effectiveness of Au. pullulans AK10 treatment in enhancing drought tolerance in A. koreana was confirmed. Furthermore, using transcriptome analysis, we compared A. koreana seedlings treated with Au. pullulans AK10 to untreated controls under drought conditions to elucidate the molecular responses involved in increased drought tolerance. Our findings revealed a predominance of downregulated genes in the treated seedlings, suggesting a strategic reallocation of resources to enhance stress defense. Further exploration of enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways and protein-protein interaction networks revealed significant alterations in functional systems known to fortify drought tolerance, including the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, calcium signaling pathway, pyruvate metabolism, brassinosteroid biosynthesis, and, crucially, flavonoid biosynthesis, renowned for enhancing plant drought resistance. These findings deepen our comprehension of how AK10 biostimulation enhances the resilience of A. koreana to drought stress, marking a substantial advancement in the effort to conserve this endangered tree species through environmentally sustainable treatment.
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Melasma relapse is almost common after discontinuation of conventional treatment. Recent studies suggesting that photoaging dermis is the main pathomechanism of melasma, emphasize the dermal targeting therapy. We investigated maintenance effect of microneedling radiofrequency (RF) for melasma treatment. Subjects with melasma were administered oral tranexamic acid and triple combination cream for 2 months and a randomly assigned half face was treated with RF. After discontinuation of conventional therapy, the half face RF continued monthly over 6 months. Modified melasma area severity index (mMASI) score and L* value by a chromameter were collected monthly. Fifteen subjects were enrolled and eleven completed the 8-month study. At 2nd month of conventional therapy, all subjects showed improvement with a 64% reduction in mMASI score. With continuous RF treatment, the improvement was well maintained; whereas in untreated side, the Δ L* gradually decreased, returning to the baseline after the conventional therapy ended. The continuous microneedling RF therapy is beneficial in maintaining the conventional therapy of melasma suggesting the protective effect of dermal targeting therapy in melasma development.(Clinical Trial registration number: NCT05710068, date of first registration: 02/02/2023).
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Melanose , Orobanchaceae , Terapia por Radiofrequência , Humanos , Alimentos , Melanose/terapia , DermeRESUMO
Apple fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is a devastating disease of apple and pear trees. Biological control methods have attracted much attention from researchers to manage plant diseases as they are eco-friendly and viable alternatives to synthetic pesticides. Herein, we isolated Streptomyces sp. JCK-8055 from the root of pepper and investigated its mechanisms of action against E. amylovora. Streptomyces sp. JCK-8055 produced aureothricin and thiolutin, which antagonistically affect E. amylovora. JCK-8055 and its two active metabolites have a broad-spectrum in vitro activity against various phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. They also effectively suppressed tomato bacterial wilt and apple fire blight in in vivo experiments. Interestingly, JCK-8055 colonizes roots as a tomato seed coating and induces apple leaf shedding at the abscission zone, ultimately halting the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, JCK-8055 can produce the plant growth regulation hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and hydrolytic enzymes, including protease, gelatinase, and cellulase. JCK-8055 treatment also triggered the expression of salicylate (SA) and jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway marker genes, such as PR1, PR2, and PR3. Overall, our findings demonstrate that Streptomyces sp. JCK-8055 can control a wide range of plant diseases, particularly apple fire blight, through a combination of mechanisms such as antibiosis and induced resistance, highlighting its excellent potential as a biocontrol agent. KEY POINTS: ⢠JCK-8055 produces the systemic antimicrobial metabolites, aureothricin, and thiolutin. ⢠JCK-8055 treatment upregulates PR gene expression in apple plants against E. amylovora. ⢠JCK-8055 controls plant diseases with antibiotics and induced resistance.
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Malus , Pirróis , Compostos de Sulfidrila , EndopeptidasesRESUMO
PURPOSE: Vitiligo is a disease of acquired depigmentation characterized by the destruction of melanocytes. A theoretical association between low level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and vitiligo has been previously suggested. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of intramuscular injection of cholecalciferol with excimer laser compared with the excimer laser alone for vitiligo treatment. METHODS: This study included 26 patients diagnosed with non-segmental vitiligo and low serum 25(OH)D levels (<20 ng/mL). The participants were randomly divided into two groups through randomization. The treatment using a 308-nm excimer laser was administered to both groups, and the study group additionally received cholecalciferol injection. RESULTS: The Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI) scores showed an 83.6% improvement over the initial score in the study group, whereas the control group showed a 54.7% improvement after 6 months of treatment. After 6 months of treatment, the study group showed a significantly higher proportion of patients who achieved VASI50 and VASI75 compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: Intramuscular injection of cholecalciferol can be a supplemental option for the treatment of vitiligo patients with vitamin D deficiency with excimer laser therapy.
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Lasers de Excimer , Vitamina D , Vitiligo , Humanos , Colecalciferol , Suplementos Nutricionais , Lasers de Excimer/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Vitiligo/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute, self-limited mucocutaneous disease with diverse triggering factors, and the recurrences are quite common. A 24-year old male presented with multiple erythematous, itchy papules and plaques on multiple sites. He has worked in a lithium battery factory and experienced the chemical burn 2 weeks ago. A histopathologic examination on right wrist showed a scattered lymphocytic infiltration, vacuolar degeneration, and necrotic keratinocyte. The final diagnosis was EM after occupational lithium exposure. He was treated by oral methylprednisolone and experienced recurrences after returning to the same workplace after remission. Although the precise pathogenesis is unknown, the pathogenesis of EM by lithium is related to the effect of lithium on immune system, different from other etiologies. To our knowledge, our case is the first report of EM following the chemical burn and occupational lithium exposure. We report this as an interesting case of EM.
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Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare benign vascular neoplasm. Recently, the term "multiple eruptive epithelioid hemangioma" has been proposed for epithelioid hemangioma with distinct features. It is different from usual epithelioid hemangioma because of the multifocal distributions in various body regions with an eruptive onset. In addition, the histopathology of multiple eruptive epithelioid hemangioma shows increased cellular proliferation, mitosis, and nuclear pleomorphism and positive findings for FOS-B compared to classic epithelioid hemangioma. Herein, we report the case of a 59-year-old man with unusual manifestations suitable for multiple eruptive epithelioid hemangioma. He had multiple erythematous to purple-red dome-shaped nodules on the right hand, arm, and shoulder. The initial lesion was a solitary erythematous nodule on the right hand that abruptly extended to the right arm and shoulder. Microscopically, the tumor was a well-demarcated dermal nodule and showed capillary sized vascular structures. Vascular structures had epithelioid endothelial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and vesicular nuclei. The tumor cells showed mild nuclear pleomorphism and a few mitosis and feature of resembling cobble stone was observed. In immunohistochemistry, CD31 and CD34 were positive in the endothelial cells. The endothelial cells showed nuclear positivity in FOS-B. Based on the clinical and histopathological findings, the final diagnosis was multiple eruptive epithelioid hemangiomas. This is the first report of multiple eruptive epithelioid hemangiomas in an Asian man after the term had been introduced.
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Certain Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains such as Bt subsp. kurstaki and Bt subsp. aizawai have been widely used for pest management in agricultural practices. However, each strain only shows high specificity for pest control against a narrow range of lepidopteran species, and numerous lepidopteran pests have developed resistance to commercialized Bt strains. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel Bt bioinsecticides which allow for potent and broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against lepidopteran species, including Spodoptera spp. (Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostealla (Plutellidae). In order to develop a novel bioinsecticide using Bt subsp. kurstaki IMBL-B9 (Btk IMBL-B9) that exhibits excellent insecticidal activity against three different lepidopteran species, we have developed a viable microencapsulation-based spray drying Btk IMBL-B9 formulation. The spore-crystal complex of Btk IMBL-B9 was microencapsulated using coating materials such as gum arabic, maltodextrin, and corn starch via spray drying. The encapsulated formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 presented an increased survival rate and storage stability at 54 ± 2°C for up to 6 weeks. The formulation showed similar insecticidal activity as the commercial bioinsecticide XenTari® against P. xylostella. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, the Btk IMBL-B9 formulation was more effective against Lepidoptera spp. S. frugiperda and P. xylostella, than XenTari®. These results suggest that the microencapsulation-based spray drying formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 can be used effectively for the control of a wide range of moths.
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The biological process of aging is thought to result in part from accumulation of senescent cells in organs. However, the present study identified a subset of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells which are the major constituents of organ stroma neither proliferative nor senescent in tissues of the elderly, which we termed "mid-old status" cells. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes (IL1B and SAA1) and downregulation of anti-inflammatory genes (SLIT2 and CXCL12) were detected in mid-old cells. In the stroma, SAA1 promotes development of the inflammatory microenvironment via upregulation of MMP9, which decreases the stability of epithelial cells present on the basement membrane, decreasing epithelial cell function. Remarkably, the microenvironmental change and the functional decline of mid-old cells could be reversed by a young cell-originated protein, SLIT2. Our data identify functional reversion of mid-old cells as a potential method to prevent or ameliorate aspects of aging-related tissue dysfunction.
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Envelhecimento , Senescência Celular , Humanos , Idoso , Senescência Celular/genética , Envelhecimento/genética , Células Epiteliais/fisiologia , Fibroblastos , Miócitos de Músculo LisoRESUMO
Granulomatous rosacea (GR) is a rare and distinct variant of rosacea. We report three cases of recalcitrant GR successfully treated with pulsed-dye laser (PDL) and provide experimental evidence supporting its potential as a treatment option. PDL treatment demonstrated remarkable efficacy in the three clinical cases, despite their resistance to conventional therapies. Chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9), a key chemokine involved in inflammation and granuloma formation, was found to be increased in skin sections from all three patients. In vitro experiments using human monocytes and dermal fibroblasts demonstrated that PDL treatment significantly reduced CXCL9 expression in fibroblasts. These findings suggest that PDL may modulate CXCL9 secretion in fibroblasts, potentially limiting the recruitment of immune cells to the lesion. Although further research is needed to fully understand the precise mechanisms underlying the role of CXCL9 in GR, PDL may be a promising therapeutic approach for refractory GR.
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ABSTRACT: Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a relatively rare clinicopathologic subtype of cutaneous malignant melanoma, but it is the most common type of melanoma among Asians. Although the research to identify immunohistochemical (IHC) markers to differentiate nevi from melanoma is being conducted, specific markers for ALM are not well-known. Therefore, we aimed to analyze and compare the differences in the expression of melanocyte-associated IHC markers between ALM and acral benign nevi (ABN). Two independent groups of 53 and 19 paraffin-embedded specimens (from patients with pathologically confirmed ALM and ABN, respectively) were subjected to IHC staining for MART-1, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), SOX10, HMB-45, Ki-67, and p16. We performed a quantitative analysis of PRAME, SOX10, KI-67, and p16 expression and gradient pattern analysis of HMB-45 expression for each specimen. The PRAME (60.1% and 28.5%, P < 0.05) and Ki-67 (7.8% and 3.5%, P < 0.05) expression levels were significantly higher in the ALM group than in the ABN group. The p16 expression was significantly lower (14.2% and 19.4%, P < 0.05), and the absence of HMB-45 gradient was more frequent in the ALM group than in the ABN group. However, no statistical significance was noted in SOX10 (54.8% and 44.7%). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that PRAME had the highest area under the curve value. In summary, among various IHC markers, PRAME was the most valuable marker for the diagnosis of ALM; however, further large-scale studies are needed to validate these findings.
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Melanoma , Nevo de Células Epitelioides e Fusiformes , Nevo , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Humanos , Antígeno Ki-67 , Melanoma/patologia , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Melanócitos/patologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/análise , Melanoma Maligno CutâneoRESUMO
Vitiligo has been considered an unexplained paradoxical phenomenon during biologics use. Herein, we report an adult case of progression of pre-existing vitiligo during secukinumab treatment for psoriasis, and we also examined the immunohistochemical changes in relation to biologics use. He was being administered monthly secukinumab of 300 mg dose for 2 years, and all psoriatic lesions were cleared, but pre-existing hypopigmented lesions became more distinct and larger than before unlike when using adalimumab. A skin biopsy of the hypopigmented lesion showed loss of epidermal melanocytes and absence of gp100 immune activities, and he was finally diagnosed with progression of pre-existing vitiligo. Immunohistochemical staining of vitiligo lesion showed decrease in interleukin-17 and tumor necrosis factor-α and increase in CD8+ T cells, interferon-γ, and CXCL10 after the use of secukinumab. In this study, we suggest that biologics-induced cytokine imbalance play a critical role in vitiligo progression in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis.
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The Korean fir tree Abies koreana, an endangered species in Korea, faces threats primarily from climate change-induced stress and drought. This study proposed a sustainable method to enhance A. koreana drought tolerance using a black yeast-like fungus identified as Aureobasidium pullulans (AK10). The 16S/ITS metabarcoding analysis assessed the impact of drought and AK10 treatment on the seedlings' rhizosphere microbiome. Results revealed a profound drought influence on the microbiome, particularly affecting fungal mycobiota. Drought-stressed seedlings exhibited elevated Agaricaceae levels, opportunistic fungi generally associated with decomposition. AK10 treatment significantly mitigated this proliferation and increased the relative abundance of beneficial fungi like Cystofilobasidium and Mortierella, known biocontrol agents and phosphate solubilizers. A notable reduction in the phytopathogenic Fusarium levels was observed with AK10, alongside an increase in beneficial bacteria, including Azospirillum and Nitrospirillum. Furthermore, the conducted correlation analysis shed light on microbial interrelationships within the rhizosphere, elucidating potential co-associations and antagonisms. Taken together, the isolated A. pullulans AK10 identified in this study serves as a potential biostimulant, enhancing the drought tolerance in A. koreana through beneficial alterations in the rhizosphere microbiome. This approach presents a promising strategy for the conservation of this endangered species.
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Rationale: Senescent melanocytes accumulate in photoaged skin and are closely related to skin aging. A better understanding of the molecular characteristics of senescent melanocytes may be the key to controlling skin aging. Methods: We have developed an in vitro model of senescence in melanocytes using UV irradiation and investigated the functional characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying senescence in UV-irradiated melanocytes. Results: We have highlighted that in vitro senescent melanocytes are characterized by melanosome transport dysfunction resulting in melanin accumulation. The defective melanosome transport was confirmed with the ultrastructural characterization of both in vitro UV-induced senescent melanocytes and in vivo melanocytes of hypopigmented aging skin. A single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that the glycolytic metabolism pathway appeared to be significantly upregulated in most senescent phenotypes. Furthermore, the inhibition of glycolysis by pharmacological compounds mitigates the pro-aging effects of melanocytes senescence, suggesting that alterations in cellular glucose metabolism act as a driving force for senescence in melanocytes. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that senescent melanocytes are characterized by glycolytic metabolism changes and a defective melanosome transport process, which may be related to impaired mitochondrial function, highlighting the importance of metabolic reprogramming in regulating melanocyte senescence.
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Melanócitos , Melanossomas , Melanossomas/metabolismo , Pele/metabolismo , Melaninas/metabolismo , Glicólise , Senescência CelularRESUMO
Pseudomonas spp. produce various antimicrobial substances, including cyclic peptides, which have been shown to suppress fungal pathogens. In a previous study, Pseudomonas sesami BC42 was selected to control anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in cucumber plants, and the bioactive extract of strain BC42 inhibited fungal growth and development. In this work, preparative thin-layer chromatography was conducted to identify the antifungal compounds in the extract of strain BC42, and the portion of the extract that exhibited antifungal activity was further analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three different isomers of the cyclic dipeptide, cyclo(Leu-Pro), were identified: cyclo(l-Leu-l-Pro), cyclo(d-Leu-d-Pro), and cyclo(d-Leu-l-Pro). Among these, 100 µg/mL of cyclo(l-Leu-l-Pro) significantly and more effectively inhibited the germination of conidia and appressorium formation and reduced leaf lesion size caused by C. orbiculare, relative to the control; cyclo(d-Leu-d-Pro) significantly reduced conidia germination and lesion occurrence, however, cyclo(d-Leu-l-Pro) did not exhibit antifungal activity. Therefore, the cyclo(l-Leu-l-Pro) and cyclo(d-Leu-d-Pro) derived from P. sesami BC42 may be a promising candidate for biocontrol applications in agriculture.