Highly conductive, conformable ionic laser-induced graphene electrodes for flexible iontronic devices.

Iontronic devices, recognized for user-friendly soft electronics, establish an electrical double layer (EDL) at the interface between ion gels and electrodes, significantly influencing device performance. Despite extensive research on ion gels and diverse electrode materials, achieving a stable interfacial formation remains a persistent challenge. In this work, we report a solution to address this challenge by employing CO2 irradiation as a bottom-up methodology to directly fabricate highly conductive, conformable laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes on a polyimide (PI)-based ion gel. The PI ion gel exhibits exceptional EDL formation at the electrode interface, primarily attributable to efficient ion migration. Particularly, ionic laser-induced graphene (i-LIG) electrodes, derived from the PI ion gel as a precursor, yield high-quality graphene with enhanced crystallinity and an expanded porous structure in the upward direction. This outcome is achieved through a pronounced thermal transfer effect and intercalation phenomenon between graphene layers, facilitated by the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) within the PI ion gel. Ultimately, in comparison to alternative soft electrode-based vertical capacitors, the utilization of i-LIGs and PI ion gels in the vertical capacitor demonstrates reduced interfacial resistance and increased EDL capacitance, emphasizing the extensive potential of iontronic devices. These results not only highlight these features but also introduce a new perspective for advancing next-generation iontronic devices.

A self-sustainable wearable multi-modular E-textile bioenergy microgrid system.

Despite the fast development of various energy harvesting and storage devices, their judicious integration into efficient, autonomous, and sustainable wearable systems has not been widely explored. Here, we introduce the concept and design principles of e-textile microgrids by demonstrating a multi-module bioenergy microgrid system. Unlike earlier hybrid wearable systems, the presented e-textile microgrid relies solely on human activity to work synergistically, harvesting biochemical and biomechanical energy using sweat-based biofuel cells and triboelectric generators, and regulating the harvested energy via supercapacitors for high-power output. Through energy budgeting, the e-textile system can efficiently power liquid crystal displays continuously or a sweat sensor-electrochromic display system in pulsed sessions, with half the booting time and triple the runtime in a 10-min exercise session. Implementing "compatible form factors, commensurate performance, and complementary functionality" design principles, the flexible, textile-based bioenergy microgrid offers attractive prospects for the design and operation of efficient, sustainable, and autonomous wearable systems.

Directional Ostwald Ripening for Producing Aligned Arrays of Nanowires.

The remarkable electronic and mechanical properties of nanowires have great potential for fascinating applications; however, the difficulties of assembling ordered arrays of aligned nanowires over large areas prevent their integration into many practical devices. In this paper, we show that aligned VO2 nanowires form spontaneously after heating a thin V2O5 film on a grooved SiO2 surface. Nanowires grow after complete dewetting of the film, after which there is the formation of supercooled nanodroplets and subsequent Ostwald ripening and coalescence. We investigate the growth mechanism using molecular dynamics simulations of spherical Lennard-Jones particles, and the simulations help explain how the grooved surface produces aligned nanowires. Using this simple synthesis approach, we produce self-aligned, millimeter-long nanowire arrays with uniform metal-insulator transition properties; after their transfer to a polymer substrate, the nanowires act as a highly sensitive array of strain sensors with a very fast response time of several tens of milliseconds.

Robust nanogenerators based on graft copolymers via control of dielectrics for remarkable output power enhancement.

A robust nanogenerator based on poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PtBA)-grafted polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) copolymers via dielectric constant control through an atom-transfer radical polymerization technique, which can markedly increase the output power, is demonstrated. The copolymer is mainly composed of α phases with enhanced dipole moments due to the π-bonding and polar characteristics of the ester functional groups in the PtBA, resulting in the increase of dielectric constant values by approximately twice, supported by Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements. This increase in the dielectric constant significantly increased the density of the charges that can be accumulated on the copolymer during physical contact. The nanogenerator generates output signals of 105 V and 25 µA/cm2, a 20-fold enhancement in output power, compared to pristine PVDF-based nanogenerator after tuning the surface potential using a poling method. The markedly enhanced output performance is quite stable and reliable in harsh mechanical environments due to the high flexibility of the films. On the basis of these results, a much faster charging characteristic is demonstrated in this study.

Highly Stretchable 2D Fabrics for Wearable Triboelectric Nanogenerator under Harsh Environments.

Highly stretchable 2D fabrics are prepared by weaving fibers for a fabric-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG). The fibers mainly consist of Al wires and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) tubes with a high-aspect-ratio nanotextured surface with vertically aligned nanowires. The fabrics were produced by interlacing the fibers, which was bonded to a waterproof fabric for all-weather use for fabric-structured triboelectric nanogenerator (FTENG). It showed a stable high-output voltage and current of 40 V and 210 µA, corresponding to an instantaneous power output of 4 mW. The FTENG also exhibits high robustness behavior even after 25% stretching, enough for use in smart clothing applications and other wearable electronics. For wearable applications, the nanogenerator was successfully demonstrated in applications of footstep-driven large-scale power mats during walking and power clothing attached to the elbow.

Hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric nanogenerator.

Hydrophobic sponge structure-based triboelectric nanogenerators using an inverse opal structured film for sustainable energy harvesting over a wide range of humid atmosphere have been successfully demonstrated. The output voltage and current density reach a record value of 130 V and 0.10 mA cm(-2) , respectively, giving over 10-fold power enhancement, compared with the flat film-based triboelectric nanogenerator.