Correlation of IGF1R expression with ABCG2 and CD44 expressions in human osteosarcoma.

Osteosarcoma is the most common type of malignant bone tumors. Insulin Growth Factor 1 receptor (IGFR1) has been known as a prognostic factor for metastasis of osteosarcoma. ABC subfamily G member2 (ABCG2) is related to resistance to anti-cancer drug, and CD44 has a role in tumor growth and metastasis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among expression patterns of IGF1R, ABCG2, and CD44 in osteosarcoma. The expression levels of IGF1R, ABCG2, and CD44 proteins were determined in tissue arrays containing osteosarcoma tissues from 59 osteosarcoma patients. The expression pattern of IGF1R was highly correlated with the expression pattern of ABCG2 (r = 0.88) in overall osteosarcoma patients. According to pathological types, the expression pattern of IGF1R showed the higher correlation with ABGC2 (r = 0.90) and CD44 (r = 0.61) in osteoblatic type than in chondroblastic type. According to gender with pathologic type, the correlation between the expression patterns of IGF1R and CD44 was higher in male with osteoblatic type than in female with osteoblatic type. Among different age groups, the 1-10 years age group showed higher correlation in IGF1R versus CD44 (r = 0.90) and ABCG2 versus CD44 (0.80) than in other age groups. These results showed that the expression of IGF1R appears to be highly correlated with the expression of ABCG2 in osteosarcoma and with the expression of CD44 in osteosarcoma patients under age of 10, which suggests that ABCG2 and CD44 can be used as prognostic factors with IGF1R for specific prognosis and efficient treatment of osteosarcoma.

Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 enhances differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line induced by combination of all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide.

An all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) combination yields high-quality remission and survival in newly-diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). For subsequent similar data, NCCN guidelines indicate that ATRA plus ATO is one of the recommended regimens for the treatment of patients with APL. We demonstrated SFK (Src family kinase) inhibitor PP2-enhanced APL cell differentiation when combined with either ATRA or ATO with difference in activation of RA-induced genes. In this study, we investigated whether SFK inhibitor PP2 could enhance the differentiation of NB4 APL cells when combined with ATRA and ATO and the changes in the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) derived from the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) target gene. Treatment of NB4 cells with 1 µM of ATRA, 0.5 µM of ATO, or 10 µM of PP2 for 72 h induced expression of CD11b-positive cells by 13.01%, 11.53% or 13.28%, respectively. However, the combination of ATRA and ATO and the combination of three agents (ATRA, ATO, and PP2) led to a significantly higher expression of CD11b-positive cells (30.96% and 63.17%, respectively). The synergistic effect of the combination of three agents was more significant than the combination of ATRA and ATO. These results were confirmed with NBT staining. These effects were not related to apoptosis. Annexin-V-fluorescein staining revealed that a combination of ATRA and ATO and combination of the three agents did not induce apoptosis in NB4 cells. The expression of ICAM-1 markedly increased in cells treated with the combination of the three agents. These findings suggest that the SFK inhibitor can enhance differentiation of APL cells combined with ATRA and ATO. FDA approved SFK inhibitors, such as dasatinib and bosutinib, may be beneficial for the treatment of APL with a combination of ATRA and ATO.

Src Family Kinase Inhibitor PP2 Has Different Effects on All-Trans-Retinoic Acid or Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Differentiation of an Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line.

PURPOSE: Leukemic promyelocytes have the unique ability to undergo differentiation after exposure to retinoic acid and both differentiation and apoptosis after exposure to arsenic trioxide (ATO). Recent studies have shown that inhibition of Src family kinases (SFKs) resulted in enhancement of retinoic acid-induced myeloid differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we investigated the question of whether the SFK inhibitor PP2 enhanced the differentiation of NB4 cells when combined with ATO as well as when combined with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). In addition, we attempted to determine the difference in retinoic acid-induced gene expression between cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATRA and in combination with ATO. RESULTS: SFK inhibitor PP2 induced significant enhancement of ATRA- or ATO-induced differentiation of NB4 cells. A significantly stronger synergistic effect was observed when PP2 was combined with ATRA than when combined with ATO. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in CD11b-positive granulocytes up to 60.73% and 31.58%, respectively. These results were confirmed by nitroblue tetrazolium staining. These effects were not related to apoptosis. Results of Annexin-V-fluorescein staining revealed that PP2 combined with ATRA or PP2 combined with ATO did not induce apoptosis in NB4 cells. Retinoic acid-induced gene expression was different in both groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression showed a significant increase in cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATRA, whereas cathepsin D expression showed a significant increase in cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATO. CONCLUSION: Our data showed that SFK inhibitor PP2 enhanced acute promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation when combined with either ATRA or ATO with difference in activation of retinoic acid-induced genes.

Low-dose combinations of LBH589 and TRAIL can overcome TRAIL-resistance in colon cancer cell lines.

BACKGROUND: Despite the considerable advances in the treatment of colorectal cancer, substantial changes in treatment strategies are required to overcome the problems of drug resistance and toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Combinations of Pan-deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) were studied in three colon cancer cell lines, HCT116, colo205, and HT29 (HCT116 and colo205 are TRAIL sensitive, whereas HT29 is TRAIL resistant). RESULTS: It was found that TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity was enhanced by LBH589 cotreatment in the TRAIL-sensitive cell lines, and in the TRAIL-resistant HT29 cell line. The cytotoxicity of low-dose TRAIL plus LBH589 was found to be comparable to that of high-dose TRAIL plus LBH589. Additionally, TRAIL and LBH589 were significantly less toxic to normal UCB mononuclear cells than to the three colon cancer cell lines examined. CONCLUSION: LBH589 enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human colon cancer cell lines, especially those resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

Sulindac enhances arsenic trioxide-mediated apoptosis by inhibition of NF-kappaB in HCT116 colon cancer cells.

To study whether the apoptotic effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on colon cancer cells could be enhanced by the addition of sulindac, HCT116 cells were treated with As2O3 (1, 5, 10 microM) and sulindac (0.5 mM), either alone or in combination. As2O3 alone slightly inhibited the growth of HCT116 cells, whereas the combination of As2O3 and sulindac reduced cell growth by 30-40%. Annexin V staining indicated that the synergistic effect of the combination was mediated through increased apoptosis. We examined whether the combination of As2O3 and sulindac on apoptosis is mediated by inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in HCT116 colon cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that the level of nuclear NF-kappaB (p65) was not changed significantly by As2O3 or sulindac treatment alone, while the level of nuclear NF-kappaB (p65) was drastically decreased in the combination treatment by inhibiting the phosphorylation and the degradation of IkappaB-alpha. These results suggest that sulindac enhances apoptosis when combined with As2O3 by inhibiting NF-kappaB activation mediated through the blocking of phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha.

Hepatocyte-like cells from human mesenchymal stem cells engrafted in regenerating rat liver tracked with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.

Cell transplantation using hepatocytes derived from stem cells has been regarded as a possible alternative treatment for various hepatic disorders. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from the bone marrow have shown the potential to differentiate into hepatocytes in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Noninvasive imaging techniques allowing in vivo assessment of the location of cells are of great value for experimental studies in which these cells are transplanted. We labeled human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) with green fluorescence protein (GFP) and superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) using a transfection agent (GenePORTER). Cellular labeling was evaluated with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of labeled suspensions, and Prussian blue staining for iron assessment. hMSCs labeled with SPIO and GFP were injected into the portal veins of immunosuppressed, hepatic-damaged rats. MR imaging findings were compared histologically. To identify the differentiation of hMSCs into hepatocytes and to trace the hepatocytes with molecular imaging, we observed the potential of SPIO and GFP double-labeled hMSCs to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells in the regenerating rat liver. Serial MR imaging showed the possible detection of transplanted cells in the early period of transplantation. Our results indicate that magnetic labeling of hMSCs with SPIO may enable cellular MR imaging and tracking in experimental in vivo settings.

Magnetic resonance evaluation of human mesenchymal stem cells in corpus cavernosa of rats and rabbits.

AIM: To investigate whether the biological process of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) may be monitored non-invasively by using in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with conventional 1.5-T system examinations in corpus cavernosa of rats and rabbits. METHODS: The labeling efficiency and viability of SPIO-labeled hMSCs were examined with Prussian blue and Tripan blue, respectively. After SPIO-labeled hMSCs were transplanted to the corpus cavernosa of rats and rabbits, serial T2-weighted MR images were taken and histological examinations were carried out over a 4-week period. RESULTS: hMSCs loaded with SPIO compared to unlabeled cells had a similar viability. For SPIO-labeled hMSCs more than 1 X 10 (5) concentration in vitro, MR images showed a decrease in signal intensity. MR signal intensity at the areas of SPIO-labeled hMSCs in the rat and rabbit corpus cavernosa decreased and was confined locally. After injection of SPIO-labeled hMSCs into the corpus cavernosum, MR imaging demonstrated that hMSCs could be seen for at least 12 weeks after injection. The presence of iron was confirmed with Prussian blue staining in histological sections. CONCLUSION: SPIO-labeled hMSCs in corpus cavernosa of rats and rabbits can be evaluated non-invasively by molecular MR imaging. Our findings suggest that MR imaging has the ability to test the long-term therapeutic potential of hMSCs in animals in the setting of erectile dysfunction.

[Effects of a network program for preventing obesity of patients taking antipsychotics or antidepressants].

PURPOSE: This study was designed to investigate the effects of a network program to prevent obesity and improve dietary habits for patients taking antipsychotics or antidepressants. METHOD: Thirty-seven patients in two hospitals were assigned to a control group (21 patients) or an intervention group (16 patients). The intervention group was evaluated to analyze the effect of the network program for six weeks after the program. RESULT: There was a difference in the rate of increased body weight between the control group and the intervention group. Notably, the body weight of both groups before the intervention was significantly increased. However, after the intervention the body weight of the intervention group rarely increased, whereas, the body weight of the control group was significantly increased as expected. There was an observed difference in diet between the control group and the intervention group. After the intervention, caloric intake per day of the intervention group decreased. Also, the duration of the meal of the intervention group after the intervention was longer than before. CONCLUSION: The network program for preventing obesity and improving dietary habits of patients taking antipsychotics or antidepressants was effective. The study shows that a network program can be an important part of a nursing intervention in clinical practice.

Effect of Arsenic Trioxide in TRAIL (Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis Inducing Ligand)-Mediated Apoptosis in Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines.

PURPOSE: The potential therapeutic application of the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), was recently proposed. However, there have been some problems with the use of TRAIL, due to the appearance of TRAIL-resistant cells in MM. The effect of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) on the rate of apoptosis induced by TRAIL was evaluated in MM cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using TRAIL-sensitive (RPMI- 8226) and TRAIL-resistant (ARH-77 and IM-9) MM cell lines, the cell viability, induction of apoptosis, and change in the caspases were examined after treatment with TRAIL alone, or in combination with various concentrations of As2O3. RESULTS: Incubating the cell lines with As2O3 augmented the TRAIL-induced apoptosis in the MM cell lines, according to the As2O3 concentration. Apoptosis was mediated through caspase activation. When TRAIL was used alone, caspase8 was activated in the RPMI-8226 cell lines, but not in the ARH-77 and IM-9 cell lines. When As2O3 was added to TRAIL, caspase-9 was activated in the ARH-77 and IM-9 cells. CONCLUSION: The use of As2O3, in combination with TRAIL, would help enhance the level of TRAIL-induced apoptosis, and overcome the TRAIL-resistance, in MM cells.