Monodispersed mesoscopic star-shaped gold particles via silver-ion-assisted multi-directional growth for highly sensitive SERS-active substrates.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) exploits localized surface plasmon resonances in metallic nanostructures to significantly amplify Raman signals and perform ultrasensitive analyses. A critical factor for SERS-based analysis systems is the formation of numerous electromagnetic hot spots within the nanostructures, which represent regions with highly concentrated fields emerging from excited localized surface plasmons. These intense hotspot fields can amplify the Raman signal by several orders of magnitude, facilitating analyte detection at extremely low concentrations and highly sensitive molecular identification at the single-nanoparticle level. In this study, mesoscopic star-shaped gold particles (gold mesostars) were synthesized using a three-step seed-mediated growth approach coupled with the addition of silver ions. Our study confirms the successful synthesis of gold mesostars with numerous sharp tips via the multi-directional growth effect induced by the underpotential deposition of silver adatoms (AgUPD) onto the gold surfaces. The AgUPD process affects the nanocrystal growth kinetics of the noble metal and its morphological evolution, thereby leading to intricate nanostructures with high-index facets and protruding tips or branches. Mesoscopic gold particles with a distinctive star-like morphology featuring multiple sharp projections from the central core were synthesized by exploiting this phenomenon. Sharp tips of the gold mesostars facilitate intense localized electromagnetic fields, which result in strong SERS enhancements at the single-particle level. Electromagnetic fields can be further enhanced by interparticle hot spots in addition to the intraparticle local field enhancements when arranged in multilayered arrays on substrates, rendering these arrays as highly efficient SERS-active substrates with improved sensitivity. Evaluation using Raman-tagged analytes revealed a higher SERS signal intensity compared to that of individual mesostars because of interparticle hot spots enhancements. These substrates enabled analyte detection at a concentration of 10- 9 M, demonstrating their remarkable sensitivity for trace analysis applications.

Predictive factors for perinatal bacterial transmission from colonized mothers to delivered very-low-birth-weight infants: a retrospective cohort study.

This study investigated the predictive factors for perinatal bacterial transmission in very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs) born to mothers with a history of intrapartum colonization. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 173 VLBWIs, wherein pathogens were confirmed in maternal cultures obtained from the blood, urine, and vagina during the intrapartum period from 2013 to 2020. Newborns were categorized based on microbiological tests, including gastric aspirates, endotracheal aspirates, blood, and skin/nasal swab cultures collected immediately after birth. Infants whose cultures matched their maternal pathogens were categorized into the "transmission group" (n = 45), while those who tested negative were assigned to the "control group" (n = 128). The predominant maternal-colonizing pathogen observed was Escherichia coli (30.6%), which also emerged as the primary colonizing pathogen in neonates (35.6%). Transmission group had higher incidences of maternal leukocytosis, chorioamnionitis, and cervical cerclage. Regarding neonatal characteristics, the transmission group demonstrated lower initial base excesses (- 6.3 ± 3.9 vs. - 9.2 ± 4.9, P < 0.05) and higher C-reactive protein levels (0.1 ± 0.3 vs. 0.4 ± 0.8, P < 0.05). Notably, regarding major neonatal outcomes, transmission group had higher mortality rates and incidences of severe intraventricular hemorrhage. These findings may be useful for making decisions when considering antibiotic treatment for infants with a history of maternal colonization.

Comparative Biological Half-Life of Penthiopyrad and Tebufenpyrad in Angelica Leaves and Establishment of Pre-Harvest Residue Limits (PHRLs).

To prevent pesticides from exceeding maximum residue limits (MRLs) in crops during export and shipment, it is necessary to manage residue levels during the pre-harvest stages. Therefore, the Republic of Korea establishes pre-harvest residue limits (PHRLs) per crop and pesticide. This study was conducted to set PHRLs for penthiopyrad and tebufenpyrad in angelica leaves, where the exceedance rates of MRLs are expected to be high. The LOQ of the analytical method used was 0.01 mg/kg and it demonstrated good linearity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 or higher within the quantitation range of 0.005 to 0.5 mg/kg. The recovery and storage stability accuracy values were in the range of 94.5-111.1%, within the acceptable range (70-120%, RSD ≤ 20%). The matrix effect for both pesticides was in the medium-to-strong range, and it did not significantly impact the quantitative results as a matrix-matched calibration method was employed. Using the validated method, residue concentrations of penthiopyrad 20 (%) EC and tebufenpyrad 10 (%) EC were analyzed. Both pesticides exhibited a decreasing residue trend over time. In Fields 1-3 and their integrated results, the biological half-life was within 2.6-4.0 days for penthiopyrad and 3.0-4.2 days for tebufenpyrad. The minimum value of the regression coefficient in the dissipation curve regression equation was selected as the dissipation constant. The selected dissipation constants for penthiopyrad in Fields 1-3 and their integration were 0.1221, 0.2081, 0.2162, and 0.1960. For tebufenpyrad, the dissipation constants were 0.1451, 0.0960, 0.1725, and 0.1600, respectively. The dissipation constant was used to calculate PHRL per field. Following the principles of the PHRL proposal process, residue levels (%) on PHI dates relative to MRLs were calculated, and fields for proposing PHRLs were selected. For penthiopyrad, since the residue level (%) was less than 20%, the PHRL for Field 3 with the largest dissipation constant was proposed. For tebufenpyrad, as the residue level (%) exceeded 80%, the PHRL proposal could not established. It is deemed necessary to reassess the MRL and 'guidelines for safe use' for tebufenpyrad in angelica leaves.

Multi-sensor monitoring and analysis of indoor pollutant emissions in response to laser cutter operating conditions.

This study analyzed pollutant emissions from laser cutters used in modeling in a laboratory, which can have harmful effects on indoor air quality and health. Four conditions were tested: material thickness, laser cutter strength, minimum strength per thickness, and air purifier level. Four pollutants were analyzed: PM2.5, HCHO, VOCs, and CO2. The study found that the emissions of PM2.5, HCHO, and VOCs increased with paperboard thickness, while CO2 emissions were not significant. PM2.5 was more affected by laser cutting strength, while HCHO and VOCs were more affected by paperboard thickness. Additionally, we analyzed the PM2.5 emission rates based on the thickness of the paperboard and the laser cutting strength. Therefore, emission rates based on thickness and laser cutting strength ranged from 7275 to 18,783 µg/min. The air purifier significantly reduced PM2.5 but not HCHO and VOCs. To reduce these gaseous pollutants, combining mechanical ventilation or using an air purifier with a filter that adsorbs HCHO and VOCs is effective. This study highlights the importance of considering laser cutters as a potential source of indoor air pollutants and implementing measures to mitigate their harmful effects.

Synergistic approaches to elevate indoor air quality: A holistic examination of classroom refinement, air exchange optimization, and flooring material impact.

This research endeavors to elevate indoor air quality within aging school environments by concentrating on refining interior finishing materials and windows. Renovations, encompassing window and floor remodeling in classrooms, aim to mitigate particulate matter (PM) infiltration and enhance air exchange rates. Utilizing SPS30 sensors for the analysis of 0.3-2.5 µm particles, with a focus on their implications for human health, the study evaluated air exchange rates, deposition rates, infiltration rates, and particle generation during classroom activities. Post-renovation results demonstrated a noteworthy decrease in air exchange rates, indicating an enhancement in airtightness. The investigation delves into particle generation with various flooring materials, accentuating the importance of opting for durable and low-particle-generating alternatives. Health risk assessments, considering multiple exposure routes (inhalation, dermal contact, and ingestion), revealed reduced risks post-renovation, particularly for children. To further optimize indoor air quality, the study suggests the implementation of air purification systems. Examination of PM generation during student activities showcased a substantial reduction post-renovation. This study underscores the positive influence of architectural enhancements on indoor air quality while acknowledging the necessity for holistic solutions and continuous research.

Current Status and Associated Factors of Post-Hemorrhagic Hydrocephalus in Infants of 22 to 28 Weeks Gestation With Severe Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Korea: A Nationwide Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), a common complication of severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in very low birth weight (BW) infants, is associated with significant morbidity and poor neurological outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the current status of PHH and analyze the risk factors associated with the necessity of treatment for PHH in infants born between 22 and 28 weeks of gestation, specifically those with severe IVH (grade 3 or 4). METHODS: The analysis was conducted on 1,097 infants who were born between 22-28 gestational weeks and diagnosed with severe IVH, using data from the Korean Neonatal Network. We observed that the prevalence of PHH requiring treatment was 46.3% in infants with severe IVH. RESULTS: Higher rates of mortality, transfer during admission, cerebral palsy, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt after discharge were higher in infants with PHH than in those without PHH. PHH in severe IVH was associated with a higher rate of pulmonary hemorrhage, seizures, and IVH grade 4 in the entire cohort. In addition, it was associated with a lower rate of small for gestational age and chorioamnionitis. In the subgroup analysis, high BW, outborn status, pulmonary hemorrhage, seizure, sepsis, and IVH grade 4 were associated with a higher incidence of PHH between 22 and 25 gestational weeks (GW). In infants born between 26 and 28 GW, a higher incidence of PHH was associated with seizures and IVH grade 4. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to maintain meticulous monitoring and neurological intervention for infants with PHH not only during admission but also after discharge. In addition, identifying the clinical factors that increase the likelihood of developing PHH from severe IVH is crucial.

In-depth correlation analysis between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless smart contact lens.

Tears have emerged as a promising alternative to blood for diagnosing diabetes. Despite increasing attempts to measure tear glucose using smart contact lenses, the controversy surrounding the correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose still limits the clinical usage of tears. Herein, we present an in-depth investigation of the correlation between tear glucose and blood glucose using a wireless and soft smart contact lens for continuous monitoring of tear glucose. This smart contact lens is capable of quantitatively monitoring the tear glucose levels in basal tears excluding the effect of reflex tears which might weaken the relationship with blood glucose. Furthermore, this smart contact lens can provide an unprecedented level of continuous tear glucose data acquisition at sub-minute intervals. These advantages allow the precise estimation of lag time, enabling the establishment of the concept called 'personalized lag time'. This demonstration considers individual differences and is successfully applied to both non-diabetic and diabetic humans, as well as in animal models, resulting in a high correlation.

Long-term impact of late pulmonary hypertension requiring medication in extremely preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

This study investigated whether late pulmonary hypertension (LPH) independently increases the risk of long-term mortality or neurodevelopmental delay (NDD) in extremely preterm infants (EPIs) with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Using prospectively collected data from the Korean Neonatal Network, we included EPIs with severe BPD born at 22-27 weeks' gestation between 2013 and 2021. EPIs having severe BPD with LPH (LPH, n = 124) were matched 1:3 with those without pulmonary hypertension (PH) as controls (CON, n = 372), via propensity score matching. LPH was defined as PH with the initiation of medication after 36 weeks' corrected age (CA). Long-term mortality after 36 weeks' CA or NDD at 18-24 months' CA was analyzed. NDD was assessed using composite scores based on various neurodevelopmental assessment modalities. LPH had significantly higher long-term mortality or NDD (45.2% vs. 23.1%, P < 0.001), mortality (24.2% vs. 4.84%, P < 0.001), and NDD (68.4% vs. 37.8%, P = 0.001), respectively than CON, even after adjusting for different demographic factors. Multivariable regression demonstrated that LPH independently increased the risk of mortality or NDD (adjusted odds ratio, 1.95; 95% confidence intervals, 1.17-3.25). When LPH occurs in EPIs with severe BPD, special monitoring and meticulous care for long-term survival and neurodevelopment are continuously needed.

In-vivo integration of soft neural probes through high-resolution printing of liquid electronics on the cranium.

Current soft neural probes are still operated by bulky, rigid electronics mounted to a body, which deteriorate the integrity of the device to biological systems and restrict the free behavior of a subject. We report a soft, conformable neural interface system that can monitor the single-unit activities of neurons with long-term stability. The system implements soft neural probes in the brain, and their subsidiary electronics which are directly printed on the cranial surface. The high-resolution printing of liquid metals forms soft neural probes with a cellular-scale diameter and adaptable lengths. Also, the printing of liquid metal-based circuits and interconnections along the curvature of the cranium enables the conformal integration of electronics to the body, and the cranial circuit delivers neural signals to a smartphone wirelessly. In the in-vivo studies using mice, the system demonstrates long-term recording (33 weeks) of neural activities in arbitrary brain regions. In T-maze behavioral tests, the system shows the behavior-induced activation of neurons in multiple brain regions.

Innovative building materials by upcycling clothing waste into thermal energy storage matrix with phase change materials.

The current volume of clothing waste reached 115 million tons in 2021 and is projected to increase to approximately 150 million tons by 2030. This significant surge in clothing waste has prompted heightened discussions regarding environmentally friendly recycling methods. Clothing presents complex properties, posing substantial challenges to recycling and usually resulting in environmental pollution when disposed. In this study, our recycling approach capitalizes on the differing melting points of textiles. This transformation was achieved through a physical process that included an opening procedure and high temperature heat compression. Textile materials exhibit exceptional thermal properties. Through experimentation on 50 g fiber specimens, thermal conductivities similar to commercial insulation materials were observed, registering an average of 0.0592 W/m·K at 20 °C and 0.06053 W/m·K at 40 °C. This study explores the impregnation of phase change materials (PCMs) into clothing waste-based specimens, equipping them with heat storage capabilities. During the experimental phase, we employed three distinct types of PCMs to evaluate their thermal properties and heat storage capacities in relation to their respective melting temperatures. Through thermal properties analysis, we determined the latent heat capacity of each specimen, ranging from a minimum of 6.63 J/g to a maximum of 75.81 J/g. Our observations indicated a reduction in peak temperature and time-leg effects attributable to the use of PCMs for surface heat flow. This research underscores the superior thermal performance of construction and building materials derived from clothing waste, enhanced by the integration of PCMs, when compared to traditional materials and other waste-derived alternatives.

Liquid-metal-based three-dimensional microelectrode arrays integrated with implantable ultrathin retinal prosthesis for vision restoration.

Electronic retinal prostheses for stimulating retinal neurons are promising for vision restoration. However, the rigid electrodes of conventional retinal implants can inflict damage on the soft retina tissue. They also have limited selectivity due to their poor proximity to target cells in the degenerative retina. Here we present a soft artificial retina (thickness, 10 µm) where flexible ultrathin photosensitive transistors are integrated with three-dimensional stimulation electrodes of eutectic gallium-indium alloy. Platinum nanoclusters locally coated only on the tip of these three-dimensional liquid-metal electrodes show advantages in reducing the impedance of the stimulation electrodes. These microelectrodes can enhance the proximity to the target retinal ganglion cells and provide effective charge injections (72.84 mC cm-2) to elicit neural responses in the retina. Their low Young's modulus (234 kPa), owing to their liquid form, can minimize damage to the retina. Furthermore, we used an unsupervised machine learning approach to effectively identify the evoked spikes to grade neural activities within the retinal ganglion cells. Results from in vivo experiments on a retinal degeneration mouse model reveal that the spatiotemporal distribution of neural responses on their retina can be mapped under selective localized illumination areas of light, suggesting the restoration of their vision.

Evaluation of particle generation due to deterioration of flooring in schools.

Particulate matter is harmful to humans. An important indoor source of such particles is the deterioration of floor materials brought about by occupants walking. Accordingly, an experiment was conducted to simulate the deterioration of floor material spacing. Considering a school schedule with repeated semesters and vacations, the experiment was conducted by repeating heat-and-rest cycles. Similar results were obtained for particle emission rates under each condition during the first and second deterioration periods. The PVC tiles generated more particles under aged conditions than under non-aged conditions, whereas the wood generated fewer particles under aged conditions. In addition to the quantitative results, a study was conducted on the characteristics of the generated particles, and the particulate matter found in plastic was confirmed in the PVC tiles. Schools where children are present for more than 6 h a day may be exposed to more particulate matter. Therefore, replacing plastic-based materials with eco-friendly building materials is expected to have long-term health benefits for children.

Advances in Biocarbon and Soft Material Assembly for Enthalpy Storage: Fundamentals, Mechanisms, and Multimodal Applications.

High-value-added biomass materials like biocarbon are being actively pursued integrating them with soft materials in a broad range of advanced renewable energy technologies owing to their advantages, such as lightweight, relatively low-cost, diverse structural engineering applications, and high energy storage potential. Consequently, the hybrid integration of soft and biomass-derived materials shall store energy to mitigate intermittency issues, primarily through enthalpy storage during phase change. This paper introduces the recent advances in the development of natural biomaterial-derived carbon materials in soft material assembly and its applications in multidirectional renewable energy storage. Various emerging biocarbon materials (biochar, carbon fiber, graphene, nanoporous carbon nanosheets (2D), and carbon aerogel) with intrinsic structures and engineered designs for enhanced enthalpy storage and multimodal applications are discussed. The fundamental design approaches, working mechanisms, and feature applications, such as including thermal management and electromagnetic interference shielding, sensors, flexible electronics and transparent nanopaper, and environmental applications of biocarbon-based soft material composites are highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges and potential opportunities of biocarbon-based composites are identified, and prospects in biomaterial-based soft materials composites are presented.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms for parentage testing of horse breeds in Korea.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the usability single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for parentage testing of horse breeds in Korea. METHODS: The genotypes of 93 horse samples (38 Thoroughbred horses, 17 Jeju horses, 20 Quarter horses, and 18 American miniature horses) were determined using 15 microsatellite (Ms) markers (AHT4, AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS1, HMS2, HMS3, HMS6, HMS7, HTG4, HTG10, LEX3, and VHL20) and 101 SNP markers. RESULTS: Paternity tests were performed using 15 Ms markers and 101 SNP markers in Thoroughbred horses and Quarter horses. AHT5, ASB2, ASB17, ASB23, CA425, HMS7, HTG10, and LEX3 did not follow Mendelian inheritance in Thoroughbred horses, whereas in Quarter horses, only AHT4, ASB2, and HMS2 showed Mendelian inheritance, consequently, paternity was not established. Meanwhile, 31 markers, including MNEc_2_2_ 2_98568918_BIEC2_502451, in Thoroughbred horses, and 30 markers, including MNEc_ 2_30_7430735_BIEC2_816793, in Quarter horses did not conform with Mendelian inheritance and therefore, could not be used for establishing parentage. CONCLUSION: The possibility of replacing Ms markers with SNP markers for paternity testing in horses was confirmed. However, further research using more samples is necessary.

Patient Anxiety and Communication Experience in the Emergency Department: A Mobile, Web-Based, Mixed-Methods Study on Patient Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Anxiety and communication difficulties in the emergency department (ED) may increase for various reasons, including isolation due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, little research on anxiety and communication in EDs exists. This study explored the isolation-related anxiety and communication experiences of ED patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A prospective mixed-methods study was conducted from May to August 2021 at the Samsung Medical Center ED, Seoul. There were two patient groups: isolation and control. Patients measured their anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X1) at two time points, and we surveyed patients at two time points about factors contributing to their anxiety and communication experiences. These were measured through a mobile web-based survey. Researchers interviewed patients after their discharge. RESULTS: ED patients were not anxious regardless of isolation, and there was no statistical significance between each group at the two time points. STAI X1 was 48.4 (standard deviation [SD], 8.0) and 47.3 (SD, 10.9) for early follow-up and 46.3 (SD, 13.0) and 46.2 (SD, 13.6) for late follow-up for the isolation and control groups, respectively. The clinical process was the greatest factor contributing to anxiety as opposed to the physical environment or communication. Communication was satisfactory in 71.4% of the isolation group and 66.7% of the control group. The most important aspects of communication were information about the clinical process and patient status. CONCLUSION: ED patients were not anxious and were generally satisfied with medical providers' communication regardless of their isolation status. However, patients need clinical process information for anxiety reduction and better communication.

Orthogonal Dual Photocatalysis of Single Atoms on Carbon Nitrides for One-Pot Relay Organic Transformation.

Single-atom photocatalysis has shown potential in various single-step organic transformations, but its use in multistep organic transformations in one reaction systems has rarely been achieved. Herein, we demonstrate atomic site orthogonality in the M1/C3N4 system (where M = Pd or Ni), enabling a cascade photoredox reaction involving oxidative and reductive reactions in a single system. The system utilizes visible-light-generated holes and electrons from C3N4, driving redox reactions (e.g., oxidation and fluorination) at the surface of C3N4 and facilitating cross-coupling reactions (e.g., C-C and C-O bond formation) at the metal site. The concept is generalized to different systems of Pd and Ni, thus making the catalytic site-orthogonal M1/C3N4 system an ideal photocatalyst for improving the efficiency and selectivity of multistep organic transformations.

Giant Spin-Orbit Torque in Sputter-Deposited Bi Films.

Bismuth (Bi) has the strongest spin-orbit coupling among non-radioactive elements and is thus a promising material for efficient charge-to-spin conversion. However, previous electrical detections have reported controversial results for the conversion efficiency. In this study, an optical detection of a spin-orbit torque is reported in a Bi/CoFeB bilayer with a polycrystalline texture of (012) and (003). Taking advantage of the optical detection, spin-orbit torque is accurately separated from the Oersted field and achieves a giant damping-like torque efficiency of +0.5, verifying efficient charge-to-spin conversion. This study also demonstrates a field-like torque efficiency of -0.1. For the mechanism of the charge-to-spin conversion, the bulk spin Hall effect and the interface Rashba-Edelstein effect are considered.

Comparison of Muscle Activity and Muscle Thickness According to Knee Flexion Angle during Supine Bridge Exercises using the Abdominal Drawing-in Maneuver on an Unstable Surface.

This study evaluated changes in deep trunk muscle thickness and lower extremity muscle activities during bridge exercises with the abdominal drawing-in maneuver. Bridge exercises were conducted on an unstable surface at different knee flexion angles (60º, 90º and 120º), with the aim of identifying more effective angles for bridge exercises. This study included 21 healthy adults, aged 20-27 years. Biceps femoris (BF), rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris activity was measured using surface electromyography. The thicknesses of the transverse abdominis (TrA), external oblique (EO) and internal oblique (IO) muscles were measured. BF (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.670) activity increased considerably as the knee flexion angle decreased. TrA (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.883) and IO (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.892) thickness significantly increased, while EO (p = 0.000, partial η2 = 0.893) thickness decreased as the knee flexion angle decreased. When performing bridge exercises using the abdominal drawing-in maneuver on an unstable surface, the knee flexion angles should be at 120º and 60º to increase trunk stability and lower extremity muscle activity, respectively.

Otogenic Enterobacter cloacae meningitis complicated with pneumocephalus.

Pneumocephalus refers to a pathologic collection of gas within the cranial cavity and is mostly caused by head trauma and neurosurgical procedures. Spontaneous nontraumatic pneumocephalus is a very rare condition. We herein report an unusual case of community-acquired bacterial meningitis with a combination of acute otitis media, Enterobacter cloacae, and nontraumatic pneumocephalus. A 75-year-old woman presented with fever, mental change, and neck stiffness. Brain imaging demonstrated pneumocephalus and fluid collection in the left mastoid air cells. E. cloacae was isolated from both blood and otorrhea cultures, and the patient was successfully treated with intravenous ceftazidime for 3 weeks. Although E. cloacae is a very rare cause of community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults, it should be considered as a possible pathogen in otogenic meningitis complicated with pneumocephalus.

Comparison of tissue displacement in edentulous arches among three-dimensional files obtained through different impression-making methods: A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To retrospectively compare and analyze differences in tissue displacement of edentulous arches among three-dimensional (3D) files obtained using various impression-making techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fourteen patients who underwent prosthodontic treatment for edentulous arches at Yonsei University Dental Hospital between June 2020 and April 2023 were included in the study. Three types of 3D files were used for the evaluation of each arch: a 3D scan file of a definitive cast (Group DEF), a preliminary cast (Group PRE), and an intraoral scan file (Group IOS). The files were superimposed on a reference 3D scan file of the definitive cast group through best-fit matching using metrology software. Seventeen measurement points (MP1-4, RC1-6, TB1-2, and PPS1-5 for the maxilla and RP1-2, RC1-7, BS1-4, and LS1-4 for the mandible) were selected for both the maxillary (n = 13) and mandibular arches (n = 6). The deviation considering the direction (DD) between the three groups and the absolute deviation (AD) between the three groups were recorded. Kruskal-Wallis and post-hoc Mann-Whitney tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05 and α = 0.0167, respectively). RESULTS: Concerning the DD values, at the RC4 point of the maxillary arch, Group PRE exhibited significantly higher values than Groups IOS (p = 0.006) and DEF (p < 0.001), and at the RC5 point of the maxillary arch, Group IOS exhibited significantly lower values than Groups PRE (p = 0.016) and DEF (p < 0.001). Group IOS showed significantly lower DD values in the mandibular arch than Group DEF at the RP2 and RC3 points (p < 0.167). The AD values in Groups PRE and IOS significantly differed from those in Group DEF (all p < 0.001) at all measurement points but did not exhibit significant differences between each other (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Different impression-making methods yielded different amounts of tissue displacement. The tendency of 3D files regarding tissue displacement varied at certain residual ridge crest areas and retromolar pad areas. The absolute amount of tissue displacement observed in the intraoral scan data was comparable to that observed in the preliminary casts.