Long-term outcome of pediatric renal transplantation: a single center study in Japan.

Little is known about the risk factors for long-term poor outcome in pediatric renal transplantation. Between 1973 and 2010, 111 renal transplants (92 living donations) were performed in 104 children (56 males, mean age, 12.5 yr) at the Social Insurance Chukyo Hospital, and followed-up for a mean period of 13.6 yr. The patient survival at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 (living- and deceased-donor transplants), and 30 yr (living-donor transplants only) was 98.1%, 92.8%, 87.8%, 84.9%, 82.6%, and 79.3%. The graft survival at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 yr was 92.0%, 77.3%, 58.4%, 50.8%, 38.5%, and 33.3%. The most common cause of graft loss was CAI, AR, death with functioning, recurrent primary disease, ATN, and malignancy. Donor gender, ATN, malignancy/cardiovascular events, and eras affected patient survival. AR and CAI were the risk factors for graft loss. The evolved immunosuppression protocols improved the outcome by reducing AR episodes and ATN but not CAI, suggesting CAI as the major risk factor for graft loss. CAI was correlated with AR episodes, CMV infection, and post-transplant hypertension. Strategies for preventing the risk factors for malignancy/cardiovascular events and CAI, including hypertension/infection, are crucial for better outcomes.

Identification of the narrow lumen of the ureter using a Fogarty catheter during laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

It is difficult to identify the narrow sites of the ureter from the outside while carrying out laparoscopic pyeloplasty in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. We developed and named a new method, the Fogarty test, to identify the narrow sites of the ureter using a Fogarty catheter. A 4- to 5-Fr Fogarty catheter was inserted through an incision in the pelvis to the proximal ureter, inflated with air and withdrawn gently to determine resistance. The narrow lumen of the ureter was identified under direct vision and spatulated by laparoscopic scissors. This procedure was carried out repeatedly until the ureter was fully spatulated. By using the Fogarty test, we can visualize the narrow position and length of the ureter under direct vision, and confirm whether it is fully spatulated or not. This technique is very simple and easy to carry out. We believe it is useful for sufficient spatulation of intrinsic ureteral stricture, especially in patients where multiple narrow sites exist.

Final height in a prospective trial of late steroid withdrawal after pediatric renal transplantation treated with cyclosporine and mizoribine.

A prospective trial of corticosteroid (steroid) withdrawal after pediatric renal transplantation was started in 1990. Fifty-eight recipients with functioning grafts reached their final height. They were transplanted at a mean age of 10.7 yr. Immunosuppressive therapy with CyA, MP, and MZ was started after transplantation. MP was reduced to an alternate-day dose in 49 patients and was withdrawn in 23. Their mean height SDS was -2.4 at the time of transplantation and -2.1 at their final height. Mean final height was 157.9 cm in men and 147.6 cm in women. In 18 patients who had been withdrawn from MP for more than two yr before reaching final height, mean age at transplantation was 8.9 yr. Their mean height SDS of -2.2 at the time of transplantation increased to -1.6 at their final height (p = 0.02), and mean final height was 163.8 cm in men and 147.8 cm in women. The height SDS in all 58 patients was maintained during the immunosuppressive therapy with steroid minimization, and final height SDS increased in recipients older than five yr at transplantation with steroid withdrawal.

[A case of giant renal angiomyolipoma treated by partial nephrectomy].

A 38-year-old woman visited our hospital complaining of decreased appetite and sensation of pressure on her abdomen. Computed tomographic scan revealed right giant renal angiomyolipoma. Partial nephrectomy was performed. The resected specimen weighed 970 grams. The histological diagnosis was consistent with angiomyolipoma. Partial nephrectomy was performed because the connection between the tumor and the kidney was in a small range and the tumor was detached easily from the surrounding tissue.

Plasma cell-rich acute rejection after renal transplantation in a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum: a case report.

A 40-yr-old female received a living-related renal transplantation on January 29, 2008. She had type I diabetes mellitus and pyoderma gangrenosum (PG). Induction immunosuppressive therapy consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, basiliximab, and prednisolone. Intravenous methylprednisolone pulse therapy was administered to prevent ulceration at the surgical site. The postoperative outcome was almost uneventful, and renal graft function was well preserved for 11 months. Her graft function deteriorated on December 24, 2008 and thus an episode biopsy was performed. The histopathological findings were consistent with plasma cell-rich acute rejection (PCAR). During hospitalization, it was noted that the patient was non-compliant. We then performed steroid pulse therapy, and her graft function and histological findings improved. This is the first report of PCAR in a patient with PG who received a renal allograft. It was thought that PCAR was triggered because of her non-compliance. Thus, we should recognize the importance of enhancing compliance in transplant recipients.

Renal L-type fatty acid--binding protein in acute ischemic injury.

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) bind unsaturated fatty acids and lipid peroxidation products during tissue injury from hypoxia. We evaluated the potential role of L-type FABP (L-FABP) as a biomarker of renal ischemia in both human kidney transplant patients and animal models. Urinary L-FABP levels were measured in the first urine produced from 12 living-related kidney transplant patients immediately after reperfusion of their transplanted organs, and intravital video analysis of peritubular capillary blood flow was performed simultaneously. A significant direct correlation was found between urinary L-FABP level and both peritubular capillary blood flow and the ischemic time of the transplanted kidney (both P < 0.0001), as well as hospital stay (P < 0.05). In human-L-FABP transgenic mice subjected to ischemia-reperfusion injury, immunohistological analyses demonstrated the transition of L-FABP from the cytoplasm of proximal tubular cells to the tubular lumen. In addition, after injury, these transgenic mice demonstrated lower blood urea nitrogen levels and less histological injury than injured wild-type mice, likely due to a reduction of tissue hypoxia. In vitro experiments using a stable cell line of mouse proximal tubule cells transfected with h-L-FABP cDNA showed reduction of oxidative stress during hypoxia compared to untransfected cells. Taken together, these data show that increased urinary L-FABP after ischemic-reperfusion injury may find future use as a biomarker of acute ischemic injury.

[Continuous bladder irrigation following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)].

PURPOSE: We investigated whether continuous bladder irrigation after Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) would prevent catheter obstruction by the clot. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 761 patients registered in "a multi-institutional study of TURP clinical pathway" sponsored by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare between 2001 and 2003. The difference of clinical backgrounds of the cases, resected weight, operating time, risk of being feverish, risk of catheter obstruction and chance of postoperative Transurethral Fulguration (TUF) between each institution were investigated. The risk factor of catheter obstruction is characterized and the significance of continuous bladder irrigation is discussed. RESULTS: The incidence of catheter obstruction in the four institutions, in which 90% or more of patients underwent continuous bladder irrigation, was significantly lower than that in the three institutions, in which continuous bladder irrigation was performed in selected patients whose hematuria was severe (4.4% VS 12.9%, p<0.001). There was no difference in the frequency of either pyrexia or postoperative TUF. Logistic regression analysis showed that significant factors for catheter obstruction are continuous bladder irrigation, resected tissue weight and preoperative urinary infection. CONCLUSIONS: Routine continuous bladder irrigation achieved a lower incidence of catheter obstruction. However, we recommend that urologists should decide whether to perform routine continuous irrigation, considering the frequency of catheter obstruction, safety, labor and cost.

Procurement of the human pancreas for pancreatic islet transplantation from marginal cadaver donors.

BACKGROUND: Recent advances in pancreatic islet transplantation (PIT) have contributed significantly to the treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes. The specific aim of this study was to develop an effective technique for the procurement of pancreas for PIT from nonheart-beating-donor (NHBDs). METHODS: Between January 2004 and August 2004, eight human pancreata were procured and processed for isolation of islets at a cell processing center. After confirmation of brain death status, a double balloon catheter was inserted to prevent warm ischemic damage to the donor pancreas by using an in situ regional organ cooling system that was originally developed for procurement of kidneys. The catheter position of the cooling system was modified specifically for the pancreas and kidney. Furthermore, we worked in cooperation with a kidney procurement team to protect the pancreas during kidney procurement. RESULTS: Warm ischemic time could be controlled with the modified in situ regional cooling system at 3.0 +/- 0.8 min (mean +/- SE). The operations for procurement of the kidneys and pancreata lasted 45.6 +/- 3.6 min and 10.6 +/- 1.8 min, respectively. Islet yield per isolation was 444,426 +/- 35,172 IE (islet equivalent). All eight cases met the criteria for PIT based on the Edmonton protocol. CONCLUSION: We developed a novel procurement technique in cooperation with our kidney procurement team. This protocol for the procurement of pancreas and kidney from a NHBD enabled us to transplant islets into a type 1 diabetic patient and kidney into a renal failure patient.

[Endoscopic trigonoplasty II for primary vesico-ureteral reflux].

PURPOSE: We report a technique and outcome of endoscopic trigonoplasty II (ET II), anti-reflux surgery via a transvesicostomy transurethral approach and discuss its usefulness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen female patients, aged 5 to 64, with 23 refluxing ureters (grade I : 5, II : 2, III : 14, IV : 2) underwent the ET II. The principle of this surgery is tightening the muscular backing and elongating the intramural ureter. The operation consists of three steps: 1) two 5 mm locking trocars are placed into the bladder, 2) irrigating with 3% D-sorbitol solution, the bladder wall is incised upward along each side of the ureter using a resectoscope, to make a 2 to 3 cm U-shaped bladder flap including the ureter, 3) under a pneumobladder, the incised wall is sutured to make a muscular bed with a needle-holder via the urethra and forceps via the abdominal trocar. The U-shaped flap is fixed with two distal anchor sutures and four additional mucosal sutures. Urethral catheter is indwelled and the operation is finished. In recent four cases, we closed the tracts endoscopically. RESULTS: The average operative time was 144 minutes per ureter. In one patient with unilateral reflux, we switched to open surgery because of bleeding. Of 22 refluxing ureters, the reflux disappeared in 18 ureters (82%) and improved grade III to I in 1 ureter (5%) after 3 months and disappeared in 19 ureters (86%) after 12 months postoperatively. Ureteral injury was occurred in 3 patients during the transurethral incision of the bladder. Though we repaired it by placing a double-J stent in the 2 patients, reflux recurred in 12 months postoperatively in one of them. In the other patient cystoscopy revealed a vesicoureteral fistula in the injured portion. She subsequently underwent successful open Politano-Leadbetter ureteroneocystostomy. The average duration of indwelling catheter was shortened from 4.3 to 3.0 days by closing the tracts endoscopically. CONCLUSIONS: The overall cessation rate of the ET II was inferior to those of open anti-reflux surgeries or laparoscopic extravesical ureteral reimplantation. We do not recommend ET II for vesicoureteral reflux.

Retrospective antibody analysis of thirty patients with kidney graft failure.

Out of 30 patients who rejected their kidney grafts, HLA or MICA antibodies were found in 26 patients. Among the four patients in whom antibodies could not be found, two patients did not have any HLA mismatch with their mother donor, and 1 had died with a functioning graft. There was only one other patient who chronically rejected but did not have antibodies. The antibodies were shown to appear before rejection of the grafts, and before the increase in serum creatinine. In most instances, the de novo antibodies increased in strength with time. Donor specific antibodies were found in 12 patients, two had non-donor-specific antibodies. In the absence of other antibodies, six had DQ antibodies and six had MICA antibodies, and one had DP antibodies.

Does MICA influence acute rejection in kidney transplantation?

MHC class 1-related chain A (MICA) has been reported to be recognized by specific antibodies in the sera of transplanted patients, and it may be a target molecule in allograft rejection. MICA was originally pointed out to be an HLA-related polymorphic gene, the product of which may be recognized by a subpopulation of intestinal gamma delta T-cells and may play a role in the activation of a subpopulation of natural killer cells. Although their association with chronic rejection has been demonstrated before, there are few reports of any relation with acute rejection. We encountered a possible case of MICA-related acute early rejection. The recipient was a 25-year-old female; the original disease was IgA nephropathy, and the hemodialysis period was 12 months. She underwent ABO-compatible living-related renal transplantation from her mother. The HLA type was A24, A31, B7, B52, DR1, and DR15 in the donor and A31, A33, B7, B44, DR1, and DR12 in the recipient. A pre-operative direct cross-match was negative by a conventional cytotoxic test, and HLA class 1 and 2 antibodies were negative by LABScreen single antigen testing. Induction immunosuppressive therapy was started with TAC, MMF, MP, and BXM. The graft functioned at once, and SCr was 2.4 mg/dl on post-transplant day 1. SCr increased from post-transplant day 2, and oliguria progressed. Hemodialysis was restarted on post-transplant day 6. A biopsy revealed Banff 2b vascular rejection. The graft was finally rescued by steroid pulse and plasma exchange therapy. SCr went down to 1.07 mg/dl, and a re-biopsy showed improvement on post-transplant day 42. HLA class 1 and 2 antibodies were negative during this period, and MICA019 antibody was higher before transplantation retrospectively. Additionally, this antibody titer was decreased at the time of discharge. These data show that MICA may induce rejection in the early phase of renal transplantation. Further study is needed to evaluate this phenomenon.

[Prolonged complete remission of multiple organ metastases after radical nephrectomy induced by interferon-alpha therapy: a case report].

We experienced a case of advanced renal carcinoma that showed complete remission to interferon-alpha therapy. A 76-year-old male underwent radical nephrectomy for left renal cell carcinoma (pT3b pN0 M0, stage III). Two and a half months later, chest X-ray, computed tomographic (CT) scan and ultrasonography revealed multiple lung metastases and a hepatic metastasis simultaneously. We started the intramuscular administration of natural interferon-alpha (OIF, 5 MIU) combined with cimetidine everyday. It caused leukopenia, a possible side-effect of interferon-alpha. We reduced the dose to three times a week. The lung metastases and hepatic metastases disappeared after 5 and 12 months, respectively. After we reduced the dose to once a week, there was no evidence of disease for 21 months.

Comparison of tamsulosin and naftopidil for efficacy and safety in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy and safety of two alpha1a/alpha1d adrenoceptor (AR) antagonists with different affinity for the alpha1AR subtypes, tamsulosin and naftopidil, in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with BPH were randomized to receive either tamsulosin or naftopidil. The primary efficacy variables were the changes in the total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), maximum flow rate on free uroflowmetry, and residual urine volume. The secondary efficacy variables were average flow rate, changes in the IPSS storage score, IPSS voiding score, and quality-of-life (QoL) Index score, from baseline to endpoint (12 weeks). Data on all randomized patients were included in the safety analyses for adverse effects and changes in blood pressure. RESULTS: Of the 185 patients enrolled data for 144 who were eligible for inclusion in the efficacy analysis were analysed (75 from the tamsulosin and 69 from the naftopidil group). There was no significant difference in any variable at baseline between the groups. There were statistically significant improvements for all primary and secondary variables in both groups, except for residual urine in the tamsulosin group. However, there was no significant intergroup difference in the improvement of any efficacy variable between the groups. The adverse effects were comparable, with no significant differences in systolic and diastolic blood pressure after treatment in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that naftopidil is as effective and safe as tamsulosin. Both drugs were effective in improving storage and voiding symptoms. However, there was no difference in clinical efficacy or adverse effects between the alpha1 AR antagonists with different affinity to alpha1 subtypes, alpha1a and alpha1d.

Determination of the relative probability for prostate cancer to avoid unnecessary biopsy.

BACKGROUND: To investigate whether using a new concept of relative probability for prostate cancer (RPpca) can increase sensitivity and specificity in detecting prostate cancer. METHODS: For 217 patients with total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 4-20 ng/mL, prostate volume and free to total PSA (F/T) ratio were measured. From the fitted curves between positive predictive values for prostate cancer and age, prostate volume, total PSA or the F/T ratio, each function predicting prostate cancer was determined. RPpca defined by the combined functions of age, prostate volume, total PSA and F/T ratio was calculated for each individual patient. The probability of prostate cancer was also calculated, using logistic regression analysis (LRPpca). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis was performed to elucidate the areas under the curve (AUC), sensitivities and specificities and cutoff values of the conventional and new parameters. Finally, we investigated the applicability of the above parameters in the other patient group using a different PSA assay kit (AxSYM). RESULTS: Although RPpca had the largest AUC in the total PSA range of 4-20 ng/mL, it did not reach statistical significance between RPpca and F/T ratio or LRPpca. The cutoff values of F/T ratio, LRPpca and RPpca were determined as 0.15, 0.12 and 0.20, respectively. Using these cutoff values in AxSYM data, RPpca had the highest sensitivity (91%) and specificity (57%). CONCLUSIONS: RPpca can provide more precise information to avoid unnecessary biopsy than LRPpca or F/T ratio. RPpca could be valuable to decide whether to perform prostate biopsy when using various PSA kits.

Complement C4d deposition in transplanted kidneys: preliminary report on long-term graft survival.

The effects of antibody-mediated rejection on long-term graft survival have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study is to clarify the influence on long-term survival of deposition of the complement split product C4d in allografts using polyclonal anti-C4d antibody. Inclusion criteria were recipients who underwent graft biopsy during acute deterioration of graft function within the first 2 yr after transplantation. Patients whose graft did not survive more than 1 yr and who received graft from an human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-identical sibling or an ABO-incompatible donor were excluded. Among the 92 recipients investigated, 22 (23.9%) had peritubular capillary C4d deposition, 15 (16.3%) had glomerular capillary C4d deposition and seven (7.6%) had both peritubular and glomerular capillary C4d deposition. Twenty of these 22 patients revealed acute cellular rejection, including borderline changes. There was no significant relationship between pathological severity of acute rejection and presence or absence of peritubular capillary C4d deposition. Graft survival was inferior in patients with peritubular capillary C4d deposition to that in patients without C4d deposition (p = 0.0419). Graft survival in patients with glomerular C4d deposition did not differ from that in patients without C4d deposition. In conclusion, C4d deposition in peritubular capillaries has a substantial impact on long-term graft survival.

A prospective trial of steroid withdrawal after renal transplantation treated with cyclosporine and mizoribine in children: results obtained between 1990 and 2003.

A prospective trial of adrenocorticostertoid (steroid) withdrawal after pediatric renal transplantation was begun in 1990. Ninety-four pediatric renal transplant recipients were enrolled in our multicenter study. Immunosuppressive therapy with cyclosporine (CyA), methylprednisolone (MPL), and mizoribine (MZ) was started after transplantation. MPL was reduced to administration on alternate days in 69 patients (73.4%) and was withdrawn in 27 patients (28.7%). Rejection episodes occurred in nine patients (33.3%) after withdrawal of MPL. It occurred within 3 months after withdrawal of MPL in two patients and more than 6 months in the others. Among them, two patients lost the grafts. Thirteen-year patient survival rate and graft survival rate were 94.6 and 83.1%, respectively. Forty-four of the 94 patients reached their final height. Mean final height was 155.0 cm in males and 146.3 cm in females and their height standard deviation score was -2.6 s.d., the same as that at the time of transplantation. Management of growth retardation before transplantation and further reduction in the steroid dose after transplantation will increase the final height of children with chronic renal failure.

The long-term outcome of tacrolimus in cadaveric kidney transplantation from non-heart beating donors.

Tacrolimus (Tac), developed in 1990, has been applied as an immunosuppressive agent for liver, heart, and kidney transplantation and is known to have more powerful immunosuppressive effects than cyclosporine (CyA). To evaluate the efficacy of Tac in cadaveric kidney transplants from non-heart beating donors, we present the long-term outcome of patients receiving kidneys with ischemic damage, and compared it with that of CyA. Between July 1990 and December 2000, 55 patients with end-stage renal disease received kidneys from non-heart beating donors (Maastrichy category 3) and were treated with Tac and steroid immunosuppressive therapy. During the same period, we also performed 137 non-heart beating cadaveric renal transplants treated with CyA-based immunosuppressive therapy. The patient survival rate was 98% at 1 yr and 96% at 3-10 yr in the Tac group, and 97% at 1-3 yr, 93% at 5 yr and 85% at 10 yr in the CyA group. The graft survival rate was 91% at 1 yr, 80% at 3 yr, 63% at 5 yr and 34% at 10 yr in the Tac group, and 88% at 1 yr, 75% at 3 yr, 63% at 5 yr and 49% at 10 yr in the CyA group. There was no significant difference in either patient or graft survival rates between the two groups. Acute early rejection in the Tac group was less than that in the CyA group but acute tubular necrosis was the same in both groups. This indicates that Tac is available for cadaveric kidney transplants from non-heart beating donors. In conclusion, Tac is available as an immunosuppressive agent even for kidney transplants from non-heart beating donors.

[Implementation of a common clinical path for transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) in multiple hospitals].

PURPOSE: To investigate the length of hospitalization and medical charges when a common clinical path for TURP (transurethral resection of prostate) was implemented in multiple hospitals. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 310 patients in 2001 and 298 in 2002, who were diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia and who underwent TURP in seven hospitals in Japan. While the patients were treated according to the managing methods of each hospital in 2001, the patients were managed using a common clinical path in 2002, on which we conferred and established in 2001. We investigated the change of various outcome indicators before and after implementation of the common clinical path. RESULTS: The background of patients and surgical outcome in 2002 were equal to those in 2001, except in incidence of preoperative urinary tract infection, general anesthesia and blood transfusion, and number of surgeons. Implementation of a common clinical path shortened the pre- and postoperative hospital stay, duration of bed rest, administration of antibiotics and Foley catheter indwelling, and reduced the standard deviation of these indicators. The total medical charge decreased from 515,439 to 491,935 yen. However, outcomes were considerably different among the seven hospitals. Multivariate analyses identified the hospitals, cognitive impairment, preoperative indwelling catheter and preoperative variance as the factors affecting preoperative hospital stay, and the hospitals, co-existing disease, blood transfusion, postoperative urinary tract infection and postoperative variance as factors affecting postoperative stay. Based on these analyses, we determined four exclusion criteria against using a common clinical path: 1) patients requiring examination or surgery other than TURP simultaneously, 2) patients whose ADL disturbance, cognitive impairment, past history and/or coexisting disease are expected to affect postoperative convalescence, 3) patients with a preoperative indwelling catheter just before operation, and 4) patients with preoperative urinary tract infection. By excluding 122 (39.4%) and 129 (43.3%) patients fulfilling the above criteria in 2001 and 2002, respectively, there were reduction in the length of pre- and postoperative hospital stay, and the total admission fee. Furthermore, there were decrease in their standard deviations. CONCLUSIONS: A common clinical path was valid for reducing variance of the critical indicators affecting the clinical course of TURP and shortening the pre- and postoperative stay in the multiple hospitals. It is mandatory to establish the standard perioperative management for TURP from the viewpoint of urologists, under the circumstances of the impending introduction of the Diagnosis Procedure Combination (DPC).

[A questionnaire survey for TURP hospitalization by clinical path].

PURPOSE: We conducted a questionnaire survey to elucidate the rating of the patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and were managed by a common clinical path during hospitalization. PATIENTS AND METHODS: At the day of discharge from seven hospitals in Japan, the questionnaires were handed to 298 patients who underwent TURP in 2002. In the path, it was determined that the patients should be admitted one day before surgery and discharged on the seventh postoperative day. RESULTS: The questionnaires were returned by 240 (80.5%) patients. Of the 212 patients answering a question regarding the desirable preoperative hospital stay, 58 (27.4%), 85 (40.1%) and 46 (21.7%) considered 1, 2 and 3 days as a desirable preoperative stay, respectively. Of the 206 answering a question about the desirable postoperative hospital stay, 54 (26.2%), 28 (13.6%) and 60 (29.1%) considered 7, 8 and 9-10 days as a desirable postoperative hospital stay, respectively. Of the 240 patients, 229 (95.4%) received the path for the patients, 234 (97.5%) understood the treatment methods well and 229 (95.4%) understood the schedule during hospitalization well. Two hundred thirty-six (98.3%) and 218 (90.8%) patients answered that as scheduled, they started to have meals and started to walk, respectively. Continuous drip infusion was terminated in 219 (91.3%) as scheduled, and indwelling catheters were removed in 215 (89.6%) as scheduled. CONCLUSIONS: This questionnaire survey elucidated that approximately 70% of the patients who underwent TURP wanted to stay 1 or 2 days before surgery and 7 to 10 days after surgery. We consider it very important that patients understand well the treatment methods, complications, schedules during hospitalization and criteria for discharge when they are managed using the clinical path, so they will accept better a length of hospital stay that is shorter than that which they had desired.

Long-term results of endopyeloureterotomy using the transpelvic extraureteral approach.

OBJECTIVES: To review our clinical results to confirm the long-term efficacy of the operative technique of endopyeloureterotomy using the transpelvic extraureteral approach that we developed. METHODS: We treated 123 patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction or upper ureteral stenosis by percutaneous endopyeloureterotomy using the transpelvic extraureteral approach between 1988 and 1999. All were followed up for at least 1 year (mean 58 months). Sixty-eight patients were male and 55 female between the ages of 3 and 78 years (mean 36). We evaluated the efficacy of our procedure preoperatively and then regularly every 6 to 12 months postoperatively using excretory urography and technetium-99m DTPA renography. RESULTS: Our results showed that 115 (90.6%) of 127 procedures relieved the obstruction without any severe complications. In the 107 cases of ureteropelvic junction obstruction, we alleviated the stricture in 96 (90%). In the 20 cases of upper ureteral stenosis, our procedure alleviated the stricture in 19 (95%). In the 47 cases of a stenotic segment of 2 cm or more in length, 43 of our procedures led to a significant improvement (91.5%). Long-term follow-up of the 123 patients revealed late recurrence in 5 patients, despite the initial success. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous endopyeloureterotomy using the transpelvic extraureteral approach should be considered the first choice of treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction and upper third ureteral stenosis, even if the stenotic segment is 2 or more cm long.