Differential expression of equine myosin heavy-chain mRNA and protein isoforms in a limb muscle.

The horse is one of the few animals kept and bred for its athletic performance and is therefore an interesting model for human sports performance. The regulation of the development of equine locomotion in the first year of life, and the influence of early training on later performance, are largely unknown. The major structural protein in skeletal muscle, myosin heavy-chain (MyHC), is believed to be primarily transcriptionally controlled. To investigate the expression of the MyHC genes at the transcriptional level, we isolated cDNAs encoding the equine MyHC isoforms type 1 (slow), type 2a (fast oxidative), and type 2d/x (fast glycolytic). cDNAs encoding the 2b gene were not identified. The mRNA expression was compared to the protein expression on a fiber-to-fiber basis using in situ hybridization (non-radioactive) and immunohistochemistry. Marked differences were detected between the expression of MyHC transcripts and MyHC protein isoforms in adult equine gluteus medius muscle. Mismatches were primarily due to the presence of hybrid fibers expressing two fast (2ad) MyHC protein isoforms, but only one fast (mainly 2a) MyHC RNA isoform. This discrepancy was most likely not due to differential mRNA expression of myonuclei.

RNA-protein interactions of the 3' untranslated regions of myosin heavy chain transcripts.

The RNA-protein interactions of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) were investigated using gel mobility shift assays. Marine skeletal myosin heavy chain mRNAs were amplified using reverse transcription coupled with the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Four cloned MyHC sequences were identified as slow type 1, fast 2a, fast 2b and fast 2x. The 3'UTRs of the four MyHC mRNAs were shown to interact with muscle protein in a tissue-specific manner as illustrated by gel retardation assays with protein extracts from various tissues. Competition assays indicate that this interaction is specific to the MyHC 3'UTR sequence. UV cross-linking suggests that several small proteins bind to the 3'UTR's. Peptide sequencing identified aldolase A and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as MyHC 3'UTR RNA-binding proteins. The implications of these interactions and post-transcriptional regulation of the MyHC genes are discussed.