RESUMO
Background and purpose: J147, a novel neurotrophic compound, was originally developed to treat aging-associated neurological diseases. Based on the broad spectrum of cytoprotective effects exhibited by this compound, we investigated whether J147 has cerebroprotection for acute ischemic stroke and whether it can enhance the effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Methods: Rats were subjected to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (tMCAO) by insertion of an intraluminal suture or embolic middle cerebral artery occlusion (eMCAO), and treated intravenously with J147 alone or in combination with tPA. Results: We found that J147 treatment significantly reduced infarct volume when administered at 2 h after stroke onset in the tMCAO model, but had no effect in eMCAO without tPA. However, combination treatment with J147 plus tPA at 4 h after stroke onset significantly reduced infarct volume and neurological deficits at 72 h after stroke compared with saline or tPA alone groups in the eMCAO model. Importantly, the combination treatment significantly reduced delayed tPA-associated brain hemorrhage and secondary microvascular thrombosis. These protective effects were associated with J147-mediated inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), 15-lipoxygenase-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) expression in the ischemic hemispheres (predominantly in ischemic cerebral endothelium). Moreover, the combination treatment significantly reduced circulating platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte aggregation compared with saline or tPA alone groups at 24 h after stroke, which might also contribute to reduced microvascular thrombosis and neuroinflammation (as demonstrated by reduced neutrophil brain infiltration and microglial activation). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that J147 treatment alone exerts cerebral cytoprotective effects in a suture model of acute ischemic stroke, while in an embolic stroke model co-administration of J147 with tPA reduces delayed tPA-induced intracerebral hemorrhage and confers cerebroprotection. These findings suggest that J147-tPA combination therapy could be a promising approach to improving the treatment of ischemic stroke.
RESUMO
In modern day drug discovery campaigns, computational chemists have to be concerned not only about improving the potency of molecules but also reducing any off-target ADMET activity. There are a plethora of antitargets that computational chemists may have to consider. Fortunately many antitargets have crystal structures deposited in the PDB. These structures are immediately useful to our Autocorrelator: an automated model generator that optimizes variables for building computational models. This paper describes the use of the Autocorrelator to construct high quality docking models for cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) from two publicly available crystal structures. Both models result in strong correlation coefficients (R² > 0.66) between the predicted and experimental determined log(IC50) values. Results from the two models overlap well with each other, converging on the same scoring function, deprotonated charge state, and predicted the binding orientation for our collection of molecules.
Assuntos
Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/antagonistas & inibidores , Simulação por Computador , Descoberta de Drogas , Modelos Moleculares , Citocromo P-450 CYP2C9 , Ativação Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Flurbiprofeno/química , Flurbiprofeno/farmacologia , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Varfarina/química , Varfarina/farmacologiaRESUMO
A novel series of non-nucleoside small molecules containing a tricyclic dihydropyridinone structural motif was identified as potent HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors. Driven by structure-based design and building on our previous efforts in related series of molecules, we undertook extensive SAR studies, in which we identified a number of metabolically stable and very potent compounds in genotype 1a and 1b replicon assays. This work culminated in the discovery of several inhibitors, which combined potent in vitro antiviral activity against both 1a and 1b genotypes, metabolic stability, good oral bioavailability, and high C(12) (PO)/EC(50) ratios.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Desenho de Fármacos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Química Farmacêutica , Cristalografia por Raios X , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Hepatite C , Estrutura Molecular , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The discovery of 5,5'- and 6,6'-dialkyl-5,6-dihydro-1H-pyridin-2-ones as potent inhibitors of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) is described. Several of these agents also display potent antiviral activity in cell culture experiments (EC50 <0.10 microM). In vitro DMPK data for selected compounds as well as crystal structures of representative inhibitors complexed with the NS5B protein are also disclosed.
Assuntos
Antivirais/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Piridonas/química , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismo , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Macaca fascicularis , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Piridonas/síntese química , Piridonas/farmacologia , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
The synthesis of 4-(1',1'-dioxo-1',4'-dihydro-1'lambda(6)-benzo[1',2',4']thiadiazin-3'-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-ones bearing 6-amino substituents as potent inhibitors of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) is described. Several of these agents also display potent antiviral activity in cell culture experiments (EC(50)<0.10 microM). In vitro DMPK data (microsome t(1/2), Caco-2 P(app)) for many of the compounds are also disclosed, and a crystal structure of a representative inhibitor complexed with the NS5B protein is discussed.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Óxidos S-Cíclicos/síntese química , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/síntese química , Tiadiazinas/síntese química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Células CACO-2 , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Óxidos S-Cíclicos/farmacologia , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/química , Desenho de Fármacos , Genótipo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Microssomos/metabolismo , Modelos Químicos , Conformação Molecular , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiadiazinas/farmacologiaRESUMO
Hexahydro-pyrrolo- and hexahydro-1H-pyrido[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one analogs were discovered as a novel class of inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. Among these, compound 4c displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays (IC(50) (1b) <10 nM; EC(50) (1b)=34 nM) as well as good stability towards human liver microsomes (HLM t(1/2) =59 min).
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacologia , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Antivirais/química , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Piridazinas/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
4-(1,1-Dioxo-1,4-dihydro-1lambda(6)-benzo[1,4]thiazin-3-yl)-5-hydroxy-2H-pyridazin-3-one analogs were discovered as a novel class of inhibitors of HCV NS5B polymerase. Structure-based design led to the identification of compound 3a that displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays (1b IC(50)<10 nM; 1b EC(50)=1.1 nM) as well as good stability toward human liver microsomes (HLM t(1/2)>60 min).
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Hepacivirus/enzimologia , Microssomos Hepáticos/enzimologia , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Tiazinas/síntese química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Células CACO-2 , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Desenho de Fármacos , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Químicos , Conformação Molecular , Piridazinas/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazinas/química , Tiazinas/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
A novel series of HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors comprising 1,1-dioxoisothiazoles and benzo[b]thiophene-1,1-dioxides were designed, synthesized, and evaluated. SAR studies guided by structure-based design led to the identification of a number of potent NS5B inhibitors with nanomolar IC(50) values. The most potent compound exhibited IC(50) less than 10nM against the genotype 1b HCV polymerase and EC(50) of 70 nM against a genotype 1b replicon in cell culture. The DMPK properties of selected compounds were also evaluated.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacocinética , Tiazóis/síntese química , Tiofenos/síntese química , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Química Farmacêutica/métodos , Cristalografia por Raios X/métodos , Desenho de Fármacos , Genótipo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Modelos Químicos , Conformação Molecular , RNA Viral/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tiazóis/farmacocinética , Tiofenos/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
5-Hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. Lead optimization led to the discovery of compound 3a, which displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays [IC(50) (1b)<10nM; IC(50) (1a)=22 nM; EC(50) (1b)=5nM], good stability toward human liver microsomes (HLM t(1/2)>60 min), and high ratios of liver to plasma concentrations 12h after a single oral administration to rats.
Assuntos
Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/farmacocinética , Hepacivirus/efeitos dos fármacos , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/farmacocinética , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Administração Oral , Animais , Antivirais/sangue , Antivirais/química , Técnicas de Química Combinatória , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/efeitos dos fármacos , Estrutura Molecular , Piridazinas/sangue , Piridazinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Pyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-one analogs were discovered as a novel class of inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. Structure-based design led to the discovery of compound 3 k, which displayed potent inhibitory activities in biochemical and replicon assays (IC(50) (1b)<10nM; EC(50) (1b)=12 nM) as well as good stability towards human liver microsomes (HLM t(1/2)>60 min).
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Pirróis/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Antivirais/síntese química , Antivirais/química , Sítios de Ligação/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Piridazinas/síntese química , Piridazinas/química , Pirróis/síntese química , Pirróis/química , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/químicaRESUMO
The hepatitis C (HCV) internal ribosome entry site (IRES) element plays a central role in cap-independent translation of the viral genomic RNA. The unique conformation of IRES domain II is critical for 80S ribosomal assembly and initiation of viral translation. Here, the crystal structure of subdomain IIa of the HCV IRES has been determined at 2.3 A resolution, revealing the positions of divalent metal ions and complex inter-strand interactions that stabilize the L-shaped conformation of the RNA. The presence of divalent metal ions was necessary for crystal formation. Magnesium ions occupy specific sites that appear to be critical for the formation of the folded conformation. Subdomain IIa also was crystallized in the presence of strontium, which improved the diffraction quality of the crystals and the ability to identify interactions of the RNA with metal ions and tightly bound water molecules. The hinge region and noncanonical G-U base-pair motifs are stabilized by divalent metal ions and provide unique structural features that are potential interaction sites for small-molecule ligands. The information obtained from the crystal structure provides a basis for structure-guided design of HCV translation inhibitors targeting disruption of ribosomal assembly.
Assuntos
Hepacivirus/química , Cristalografia por Raios X , Coleta de Dados , Genes Virais/genética , Magnésio/química , Manganês/química , Metais/química , Modelos Moleculares , Conformação Proteica , RNA Viral/química , Ribossomos/química , Estrôncio/químicaRESUMO
Non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV NS5b RNA polymerase were discovered by a fragment-based lead discovery approach, beginning with crystallographic fragment screening. The NS5b binding affinity and biochemical activity of fragment hits and inhibitors was determined by surface plasmon resonance (Biacore) and an enzyme inhibition assay, respectively. Crystallographic fragment screening hits with approximately 1-10mM binding affinity (K(D)) were iteratively optimized to give leads with approximately 200nM biochemical activity and low microM cellular activity in a Replicon assay.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , RNA Polimerases Dirigidas por DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Hepacivirus/química , Hepatite C/enzimologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/farmacologia , Antivirais/síntese química , Sítios de Ligação , Cristalografia por Raios X , Ativação Enzimática , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Ressonância de Plasmônio de Superfície , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/química , Replicação Viral/fisiologiaRESUMO
5-Hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), metabolic stability, and structure-based design approach for this new class of compounds are discussed.
Assuntos
Benzotiadiazinas/química , Benzotiadiazinas/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Benzotiadiazinas/metabolismo , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Ligação de Hidrogênio , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Piridazinas/metabolismo , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
5-Hydroxy-3(2H)-pyridazinone derivatives were investigated as inhibitors of genotype 1 HCV NS5B polymerase. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) associated with variation of the pyridazinone 2- and 6-substituents is discussed. The synthesis and metabolic stability of this new class of compounds are also described.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidores , Cristalografia por Raios X , Desenho de Fármacos , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Piridazinas/síntese química , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/antagonistas & inibidores , RNA Polimerase Dependente de RNA/metabolismo , Tiadiazinas/síntese química , Tiadiazinas/química , Tiadiazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/metabolismoRESUMO
The enzyme 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 10 (HSD10), also known as amyloid beta-peptide-binding alcohol dehydrogenase (ABAD), has been implicated in the development of Alzheimer's disease. This protein, a member of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase family of enzymes, has been shown to bind beta-amyloid and to participate in beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. We have determined the crystal structure of human ABAD/HSD10 complexed with NAD(+) and an inhibitory small molecule. The inhibitor occupies the substrate-binding site and forms a covalent adduct with the NAD(+) cofactor. The crystal structure provides a basis for the design of potent, highly specific ABAD/HSD10 inhibitors with potential application in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.