RESUMO
Dog bite-related injuries and fatalities are major public health problem worldwide. The authors present a case of a Japanese Tosa-dog bite-related fatality in an old woman who died from a vertebral arterial laceration with the C5 vertebral fracture. This was an uncommon type of injury that dog bites injured the vertebral artery only without damage to carotid artery. The identity of the Tosa-dog as an offending dog in this case was unsuccessful by a DNA analysis. Then the detection of the offending dog was made by comparisons of the dental casts of the dog with the victim's wounds. This case report describes making dental cast of the dog, and statistical data on dog-bite incidents in Japan.
Assuntos
Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Cães , Odontologia Legal/métodos , Traumatismo Múltiplo/etiologia , Lesões do Pescoço/etiologia , Artéria Vertebral/lesões , Ferimentos Penetrantes/etiologia , Idoso , Animais , Mordeduras e Picadas/epidemiologia , Mordeduras e Picadas/mortalidade , Causas de Morte , Técnica de Fundição Odontológica/estatística & dados numéricos , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Patologia Legal/métodos , Hemorragia/etiologia , Hemorragia/mortalidade , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/epidemiologia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/mortalidade , Lesões do Pescoço/patologia , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Artéria Vertebral/patologia , Ferimentos Penetrantes/epidemiologia , Ferimentos Penetrantes/mortalidadeRESUMO
Ceramides (CERs) in human stratum corneum (SC) play physicochemical roles in determining barrier and water-holding functions of the skin, and specific species might be closely related to the regulation of keratinization, together with other CER-related lipids. Structures of those diverse CER species, however, have not been comprehensively revealed. The aim of this study was to characterize overall CER species in the SC. First, we constructed 3D multi-mass chromatograms of the overall CER species, based on normal-phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) connected to electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) using a gradient elution system and a postcolumn addition of a volatile salt-containing polar solvent. The CERs targeted from the 3D chromatograms were structurally analyzed using NPLC-ESI-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), which resulted in the identification of 342 CER species in the inner forearm SC. This led to the discovery of a new CER class consisting of alpha-hydroxy fatty acid and dihydrosphingosine moieties, in addition to the 10 classes generally known. The results also revealed that those CERs contain long-chain (more than C(18))-containing sphingoids and a great number of isobaric species. These novel results will contribute not only to physiochemical research on CERs in the SC but also to lipidomics approaches to CERs in the skin.