NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix: a novel approach for treatment of extremity avulsion injuries in children.

PURPOSE: In pediatric population, large soft tissue defects occur in avulsion injuries. In addition to the challenges of primary surgical therapy, elasticity, appearance and function of the scar in children are of crucial importance, especially in the context of body growth. So far various flaps, plasties, skin grafts and dermal substitutes have become established, although infections and skin shrinkage remain challenging. In 2020, a new skin substitute material-NovoSorb® Biodegradable Temporizing Matrix (BTM)-was introduced in Europe for temporary wound closure and tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the value of BTM in pediatric patients. METHODS: The study included all children treated with BTM after traumatic soft tissue defects following limb avulsion injuries between June 2021 and June 2023 at a university hospital. RESULTS: 7 patients with limb avulsion injuries were treated with BTM, 4 boys, 3 girls. Mean age was 6.5 years (2-11 years) at the time of BTM placement. 4/7 had concomitant fractures. BTM was used successfully in all cases, infection did not occur, skin shrinkage was seen in one case. Split thickness skin graft (STSG) after BTM application was performed in average after 33 days (26 to 39 days). Limitations of this study were highlighted. CONCLUSION: BTM is a promising alternative for reconstruction of complex trauma extremity wounds in children following avulsion injuries, even in cases of concomitant bone injuries. Interpretation may be limited by sample size.

High prevalence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria carriage in children screened prospectively for multidrug resistant organisms at admission to a paediatric hospital, Hamburg, Germany, September 2018 to May 2019.

BackgroundIncreasing resistance to antibiotics poses medical challenges worldwide. Prospective data on carriage prevalence of multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) in children at hospital admission are limited and associated risk factors are poorly defined.AimTo determine prevalence of MDRO carriage in children at admission to our paediatric hospital in Hamburg and to identify MDRO carriage risk factors.MethodsWe prospectively obtained and cultured nasal/throat and inguinal/anal swabs from children (≤ 18 years) at admission between September 2018 and May 2019 to determine prevalence of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MRGN) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE) and associated species. We collected medical histories using a questionnaire and evaluated 31 risk factors using logistic regression models.ResultsMDRO carriage prevalence of 3,964 children was 4.31% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.69-5.00). MRSA carriage prevalence was 0.68% (95% CI: 0.44-0.99), MRGN prevalence was 3.64% (95% CI: 3.07-4.28) and VRE prevalence 0.08% (95% CI: 0.02-0.22). MDRO carriage was associated with MRGN history (odds ratio (OR): 6.53; 95% CI: 2.58-16.13), chronic condition requiring permanent care (OR: 2.67; 95% CI: 1.07-6.13), antibiotic therapy (OR: 1.92, 95% CI: 1.24-2.94), living in a care facility (OR: 3.34; 95% CI: 0.72-12.44) and refugee status in previous 12 months (OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 0.27-8.02). Compared to established practice, screening using risk-factors had better diagnostic sensitivity (86.13%; 95% CI: 80.89-91.40) and specificity (73.54%; 95% CI: 72.12-74.97).ConclusionMRGN carriage was higher than MRSA and VRE. Extended risk-factor-based admission screening system seems warranted.

Are We Hitting the Target?: The Effectiveness of Distinct Antibiotic Regimens in Pediatric Appendectomies.

BACKGROUND: Currently, a range of different antibiotics are administered perioperatively during appendectomy surgery in the pediatric population. One reason for the lack of a uniform treatment regimen is the paucity of large studies on microbiologic data and susceptibility patterns. METHODS: A retrospective, monocentric study on antibiotic susceptibility, including 1258 pediatric patients undergoing appendectomy from 2012 to 2020 was performed. Predictors for prolonged length of stay (LOS) and complications were determined using regression analysis, and objective criteria for broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens were identified. Simulations of the effectiveness of different antibiotic regimens against identified bacterial susceptibility results were conducted. RESULTS: The most important predictors for prolonged LOS and an increased incidence of infectious complications are elevated preoperative C-reactive protein levels, high intraoperative severity gradings and insufficient primary antibiotic treatment. Based on our results, a simple antibiotic treatment, consisting of cefuroxime-metronidazole (C-M) or ampicillin-sulbactam (AS), is sufficient in around 85% of all patients; both options being equally efficient. In severe appendicitis, the likelihood of resistance is 31% and 32% for C-M and AS, respectively. For piperacillin-tazobactam and C-M-tobramycin, the incidence of bacterial resistance decreases to 12%. Resistance is reduced to 8% for AS-tobramycin treatment. The patient populations benefiting most from an extended antibiotic regimen are those with a high intraoperative severity grading. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that an insufficient antibiotic regimen is associated with a prolonged LOS and a higher rate of infectious complications, justifying the expansion of a simple antibiotic regimen in cases of severe intraabdominal findings. In all other cases, a simple antibiotic treatment with AS is recommended.

Low SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence but high perception of risk among healthcare workers at children's hospital before second pandemic wave in Germany.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare workers are considered a particularly high-risk group during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Healthcare workers in paediatrics are a unique subgroup: they come into frequent contact with children, who often experience few or no symptoms when infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and, therefore, may transmit the disease to unprotected staff. In Germany, no studies exist evaluating the risk of COVID-19 to healthcare workers in paediatric institutions. METHODS: We tested the staff at a large children's hospital in Germany for immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies against the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a period between the first and second epidemic wave in Germany. We used a questionnaire to assess each individual's exposure risk and his/her own perception of having already been infected with SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: We recruited 619 participants from all sectors, clinical and non-clinical, constituting 70% of the entire staff. The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 0.325% (95% confidence interval 0.039-1.168). Self-perceived risk of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased with age (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.70-0.93). Having experienced symptoms more than doubled the odds of a high self-perceived risk (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-3.00). There was no significant difference in self-perceived risk between men and women. CONCLUSIONS: Seroprevalence was low among healthcare workers at a large children's hospital in Germany before the second epidemic wave, and it was far from a level that confers herd immunity. Self-perceived risk of infection is often overestimated.

Are burn centers in German-speaking countries prepared to respond to a burn disaster? Survey-based study.

Burn disasters present a challenge not only to burn centers but the entire healthcare system. Most burn centers worldwide are unprepared to deal with a burn disaster as it is an uncommon event. We investigated the status of burn center preparedness in German-speaking countries to respond to a burn disaster. Self-administered survey questionnaires were sent to the directors of burn centers; the questions of survey used before in a similar way in Belgium were translated into German language. Of the 46 questioned burn centers, 32 (78%) responded, including all of the German adult burn centers. A clear difference in the preparation status of the burn centers in the three countries was observed due to geopolitical factors such as decentralized healthcare systems. However, the healthcare system is generally well-prepared concerning command, transfer, and capacity to provide sustained supplies to handle a massive influx of patients. Nevertheless, there are some gaps in the areas of planning and preparation, funding for disaster activities, and regular training of staff for burn disasters. We call for a unified burn disaster plan and increased cooperation between burn centers and civil defense regarding communication and training. We strongly recommend the implementation of a special disaster fund and telemedicine in disaster management to circumvent shortages in burn staff.

The ABSI is dead, long live the ABSI - reliable prediction of survival in burns with a modified Abbreviated Burn Severity Index.

OBJECTIVES: The Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) is a widely used and simple score to predict mortality after burn injuries. On the one hand, significant improvements in intensive care management and surgical treatment result in an increased survival rate. On the other hand, the aging population might lead to an increased injury-related mortality rate. Therefore, the question arises whether the ABSI still accurately predicts survival. METHODS: Data of 14,984 patients from the German Burn Registry from 2015 to 2018 were analyzed to re-evaluate the variables included in the ABSI, identify discrepancies between the predicted age-related probability of survival and the actual survival rate. Descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and binary logistic regression were used to test the variable impact and to establish a modified score. RESULTS: The original ABSI does not accurately predict the survival in the present cohort. In particular, univariate analysis identified age, total body surface area burned, full thickness burn and inhalation injury as significant impactors on survival. Moreover, sex could not be confirmed as significant and was, therefore, excluded from the modified score. The assumption of a linear relation between age and mortality was not correct. We developed a new age scale representing the actual existing relationship. The resulting modified score was significantly more accurate in predicting the probability of survival for all burn score categories. CONCLUSION: The ABSI does not accurately predict probability of survival. Mortality is overestimated in severely burned patients. A modified version was developed that was significantly more accurate in predicting the probability of survival in this cohort.

Rapid enzymatic burn debridement: A review of the paediatric clinical trial experience.

NexoBrid (NXB) has been proven to be an effective selective enzymatic debridement agent in adults. This manuscript presents the combined clinical trial experience with NXB in children. Hundred and ten children aged 0.5 to 18 years suffering from deep thermal burns of up to 67% total body surface area were treated with NXB in three clinical trials. Seventy-seven children were treated with NXB in a phase I/II study, where 92.7% of the areas treated achieved complete eschar removal within 0.9 days from admission. Thirty-three children (17 NXB, 16 standard of care [SOC]) participated in a phase III randomized controlled trial. All wounds treated with NXB achieved complete eschar removal. Time to complete eschar removal (from informed consent) was 0.9 days for NXB vs 6.5 days for SOC (P < .001). The incidence of surgical excision was 7.9% for NXB vs 73.3% for SOC (P < .001). Seventeen of these children participated in a phase III-b follow-up study (9 NXB and 8 SOC). The average long-term modified Vancouver Scar Scale scores were 3.4 for NXB-treated wounds vs 4.4 for SOC-treated wounds (NS). There were no significant treatment-related adverse events. Additional studies are needed to strengthen these results.

Using Artificial Intelligence to Obtain More Evidence? Prediction of Length of Hospitalization in Pediatric Burn Patients.

Background: It is not only important for counseling purposes and for healthcare management. This study investigates the prediction accuracy of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based approach and a linear model. The heuristic expecting 1 day of stay per percentage of total body surface area (TBSA) serves as the performance benchmark. Methods: The study is based on pediatric burn patient's data sets from an international burn registry (N = 8,542). Mean absolute error and standard error are calculated for each prediction model (rule of thumb, linear regression, and random forest). Factors contributing to a prolonged stay and the relationship between TBSA and the residual error are analyzed. Results: The random forest-based approach and the linear model are statistically superior to the rule of thumb (p < 0.001, resp. p = 0.009). The residual error rises as TBSA increases for all methods. Factors associated with a prolonged LOS are particularly TBSA, depth of burn, and inhalation trauma. Conclusion: Applying AI-based algorithms to data from large international registries constitutes a promising tool for the purpose of prediction in medicine in the future; however, certain prerequisites concerning the underlying data sets and certain shortcomings must be considered.

Retrospective analysis on thermal injuries in children-Demographic, etiological and clinical data of German and Austrian pediatric hospitals 2006-2015-Approaching the new German burn registry.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this observational, multi-center study was to reveal epidemiologic, etiological and clinical aspects of hospitalized children with thermal injuries in Germany and Austria and the workup of a renewed web-based pediatric burn registry. METHODS: From 2006 to 2015, comprehensive patient data of thermally injured children in Germany and Austria were collected prospectively. Retrospective analysis of age, gender, mechanism of injury, total body surface area burned, way of admission and length of stay was performed, followed by the comparative analysis between designated burn centers and other pediatric hospitals. RESULTS: 32 hospitals participated in the study including data of 13,460 thermally injured hospitalized children. The majority was 12-<36 months of age with a share of 48%. 56.5% were boys. The most frequent cause of injury was scalding representing 74.4%. Designated pediatric burn centers treated 82.2% of all patients. In relation to non-centers, no significant differences were seen concerning the affected total body surface area and the amount of patients <1 year of age in contrast to a significant difference regarding the amount of fire injuries, all being parameters indicating the severity of thermal injuries. Overall mortality was 0.1%. CONCLUSION: This study extends our knowledge about population characterization of thermally injured children, highlights risk factors and serves as a basis for the renewed pediatric burn registry from 2016 on.

[Undetected Cases of Non-Accidental Burns in Children - Preventive Strategies]. / Dunkelziffer nicht-akzidenteller thermischer Verletzungen im Kindesalter ­ Kinderschutzstrategien zur Reduktion.

BACKGROUND: Thermal injuries are a frequent cause of accidents within the pediatric population that may result in long periods of hospitalization as well as severe physical and mental impairment and lifelong consequences. Especially in infants, burns caused by scalding are the most common cause of injury. Beside accidental injuries, intential burns may also occur. It is of utmost importance to differentiate between intentional and accidental burns, yet the distinction can be very demanding for physicians, nurses and social workers. METHODS: In this retrospective multicenter study, thermally inflicted burns in Germany were analyzed over a period of 10 years. RESULTS: Data of 13.353 pediatric patients with thermal injuries from 32 hospitals were analyzed within the period of 2006 to 2015. The study results show that 0,5% of all burns were inflicted. This percentage seems to be an inadequate represention as compared to reported international surveys, which report an average of 10% of all burns being inflicted in pediatric patients. DISCUSSION: When comparing our results to international survey results, it can be assumed that a large number of child abuse cases go undetected within the German pediatric population. In particular awareness of intentional burns needs to be raised and detection strategies, as presented in this paper, implemented. CONCLUSION: In the future, a more precise collection of data of burned children is necessary to illustrate the true number of intentional pediatric burns in Germany. This has been implemented by the renewed pediatric burn registry of the German Society for Burn Treatment (DGV) and the working group "The severely burned child".

Management of "difficult" wounds.

Pressure sores (PSs) and wounds in immunocompromised children are rather rare conditions. No doubt, their management is often complex and difficult, even for experienced pediatric plastic surgeons. As there are no algorithms for standard care, the therapeutic approach is individual.Successful PS management always implies primary and secondary prevention. With a PS present, rapid relief of pressure is crucial. If local wound care fails to restore skin integrity within a short period of time, surgical defect closure is mandatory. Overall, full-thickness skin grafts and local flap surgery are the most suitable methods regarding result quality, procedure complexity, and risks. Negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) plays an instrumental role in wound bed preparation before definitive coverage. Recurrence rate is high (the complication). It does not much depend on the surgical technique employed, but rather depends on whether the various pathogenic factors leading to PS can be eliminated or alleviated.In both temporarily and permanently immunocompromised children, wound healing is significantly impaired. At the same time, these patients have no or low host defense activity. Thus, they are at high risk not only for local wound infection but also for potentially life threatening septic complications. Rapid and definitive wound closure is therefore essential. When conservative therapy fails, simple surgical techniques granting rapid and definitive wound closure should be used.