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Background: There is wide-ranging published literature around cranioplasty following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, but the heterogeneity of outcomes limits the ability for meta-analysis. Consensus on appropriate outcome measures has not been reached, and given the clinical and research interest, a core outcome set (COS) would be beneficial. Objectives: To collate outcomes currently reported across the cranioplasty literature which will subsequently be used in developing a cranioplasty COS. Methods: This systematic review adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. All full-text English studies with more than ten patients (prospective) or more than 20 patients (retrospective) published after 1990 examining outcomes in CP were eligible for inclusion. Results: The review included 205 studies from which 202 verbatim outcomes were extracted, grouped into 52 domains, and categorised into one or more of the OMERACT 2.0 framework core area(s). The total numbers of studies that reported outcomes in the core areas are 192 (94%) pathophysiological manifestations/ 114 (56%) resource use/economic impact/ 94 (46%) life impact/mortality 20 (10%). In addition, there are 61 outcome measures used in the 205 studies across all domains. Conclusion: This study shows considerable heterogeneity in the types of outcomes used across the cranioplasty literature, demonstrating the importance and necessity of developing a COS to help standardise reporting across the literature.
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Accurate localization of the site(s) of active disease is key to informing decision-making in the management of refractory pituitary adenomas when autonomous hormone secretion and/or continued tumor growth challenge conventional therapeutic approaches. In this context, the use of non-standard MR sequences, alternative post-acquisition image processing, or molecular (functional) imaging may provide valuable additional information to inform patient management.
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Adenoma , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Humanos , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Adenoma/patologiaRESUMO
Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an operation where a large section of the skull is removed to accommodate brain swelling. Patients who survive will usually require subsequent reconstruction of the skull using either their own bone or an artificial prosthesis, known as cranioplasty. Cranioplasty restores skull integrity but can also improve neurological function. Standard care following DC consists of the performance of cranioplasty several months later as historically, there was a concern that earlier cranioplasty may increase the risk of infection. However, recent systematic reviews have challenged this and have demonstrated that an early cranioplasty (within three months after DC) may enhance neurological recovery. However, patients are often transferred to a rehabilitation unit following their acute index admission and before their cranioplasty. A better understanding of the pathophysiological effects of cranioplasty and the relationship of timing and complications would enable more focused patient tailored rehabilitation programs, thus maximizing the benefit following cranioplasty. This may maximise recovery potential, possibly resulting in improved functional and cognitive gains, enhancement of quality of life and potentially reducing longer-term care needs. This narrative review aims to update multi-disciplinary team regarding cranioplasty, including its history, pathophysiological consequences on recovery, complications, and important clinical considerations both in the acute and rehabilitation settings.
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Management of Cushing's disease is informed by dedicated imaging of the sella and parasellar regions. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the investigation of choice, a significant proportion (30-50%) of corticotroph tumours are so small as to render MRI indeterminate or negative when using standard clinical sequences. In this context, alternative MR protocols [e.g. 3D gradient (recalled) echo, with acquisition of volumetric data] may allow detection of tumors that have not been previously visualized. The use of hybrid molecular imaging (e.g. 11C-methionine positron emission tomography coregistered with volumetric MRI) has also been proposed as an additional modality for localizing microadenomas.
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Adenoma , Hipersecreção Hipofisária de ACTH , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Humanos , Hipersecreção Hipofisária de ACTH/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico , Adenoma/diagnóstico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , MetioninaRESUMO
Hyperosmolar solutions are widely used to treat raised intracranial pressure following severe traumatic brain injury. Although mannitol has historically been the most frequently administered, hypertonic saline solutions are increasingly being used. However, definitive evidence regarding their comparative effectiveness is lacking. The Sugar or Salt Trial is a UK randomised, allocation concealed open label multicentre pragmatic trial designed to determine the clinical and cost-effectiveness of hypertonic saline compared with mannitol in the management of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Patients requiring intensive care unit admission and intracranial pressure monitoring post-traumatic brain injury will be allocated at random to receive equi-osmolar boluses of either mannitol or hypertonic saline following failure of routine first-line measures to control intracranial pressure. The primary outcome for the study will be the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale assessed at six months after randomisation. Results will inform current clinical practice in the routine use of hyperosmolar therapy as well as assess the impact of potential side effects. Pre-planned longer term clinical and cost effectiveness analyses will further inform the use of these treatments.
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PURPOSE: To assess the potential for 11C-methionine PET (Met-PET) coregistered with volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (Met-PET/MRCR) to inform clinical decision making in patients with poorly visualized or occult microprolactinomas and dopamine agonist intolerance or resistance. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with pituitary microprolactinomas, and who were intolerant (n = 11) or resistant (n = 2) to dopamine agonist therapy, were referred to our specialist pituitary centre for Met-PET/MRCR between 2016 and 2020. All patients had persistent hyperprolactinemia and were being considered for surgical intervention, but standard clinical MRI had shown either no visible adenoma or equivocal appearances. RESULTS: In all 13 patients Met-PET/MRCR demonstrated a single focus of avid tracer uptake. This was localized either to the right or left side of the sella in 12 subjects. In one patient, who had previously undergone surgery for a left-sided adenoma, recurrent tumor was unexpectedly identified in the left cavernous sinus. Five patients underwent endoscopic transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy, with subsequent complete remission of hyperprolactinaemia and normalization of other pituitary function; three patients are awaiting surgery. In the patient with inoperable cavernous sinus disease PET-guided stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) was performed with subsequent near-normalization of serum prolactin. Two patients elected for a further trial of medical therapy, while two declined surgery or radiotherapy and chose to remain off medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with dopamine agonist intolerance or resistance, and indeterminate pituitary MRI, molecular (functional) imaging with Met-PET/MRCR can allow precise localization of a microprolactinoma to facilitate selective surgical adenomectomy or SRS.
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Adenoma , Hiperprolactinemia , Neoplasias Hipofisárias , Prolactinoma , Adenoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma/tratamento farmacológico , Agonistas de Dopamina/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hiperprolactinemia/tratamento farmacológico , Metionina/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hipofisárias/patologia , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons/métodos , Prolactinoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Prolactinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Prolactinoma/patologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: External hydrocephalus (EH) refers to impairment of extra-axial cerebrospinal fluid flow with enlargement of the subarachnoid space (SAS) and concomitant raised intracranial pressure (ICP). It is often confused with a subdural hygroma and overlooked, particularly when there is no ventricular enlargement. In this study, we aimed to describe the epidemiology of EH in a large population of adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: This observational, retrospective cohort study was conducted in adult patients who were admitted with TBI to the Department of Clinical Neuroscience at Addenbrooke's Hospital (Cambridge, UK) over a period of 3 years (2014-2017). Patients were included in the study if they had ICP monitoring and at least three CT scans within the first 21 days to assess SAS evolution. Patients who underwent a decompressive craniectomy were excluded. SAS was assessed individually on each CT scan by two independent investigators. ICP data were analysed with ICM+ software (Cambridge Enterprise Ltd., Cambridge, UK). Short-term and 6-month outcomes were examined. The groups of patients with and without EH were compared. RESULTS: Of the 102 patients included in the study, 30.4% developed EH after a delay of 2.98 ± 2.4 days. The initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores did not differ between patients with and without EH. Subarachnoid haemorrhage was found to be the main risk factor for EH. Patients with EH required a significantly longer period of mechanical ventilation (+6.9 days), were more likely to have a tracheostomy (55% versus 33%), and had a longer stay in the intensive care unit (+8.5 days). ICP was higher during the 48 h after diagnosis of EH than during the previous 48 h. EH survivors had a lower mean Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOS-E) score (4.6 versus 5.9, P = 0.031) and were more likely to receive a permanent shunt for secondary hydrocephalus (17.4% versus 1.8%, odds ratio 7.1). CONCLUSION: In adults with TBI, EH remains insufficiently understood and probably underdiagnosed. This study showed that it is a frequent complication of TBI, with significant clinical consequences.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas , Craniectomia Descompressiva , Hidrocefalia , Hipertensão Intracraniana , Adulto , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/epidemiologia , Escala de Coma de Glasgow , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/diagnóstico por imagem , Hidrocefalia/epidemiologia , Hidrocefalia/etiologia , Hipertensão Intracraniana/cirurgia , Pressão Intracraniana , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Due to the lack of high-quality evidence which has hindered the development of evidence-based guidelines, there is a need to provide general guidance on cranioplasty (CP) following traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as identify areas of ongoing uncertainty via a consensus-based approach. METHODS: The international consensus meeting on post-traumatic CP was held during the International Conference on Recent Advances in Neurotraumatology (ICRAN), in Naples, Italy, in June 2018. This meeting was endorsed by the Neurotrauma Committee of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma, and several other neurotrauma organizations. Discussions and voting were organized around 5 pre-specified themes: (1) indications and technique, (2) materials, (3) timing, (4) hydrocephalus, and (5) paediatric CP. RESULTS: The participants discussed published evidence on each topic and proposed consensus statements, which were subject to ratification using anonymous real-time voting. Statements required an agreement threshold of more than 70% for inclusion in the final recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: This document is the first set of practical consensus-based clinical recommendations on post-traumatic CP, focusing on timing, materials, complications, and surgical procedures. Future research directions are also presented.
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Lesões Encefálicas Traumáticas/cirurgia , Conferências de Consenso como Assunto , Craniotomia/normas , Procedimentos de Cirurgia Plástica/normas , Humanos , Hidrocefalia/cirurgia , ItáliaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chronic subdural haematoma (CSDH) is a pathology that is frequently encountered by neurosurgeons. Nevertheless, there is a lack of guidelines based on solid evidence. There has been a recent and considerable increase in the interest on management and outcomes for CSDH. Therefore, we systematically reviewed all currently running randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in chronic subdural haematoma to understand the areas under investigation and plan future collaborative trials. METHODS: Clinical trials databases (Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials, WHO ICTRP and clinical trials.gov) were searched for trials relevant to chronic subdural haematoma. It was then established which trials were currently running and fulfilled robust research methodology for a RCT. RESULTS: There are 26 currently running RCTs in CSDH, with the most common topics covering application of steroids (7), surgical techniques (5) and tranexamic acid (5). Further to this, there are trials running on other pharmacological agents (4), middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolisation (2) and peri-operative management (3). CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacological agents are a particular focus of CSDH management currently, and a wealth of studies on steroids will hopefully lead to more harmonised, evidence-based practice regarding this in the near future. Surgical techniques and new procedures such as MMA embolisation are also important focuses for improving patient outcomes. There is an on-going need for future RCTs and evidence-based guidelines in CSDH, particularly including low- and middle-income countries, and it is hoped that the establishment of the iCORIC (International COllaborative Research Initiative on Chronic Subdural Haematoma) will help address this.
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Hematoma Subdural Crônico/cirurgia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos , Humanos , Cooperação Internacional , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Public engagement has become one of the most effective tools in gaining feedback and perspectives from members of the public, involving patients with decisions, and inspiring young people to carry the medical profession forwards. Brainbook is a multi-platform, social media-based resource that was created specifically to enhance public engagement in neurosurgery and results from one of its case discussions will be reported in this paper. METHODS: A Brainbook case was created in collaboration with the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma and presented over 3 days (23-25 February 2018). YouTube videos were created depicting the management of an acute subdural haematoma using patient interviews, medical illustration, consultant-led discussion and operative footage. Content was shared across all Brainbook social media platforms and analytics were gathered through social media applications. RESULTS: Over a 72-hour time period, and across multiple social media accounts, 101,418 impressions were achieved (defined as penetrance onto individual media feeds and total views of the content), with active discussion on social media. CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgical content published across multiple social media outlets represents an encouraging and exciting potential for global engagement across multiple audiences. Social media can be an effective method of not only disseminating neurosurgical knowledge, but activating and engaging the public, allied healthcare professionals, medical students and neurosurgeons.
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Participação da Comunidade/métodos , Neurocirurgia , Mídias Sociais , Tomada de Decisões , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Surgical trainees are expected to demonstrate academic achievement in order to obtain their certificate of completion of training (CCT). These standards are set by the Joint Committee on Surgical Training (JCST) and specialty advisory committees (SAC). The standards are not equivalent across all surgical specialties and recognise different achievements as evidence. They do not recognise changes in models of research and focus on outcomes rather than process. The Association of Surgeons in Training (ASiT) and National Research Collaborative (NRC) set out to develop progressive, consistent and flexible evidence set for academic requirements at CCT. METHODS: A modified-Delphi approach was used. An expert group consisting of representatives from the ASiT and the NRC undertook iterative review of a document proposing changes to requirements. This was circulated amongst wider stakeholders. After ten iterations, an open meeting was held to discuss these proposals. Voting on statements was performed using a 5-point Likert Scale. Each statement was voted on twice, with ≥80% of votes in agreement meaning the statement was approved. The results of this vote were used to propose core and optional academic requirements for CCT. RESULTS: Online discussion concluded after ten rounds. At the consensus meeting, statements were voted on by 25 delegates from across surgical specialties and training-grades. The group strongly favoured acquisition of 'Good Clinical Practice' training and research methodology training as CCT requirements. The group agreed that higher degrees, publications in any author position (including collaborative authorship), recruiting patients to a study or multicentre audit and presentation at a national or international meeting could be used as evidence for the purpose of CCT. The group agreed on two essential 'core' requirements (GCP and methodology training) and two of a menu of four 'additional' requirements (publication with any authorship position, presentation, recruitment of patients to a multicentre study and completion of a higher degree), which should be completed in order to attain CCT. CONCLUSION: This approach has engaged stakeholders to produce a progressive set of academic requirements for CCT, which are applicable across surgical specialties. Flexibility in requirements whilst retaining a high standard of evidence is desirable.
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Certificação/normas , Educação de Pós-Graduação em Medicina/normas , Especialidades Cirúrgicas/educação , Instituições de Caridade , Técnica Delphi , Humanos , Irlanda , Sociedades Médicas , Reino UnidoRESUMO
Traumatic brain injury is one of the most important diseases of our time, both in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic loss. Public health policy is key to reducing its incidence. Integrated multidisciplinary clinical care is vital to minimise its morbidity and mortality.
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Lesões Encefálicas/terapia , Lesões Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Lesões Encefálicas/reabilitação , Cuidados Críticos/métodos , Serviços Médicos de Emergência/métodos , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Tratamento de Emergência/métodos , Previsões , Humanos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/reabilitação , Equipe de Assistência ao Paciente , RadiografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Uncertainty remains as to the role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) for primary evacuation of an acute subdural haematoma (ASDH). In 2011, a collaborative group of neurosurgeons, neuro-intensive care physicians and trial methodologists was formed in the UK with the aim of answering the following question: "What is the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of DC, in comparison to simple craniotomy for adult patients undergoing primary evacuation of an ASDH?" The proposed RESCUE-ASDH trial (Randomised Evaluation of Surgery with Craniectomy for patients Undergoing Evacuation of Acute Subdural Haematoma) is a multi-centre, pragmatic, parallel group randomised trial of DC versus simple craniotomy for adult head-injured patients with an ASDH. Clinical trials in the emergency setting face the problem that potential participants may be incapacitated and their next of kin initially unavailable. As a result, consent and enrolment of participants can often be difficult. METHOD: In the current study, we aimed to assess public opinion regarding participation in the RESCUE-ASDH trial and acceptability of surrogate consent by conducting a pre-protocol community consultation survey. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one subjects completed the survey. Eighty-four percent of participants responded positively when asked if they would participate in the proposed trial. Ninety-six percent and 91 % answered positively when asked if they found surrogate consent by their next of kin and an independent doctor acceptable, respectively. None of the characteristics of the study population were found to affect the decision to participate or the acceptability of surrogate consent by the next of kin. Being religious showed a trend towards higher acceptability of surrogate consent by a doctor. Conversely, an education to degree level and above showed a trend towards reduced acceptability of surrogate consent by a doctor. CONCLUSIONS: Our community consultation survey shows that the proposed trial is acceptable to the public. In addition, the results suggest high levels of acceptability of surrogate consent by next of kin or independent doctor amongst our community.
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Lesões Encefálicas/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Craniectomia Descompressiva/métodos , Emergências , Feminino , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Inquéritos e Questionários , Resultado do Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Uncertainty remains as to the role of decompressive craniectomy (DC) for primary evacuation of acute subdural haematomas (ASDH). In 2011, a collaborative group was formed in the UK with the aim of answering the following question: "What is the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy, in comparison with craniotomy for adult patients undergoing primary evacuation of an ASDH?" The proposed RESCUE-ASDH trial (Randomised Evaluation of Surgery with Craniectomy for patients Undergoing Evacuation of Acute Subdural Haematoma) is a multicentre, pragmatic, parallel group randomised trial of DC versus craniotomy for adult head-injured patients with an ASDH. In this study, we used an online questionnaire to assess the current practice patterns in the management of ASDH in the UK and the Republic of Ireland, and to gauge neurosurgical opinion regarding the proposed RESCUE-ASDH trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire survey of full members of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons and members of the British Neurosurgical Trainees Association was undertaken between the beginning of May and the end of July 2012. RESULTS: The online questionnaire was answered by 95 neurosurgeons representing 31 of the 32 neurosurgical units managing adult head-injured patients in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Forty-five percent of the respondents use primary DC in at least 25% of patients with ASDH. In addition, of the 22 neurosurgical units with at least two Consultant respondents, only three units (14%) showed intradepartmental agreement regarding the proportion of their patients receiving a primary DC for ASDH. CONCLUSION: The survey results demonstrate that there is significant uncertainty as to the optimal surgical technique for primary evacuation of ASDH. The fact that the majority of the respondents are willing to become collaborators in the planned RESCUE-ASDH trial highlights the relevance of this important subject to the neurosurgical community in the UK and Ireland.
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Craniectomia Descompressiva/métodos , Hematoma Subdural Agudo/cirurgia , Neurocirurgia , Padrões de Prática Médica , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Comportamento Cooperativo , Craniotomia/métodos , Humanos , Relações Interprofissionais , Pressão Intracraniana , Irlanda , Monitorização Fisiológica , Retalhos Cirúrgicos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Reino UnidoRESUMO
With improvements in neurocritical care advanced measures of treating raised intracranial pressure (ICP) are more frequently utilised. Decompressive craniectomy is an effective ICP-lowering procedure; however its benefits are maximised with optimal surgical technique and perioperative care, as well as by paying attention to possible complications. This article focuses on the current indications and rationale for decompressive craniectomy, and the surgical technique of bifrontal and unilateral decompression. The key surgical points include a large craniectomy window and opening of the dura, leaving it unsutured or performing a wide non-constricting duroplasty. Perioperative care and possible complications are also discussed.