Team Functioning and Performance in Child Advocacy Center Multidisciplinary Teams.

The quality of teamwork in Child Advocacy Center (CAC) multidisciplinary teams is likely to affect the extent to which the CAC model improves outcomes for children and families. This study examines associations between team functioning and performance in a statewide sample of CAC teams. Multidisciplinary team members (N = 433) from 21 CACs completed measures of affective, behavioral, and cognitive team functioning. Team performance was assessed with three measures: team member ratings of overall performance, ratings of mental health screening/referral frequency, and caregiver satisfaction surveys. Linear mixed models and regression analyses tested associations between team functioning and performance. Affective team functioning (i.e., liking, trust, and respect; psychological safety) and cognitive team functioning (i.e., clear direction) were significantly associated with team members' ratings of overall performance. Behavioral team functioning (i.e., coordination) and cognitive team functioning were significantly associated with mental health screening/referral frequency. Team functioning was not associated with caregiver satisfaction with CAC services. Aspects of team functioning were associated with team members' perceptions of overall performance and mental health screening/referral frequency, but not caregiver satisfaction. Understanding associations between team functioning and performance in multidisciplinary teams can inform efforts to improve service quality in CACs and other team-based service settings.

Advancing research on teams and team effectiveness in implementation science: An application of the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework.

Background: Effective teams are essential to high-quality healthcare. However, teams, team-level constructs, and team effectiveness strategies are poorly delineated in implementation science theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs), hindering our understanding of how teams may influence implementation. The Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework is a flexible and accommodating framework that can facilitate the application of team effectiveness approaches in implementation science. Main Text: We define teams and provide an overview of key constructs in team effectiveness research. We describe ways to conceptualize different types of teams and team constructs relevant to implementation within the EPIS framework. Three case examples illustrate the application of EPIS to implementation studies involving teams. Within each study, we describe the structure of the team and how team constructs influenced implementation processes and outcomes. Conclusions: Integrating teams and team constructs into the EPIS framework demonstrates how TMFs can be applied to advance our understanding of teams and implementation. Implementation strategies that target team effectiveness may improve implementation outcomes in team-based settings. Incorporation of teams into implementation TMFs is necessary to facilitate application of team effectiveness research in implementation science.

Teams and team-level constructs are neglected in implementation theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs). This paper calls attention to the importance of teams in implementation research and practice and provides an overview of team effectiveness research for implementation science. We illustrate how the EPIS framework can be applied to advance our understanding of how teams influence implementation processes and outcomes. We identify future directions for research on teams and implementation, including developing and testing implementation strategies that focus on team effectiveness.

National Norms and Percentiles for the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale.

We estimated norms and percentiles for the Pediatric Emotional Distress Scale (PEDS) in order to enhance its utility as a screening tool for emotional and behavioral distress following a major. The PEDS was administered to a nationally representative sample of parents of children ages 5-12 from all 50 states (N = 1,570). Approximately 15% of the parents reported a trauma/stress in the past 12 months. Results showed good internal consistency (α = .92) and concurrent validity, with significantly higher scores for the trauma/stress subsample compared to the no trauma/stress subsample. PEDS scores were also significantly higher in younger children (age 5-6) compared to older children (7-12), pointing to the need for separate clinical cut-off scores for younger versus older children. Finally, we examined the factor structure of the PEDS with results supporting a four factor solution in the trauma/stress subsample. For screening purposes, we recommend cut-off scores of 39 (ages 5-6) and 35 (ages 7-12) which correspond to the 90th percentile.

Improving teamwork in multidisciplinary cross-sector teams: Adaption and pilot testing of a team training for Child Advocacy Center teams.

Background: Effective teamwork is critical to the mission of Child Advocacy Center (CAC) multidisciplinary teams. Team interventions designed to fit the unique cross-organizational context of CAC teams may improve teamwork in CACs. Methods: A collaborative, community-engaged approach was used to adapt TeamSTEPPS, an evidence-based team training for healthcare, for CAC multidisciplinary teams. The adapted training was piloted with one team and evaluated using mixed methods. Team members completed pre-training (n = 26) and follow-up surveys (n = 22) and participated in qualitative interviews (n = 9). Results: The adaptation process resulted in the creation of TeamTRACS (Team Training in Roles, Awareness, Communication, and Support). Participants rated TeamTRACS as highly acceptable, appropriate, feasible, relevant, and useful for CAC teams. They identified positive and negative aspects of the training, ideas for improvement, and future uses for TeamTRACS. Conclusions: TeamTRACS is a feasible approach to team training in CACs, and team members find the content and skills relevant and useful. Additional research is needed to test the effectiveness of TeamTRACS and identify appropriate implementation strategies to support its use.

Comparing In-Person and Synchronous Online Training for an Evidence-Based Treatment.

Online trainings in evidence-based treatments (EBT) can be effective platforms and may provide better access to community providers as compared with traditional in-person trainings. However, questions remain as to whether online trainings can achieve similar rates of training engagement and model application to traditional in-person trainings. We compared training engagement and model application (e.g., extent of use, fidelity) between participants attending in-person (n = 127) and synchronous online (n = 277) trainings for an EBT (Alternatives for Families: a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; AF-CBT). Data were collected through pre- and post-training questionnaires and trainers' records. Chi-square analyses and t-tests were used to test for differences between groups. Engagement regarding attendance at workshops and consultation calls was high for both groups, with no significant differences. A total of 81% and 76% presented at least one case and submitted at least one audio recording of an actual AF-CBT session, respectively. Participants rated the training workshop as high quality (M > 4.5/5), and the consultation calls as medium-to-high quality (M > 4/5) across both modalities, indicating good training engagement. In-person training participants were significantly more likely to submit two or more audio recorded sessions than online training participants. This was the only training requirement outcome that differed between the two groups. In examining model application, there were no significant differences between in-person and online training participants in self-reported delivery of AF-CBT, the number of clients with whom it was implemented, the extent they used the model, or the fidelity with which they delivered it. Both groups reported similar improvements in comfort when working with aggressive families, being directive, and using learning techniques like role plays. Online evidence-based treatment skills training appears to be feasible, efficient, and beneficial, with engagement and performance comparable to in-person training. We discuss potential advantages of online training (e.g., fewer costs, greater flexibility for staff from independent practices) and disadvantages (e.g., less satisfaction).

Quantifying Potential Bias Resulting From Child Age on Screening for Hyperactive/Impulsive Presentations of ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to quantify the potential age bias in screening of hyperactive/impulsive presentations of ADHD in children ages 5 to 12 through comparison of age-based and overall percentiles in screening. METHOD: A referred clinical sample of 307 children ages 5 to 12 with behavioral concerns completed the Vanderbilt Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) and were formally evaluated for ADHD with a diagnostic interview. Analysis utilizing logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves was performed to compare the screening performance of agebased and overall percentiles. RESULTS: The age-based percentiles demonstrated no improvement in the analyzed models compared to overall percentiles in hyperactive presentation ADHD screening. This finding was present in the overall sample and in the sub analysis of the 5 to 6 year old children. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies no improvement in modeling of hyperactive/impulsive ADHD screening when considering a child's age using age-based percentiles.

Team-focused implementation strategies to improve implementation of mental health screening and referral in rural Children's Advocacy Centers: study protocol for a pilot cluster randomized hybrid type 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Children's Advocacy Centers (CACs) use multidisciplinary teams to investigate and respond to maltreatment allegations. CACs play a critical role in connecting children with mental health needs to evidence-based mental health treatment, especially in low-resourced rural areas. Standardized mental health screening and referral protocols can improve CACs' capacity to identify children with mental health needs and encourage treatment engagement. In the team-based context of CACs, teamwork quality is likely to influence implementation processes and outcomes. Implementation strategies that target teams and apply the science of team effectiveness may enhance implementation outcomes in team-based settings. METHODS: We will use Implementation Mapping to develop team-focused implementation strategies to support the implementation of the Care Process Model for Pediatric Traumatic Stress (CPM-PTS), a standardized screening and referral protocol. Team-focused strategies will integrate activities from effective team development interventions. We will pilot team-focused implementation in a cluster-randomized hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial. Four rural CACs will implement the CPM-PTS after being randomized to either team-focused implementation (n = 2 CACs) or standard implementation (n = 2 CACs). We will assess the feasibility of team-focused implementation and explore between-group differences in hypothesized team-level mechanisms of change and implementation outcomes (implementation aim). We will use a within-group pre-post design to test the effectiveness of the CPM-PTS in increasing caregivers' understanding of their child's mental health needs and caregivers' intentions to initiate mental health services (effectiveness aim). CONCLUSIONS: Targeting multidisciplinary teams is an innovative approach to improving implementation outcomes. This study will be one of the first to test team-focused implementation strategies that integrate effective team development interventions. Results will inform efforts to implement evidence-based practices in team-based service settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05679154 . Registered on January 10, 2023.

Deficits in Parent Knowledge of Behavior Management Skills is Strongly Associated with CD Symptoms but Not ODD Symptoms.

We conducted secondary analyses of existing data to examine the association between parent scores on the Knowledge of Effective Parenting Test (KEPT) and child symptoms of Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Parent knowledge of behavior management skills and child behavior symptoms were assessed in a nationally representative sample of parents/guardians (N = 1,570) of children aged 5-12 from all 50 states. Results showed consistent and robust correlations between parent knowledge of behavior management skills and CD symptoms but not ODD symptoms. These findings suggest that parent knowledge of behavior management may be a greater risk factor for CD than ODD, with implications for taxonomy and understanding the etiology of these two disorders. We also discuss the implications of these findings for the prevention and treatment of these two disorders which are often grouped together in treatment trials.

Associations between teamwork and implementation outcomes in multidisciplinary cross-sector teams implementing a mental health screening and referral protocol.

PURPOSE: Teams play a central role in the implementation of new practices in settings providing team-based care. However, the implementation science literature has paid little attention to potentially important team-level constructs. Aspects of teamwork, including team interdependence, team functioning, and team performance, may affect implementation processes and outcomes. This cross-sectional study tests associations between teamwork and implementation antecedents and outcomes in a statewide initiative to implement a standardized mental health screening/referral protocol in Child Advocacy Centers (CACs). METHODS: Multidisciplinary team members (N = 433) from 21 CACs completed measures of team interdependence; affective, behavioral, and cognitive team functioning; and team performance. Team members also rated the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of the screening/referral protocol and implementation climate. The implementation outcomes of days to adoption and reach were independently assessed with administrative data. Associations between team constructs and implementation antecedents and outcomes were tested with linear mixed models and regression analyses. RESULTS: Team task interdependence was positively associated with implementation climate and reach, and outcome interdependence was negatively correlated with days to adoption. Task and outcome interdependence were not associated with acceptability, appropriateness, or feasibility of the screening/referral protocol. Affective team functioning (i.e., greater liking, trust, and respect) was associated with greater acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility. Behavioral and cognitive team functioning were not associated with any implementation outcomes in multivariable models. Team performance was positively associated with acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and implementation climate; performance was not associated with days to adoption or reach. CONCLUSIONS: We found associations of team interdependence, functioning, and performance with both individual- and center-level implementation outcomes. Implementation strategies targeting teamwork, especially task interdependence, affective functioning, and performance, may contribute to improving implementation outcomes in team-based service settings.

Sexual Offense Disclosure Assessment in Youth Referred to Community Treatment: A Latent Class Analysis.

This study seeks to extend research evaluating tools to assess the disclosure of sexually abusive behavior. The subjects were 239 male youth (ages 10-20 years) who were court-ordered to participate in a community-based collaborative intervention for sexual offending that includes outpatient and probationary services. All youth participated in an interview to capture referral incident details about admission, responsibility, empathy, and remorse at intake, during intervention, and at discharge. Intake, treatment, discharge, and recidivism measures were also collected from multiple sources. Latent class analysis identified three classes based on the intake interview: Empathetic Admitters (22%), Unempathetic Admitters (38%), and Unempathetic Deniers (40%). Significant class differences were found on intake (e.g., use of physical force, caregiver denial of youth responsibility), treatment (e.g., any sanctions/violations), and discharge measures (e.g., successful treatment, probation officer ratings), but not in recidivism rates. The findings extend efforts to identify and target different disclosure patterns whose clinical monitoring may support a comprehensive intervention.

A Statewide Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Three Models for Implementing Parent Child Interaction Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study (NIMH RO1 MH095750; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02543359) evaluated the effectiveness of three training models to implement a well-established evidence-based treatment, Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). METHOD: Fifty licensed outpatient clinics, including 100 clinicians, 50 supervisors, and 50 administrators were randomized to one of three training conditions: 1) Learning Collaborative (LC), 2) Cascading Model (CM) or 3) Distance Education (DE). Data to assess training and implementation outcomes were collected at 4 time points coinciding with the training period: baseline, 6- (mid), 12- (post), and 24-months (1-year follow-up). RESULTS: Multi-level hierarchical linear growth modeling was used to examine changes over time in training outcomes. Results indicate that clinicians in CM were more likely to complete training, reported high levels of training satisfaction and better learning experiences compared to the other training conditions. However, supervisors in the LC condition reported greater learning experiences, higher levels of knowledge, understanding of treatment, and satisfaction compared to supervisors in other conditions. Although clinicians and supervisors in the DE condition did not outperform their counterparts on any outcomes, their performance was comparable to both LC and CM in terms of PCIT use, supervisor perceived acceptability, feasibility, system support, and clinician satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Through the use of a randomized controlled design and community implementation, this study contributes to the current understanding of the impact of training design on implementation of PCIT. Results also indicate that although in-person training methods may produce more positive clinician and supervisor outcomes, training is not a one-size-fits-all model, with DE producing comparable results on some variables.

Implementation of A Care Process Model for Pediatric Traumatic Stress in Child Advocacy Centers: A Mixed Methods Study.

Child Advocacy Centers (CACs) are well-positioned to identify children with mental health needs and facilitate access to evidence-based treatment. However, use of evidence-based screening tools and referral protocols varies across CACs. Understanding barriers and facilitators can inform efforts to implement mental health screening and referral protocols in CACs. We describe statewide efforts implementing a standardized screening and referral protocol, the Care Process Model for Pediatric Traumatic Stress (CPM-PTS), in CACs. Twenty-three CACs were invited to implement the CPM-PTS. We used mixed methods to evaluate the first two years of implementation. We quantitatively assessed adoption, reach, and acceptability; qualitatively assessed facilitators and barriers; and integrated quantitative and qualitative data to understand implementation of mental health screening in CACs. Eighteen CACs adopted the CPM-PTS. Across CACs, screening rates ranged from 10% to 100%. Caregiver ratings indicated high acceptability. Facilitators and barriers were identified within domains of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Qualitative findings provided insight into adoption, reach, and caregivers' responses. Our findings suggest screening for traumatic stress and suicidality in CACs is valued, acceptable, and feasible. Implementation of mental health screening and referral protocols in CACs may improve identification of children with mental health needs and support treatment engagement.

Effects of Training on Use of Stimulant Diversion Prevention Strategies by Pediatric Primary Care Providers: Results from a Cluster-Randomized Trial.

Pediatric primary care is a promising setting for reducing diversion of stimulant medications for ADHD. We tested if training pediatric primary care providers (PCPs) increased use of diversion prevention strategies with adolescents with ADHD. The study was a cluster-randomized trial in 7 pediatric primary care practices. Participants were pediatric PCPs (N = 76) at participating practices. Practices were randomized to a 1-h training in stimulant diversion prevention or treatment-as-usual. At baseline, 6 months, 12 months, and 18 months, PCPs rated how often they used four categories of strategies: patient/family education, medication management/monitoring, assessment of mental health symptoms/functioning, and assessment of risky behaviors. They completed measures of attitudes, implementation climate, knowledge/skill, and resource constraints. Generalized Estimating Equations estimated differences in outcomes by condition. Mediation analyses tested if changes in knowledge/skill mediated training effects on strategy use. PCPs in the intervention condition reported significantly greater use of patient/family education strategies at all follow-up time points. There were no differences between conditions in medication management, assessment of mental health symptoms/functioning, or assessment of risky behaviors. At 6 months, PCPs in the intervention condition reported more positive attitudes toward diversion prevention, stronger implementation climate, greater knowledge/skill, and less resource constraints. Differences in knowledge/skill persisted at 12 months and 18 months. Brief training in stimulant diversion had substantial and enduring effects on PCPs' self-reported knowledge/skill and use of patient/family education strategies to prevent diversion. Training had modest effects on attitudes, implementation climate, and resource constraints and did not change use of strategies related to medication management and assessment of mental health symptoms/functioning and risky behaviors. Changes in knowledge/skill accounted for 49% of the total effect of training on use of patient/family education strategies. Trial registration This trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03080259). Posted March 15, 2017.

Public policy and parent-child aggression: Considerations for reducing and preventing physical punishment and abuse.

Parent-child physical aggression, including both physical punishment and abuse, remains a prevalent problem in the United States. In this paper, we briefly review the prevalence and harms of parent-child aggression and discuss changes in social norms and policies over the past several decades. Then, we discuss broad social policies influencing risk for parent-child physical aggression, policies relevant to reducing and preventing physical abuse, and policies relevant to reducing and preventing physical punishment. We close by considering future directions to strengthen research and evaluation and accelerate progress toward ending parent-child physical aggression.

Elucidating treatment targets and mediators within a confirmatory efficacy trial: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy vs. light therapy for winter depression.

BACKGROUND: This study is a confirmatory efficacy trial of two treatments for winter seasonal affective disorder (SAD): SAD-tailored group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT-SAD) and light therapy (LT). In our previous efficacy trial, post-treatment outcomes for CBT-SAD and LT were very similar, but CBT-SAD was associated with fewer depression recurrences two winters later than LT (27.3% in CBT-SAD vs. 45.6% in LT). CBT-SAD engaged and altered a specific mechanism of action, seasonal beliefs, which mediated CBT-SAD's acute antidepressant effects and CBT-SAD's enduring benefit over LT. Seasonal beliefs are theoretically distinct from LT's assumed target and mechanism: correction of circadian phase. This study applies the experimental therapeutics approach to determine how each treatment works when it is effective and to identify the best candidates for each. Biomarkers of LT's target and effect include circadian phase angle difference and the post-illumination pupil response. Biomarkers of CBT-SAD's target and effect include decreased pupillary and sustained frontal gamma-band EEG responses to seasonal words, which are hypothesized as biomarkers of seasonal beliefs, reflecting less engagement with seasonal stimuli following CBT-SAD. In addition to determining change mechanisms, this study tests the efficacy of a "switch" decision rule upon recurrence to inform clinical decision-making in practice. METHODS: Adults with SAD (target N = 160) will be randomzied to 6-weeks of CBT-SAD or LT in winter 1; followed in winter 2; and, if a depression recurrence occurs, offered cross-over into the alternate treatment (i.e., switch from LT➔CBT-SAD or CBT-SAD➔LT). All subjects will be followed in winter 3. Biomarker assessments occur at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment in winter 1, at winter 2 follow-up (and again at mid-/post-treatment for those crossed-over), and at winter 3 follow-up. Primary efficacy analyses will test superiority of CBT-SAD over LT on depression recurrence status (the primary outcome). Mediation analyses will use parallel process latent growth curve modeling. DISCUSSION: Consistent with the National Institute of Mental Health's priorities for demonstrating target engagement at the level of Research Domain Criteria-relevant biomarkers, this work aims to confirm the targets and mechanisms of LT and CBT-SAD to maximize the impact of future dissemination efforts. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03691792 . Registered on October 2, 2018.

Care team and practice-level implementation strategies to optimize pediatric collaborative care: study protocol for a cluster-randomized hybrid type III trial.

BACKGROUND: Implementation facilitation is an effective strategy to support the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs), but our understanding of multilevel strategies and the mechanisms of change within the "black box" of implementation facilitation is limited. This implementation trial seeks to disentangle and evaluate the effects of facilitation strategies that separately target the care team and leadership levels on implementation of a collaborative care model in pediatric primary care. Strategies targeting the provider care team (TEAM) should engage team-level mechanisms, and strategies targeting leaders (LEAD) should engage organizational mechanisms. METHODS: We will conduct a hybrid type 3 effectiveness-implementation trial in a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the main and interactive effects of TEAM and LEAD and test for mediation and moderation of effects. Twenty-four pediatric primary care practices will receive standard REP training to implement Doctor-Office Collaborative Care (DOCC) and then be randomized to (1) Standard REP only, (2) TEAM, (3) LEAD, or (4) TEAM + LEAD. Implementation outcomes are DOCC service delivery and change in practice-level care management competencies. Clinical outcomes are child symptom severity and quality of life. DISCUSSION: This statewide trial is one of the first to test the unique and synergistic effects of implementation strategies targeting care teams and practice leadership. It will advance our knowledge of effective care team and practice-level implementation strategies and mechanisms of change. Findings will support efforts to improve common child behavioral health conditions by optimizing scale-up and sustainment of CCMs in a pediatric patient-centered medical home. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04946253 . Registered June 30, 2021.

National Norms for the Vanderbilt ADHD Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale in Children.

OBJECTIVE: To provide national norms and percentiles for both research and clinical scoring modalities of the Vanderbilt Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Diagnostic Parent Rating Scale (VADPRS) for a representative sample of children ages 5-12 in the United States. METHOD: The five clinical subscales of the VADPRS were completed by 1,570 caregivers of children ages 5-12 in the United States, with children representative of the national population on key demographic variables including race, sex, ethnicity, family income, and family educational level. Descriptive statistics and measures of internal consistency of both dimensional and symptom count scoring were provided for each of the five clinical subscales of the inventory, as well as percentiles and group comparisons for select dimensional scoring subscales based on age and child sex. RESULTS: Measures of internal consistency for each subscale using both scoring modalities of the VADPRS ranged from high to acceptable. There were statistically significant differences among the different subscales for both age (ADHD hyperactivity, anxiety/depression) and sex [both presentations of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)] for the total sample. These differences, however, were modest in magnitude and unlikely to be clinically meaningful. CONCLUSIONS: This study enhances the research and clinical utility of the VADPRS by providing national norms and percentiles for each of its subscales. Differences between age and sex across the sample were statistically significant for two of the subscales (Hyperactivity and Anxiety/Depression) with additional subscales significant for sex alone (Inattentive and ODD), but these differences were not substantial enough to indicate a need for separate cut-offs for screening purposes.

National Norms and Correlates of the PHQ-8 and GAD-7 in Parents of School-age Children.

Anxiety and depressive disorders are global public health concerns, and research suggests that these disorders are common in parents and can adversely influence family functioning. However, little is known about normative levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms in parents of school-age children. The present study reports on generalized anxiety and depressive symptoms in 1570 parents and guardians of a nationally representative sample of children ages five to twelve years using two widely used and validated questionnaires: the eight-item variant of the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8) and the seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7). Moderate to severe levels of generalized anxiety symptoms were reported in 12.7% of the total sample and moderate to severe levels of depressive symptoms were reported in 14.1% of the sample; 17.7% of the sample reported moderate to severe levels of either generalized anxiety or depressive symptoms. This percentage was higher for females, younger parents and guardians, and parents and guardians reporting lower household incomes. These data, collected online in early 2018, may be useful for researchers and clinicians studying and treating anxiety and depression in parents. Further, these data provide a baseline for researchers currently studying the impact of changes related to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic (e.g., school closures) on the mental health of parents of school-age children.

Team functioning and implementation of innovations in healthcare and human service settings: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Healthcare and human services increasingly rely on teams of individuals to deliver services. Implementation of evidence-based practices and other innovations in these settings requires teams to work together to change processes and behaviors. Accordingly, team functioning may be a key determinant of implementation outcomes. This systematic review will identify and summarize empirical research examining associations between team functioning and implementation outcomes in healthcare and human service settings. METHODS: We will conduct a comprehensive search of bibliographic databases (e.g., MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, ERIC) for articles published from January 2000 or later. We will include peer-reviewed empirical articles and conference abstracts using quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. We will include experimental or observational studies that report on the implementation of an innovation in a healthcare or human service setting and examine associations between team functioning and implementation outcomes. Implementation outcomes of interest are acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, cost, feasibility, fidelity, penetration, and sustainability. Two reviewers will independently screen all titles/abstracts, review full-text articles, and extract data from included articles. We will use the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool to assess methodological quality/bias and conduct a narrative synthesis without meta-analysis. DISCUSSION: Understanding how team functioning influences implementation outcomes will contribute to our understanding of team-level barriers and facilitators of change. The results of this systematic review will inform efforts to implement evidence-based practices in team-based service settings. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020220168.

Adolescents Treated for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Pediatric Primary Care: Characterizing Risk for Stimulant Diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical and psychosocial characteristics, and their hypothesized interrelations, as it pertains to risk for stimulant diversion (sharing, selling, or trading) for adolescents in pediatric primary care treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. METHODS: Baseline data for 341 adolescents in a cluster-randomized controlled trial of stimulant diversion prevention in pediatric primary care (NCT_03080259) were used to (1) characterize diversion and newly measured risk factors, (2) examine their associations with age and sex, and (3) test whether associations among risk factors were consistent with model-implied predictions. Data were collected through multi-informant electronic surveys from adolescents and parents. RESULTS: Diversion was rare (1%) in this sample (Mage = 15, SD = 1.5, 74% male participants). Older age was associated with being approached to divert (r = 0.25, p < 0.001) and higher risk on variables pertinent to stimulant treatment, such as treatment disclosure (r = 0.12, p < 0.05), tolerance for stimulant misuse and diversion (r = 0.17, p < 0.05), and peer norms favorable to stimulant misuse and diversion (r values = 0.15-0.34, p < 0.001). Sex differences were minimal. Variables from our conceptual model and specific to stimulants (e.g., perceived likelihood of negative consequences from diversion and schoolmate stimulant misuse/diversion) were related in multivariable regressions to hypothesized immediate precursors of diversion (e.g., diversion intentions). CONCLUSION: Although diversion was rare for these primary care-treated adolescents, risk levels appear to be higher for older adolescents. Prevention may be most effective by capitalizing on current psychosocial strengths and discussing stimulant-specific attitudes, behaviors, and social norms before vulnerability to diversion increases in the final years of high school and into college.