Is impulsivity related to attentional bias in cigarette smokers? An exploration across levels of nicotine dependency and deprivation.

Research has largely focused on how attentional bias to smoking-related cues and impulsivity independently influence the development and maintenance of cigarette smoking, with limited exploration of the relationship between these mechanisms. The current experiments systematically assessed relationships between multiple dimensions of impulsivity and attentional bias, at different stages of attention, in smokers varying in nicotine dependency and deprivation. Nonsmokers (NS; n  = 26), light-satiated smokers (LS; n  = 25), heavy-satiated smokers (HS; n  = 23) and heavy 12-hour nicotine-deprived smokers (HD; n  = 30) completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, delayed discounting task, stop-signal task, information sampling task and a visual dot-probe assessing initial orientation (200 ms) and sustained attention (2000 ms) toward smoking-related cues. Sustained attention to smoking-related cues was present in both HS and LS, while initial orientation bias was only evident in HS. HS and LS also had greater levels of trait motor and nonplanning impulsivity and heightened impulsive choice on the delay discounting task compared with NS, while heightened trait attentional impulsivity was only found in HS. In contrast, in HD, nicotine withdrawal was associated with no attentional bias but heightened reflection impulsivity, poorer inhibitory control and significantly lower levels of impulsive choice relative to satiated smokers. Trait and behavioral impulsivity were not related to the extent of attentional bias to smoking-related cues at any stage of attention, level of nicotine dependency or state of deprivation. Findings have both clinical and theoretical implications, highlighting the unique and independent roles impulsivity and attentional bias may play at different stages of the nicotine addiction cycle.

Adults' Understandings and Experiences of the Capacity to Consent to Substance-Involved Sexual Activity.

Most research on capacity to consent to substance-involved sex has focused exclusively on the implications of alcohol with little attention given to other or additional psychoactive drugs. This study aimed to explore people's understanding and experiences of the capacity to consent to alcohol- and/or drug-involved sexual activity. UK adults (N = 354) completed an online mixed-methods survey on sexual consent during sober, alcohol- and/or drug-involved sex. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Themes for capacity to consent were: (1) "There is no normative understanding of substance-involved sexual consent," (2) "Moving beyond the binary of consciousness versus incapacitation" and (3) "Substance-involved sexual decisions are viewed as irresponsible." The findings illustrated that capacity to consent is nuanced and multidimensional, and that people's understandings and experiences of capacity to consent to substance-involved sex are not solely individual, but rather, they are also shaped by their environment. We call for a multidimensional view of capacity to consent, where a standard of "unimpaired," rather than sober, is used and modeled by academics, legislators, and educators.

How is online self-reported weight compared with image-captured weight? A comparative study using data from an online longitudinal study of young adults.

BACKGROUND: Accurate anthropometric measurement is important within epidemiological studies and clinical practice. Traditionally, self-reported weight is validated against in-person weight measurement. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to 1) determine the comparison of online self-reported weight against images of weight captured on scales in a young adult sample, 2) compare this across body mass index (BMI), gender, country, and age groups, and 3) explore demographics of those who did/did not provide a weight image. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a 12-mo longitudinal study of young adults in Australia and the UK was conducted. Data were collected by online survey via Prolific research recruitment platform. Self-reported weight and sociodemographics (for example, age, gender) were collected for the whole sample (n = 512), and images of weight for a subset (n = 311). Tests included Wilcoxon signed-rank test to evaluate differences between measures, Pearson correlation to explore the strength of the linear relationship, and Bland-Altman plots to evaluate agreement. RESULTS: Self-reported weight [median (interquartile range), 92.5 kg (76.7-112.0)] and image-captured weight [93.8 kg (78.8-112.8)] were significantly different (z = -6.76, P < 0.001), but strongly correlated (r = 0.983, P < 0.001). In the Bland-Altman plot [mean difference -0.99 kg (-10.83, 8.84)], most values were within limits of agreement (2 standard deviation). Correlations remained high across BMI, gender, country, and age groups (r > 0.870, P < 0.002). Participants with BMI in ranges 30-34.9 and 35-39.9 kg/m2 were less likely to provide an image. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the method concordance of image-based collection methods with self-reported weight in online research.

Understanding eating behaviours, mental health and weight change in young adults: protocol paper for an international longitudinal study.

INTRODUCTION: Understanding the complexities of change in eating behaviours, mental health, well-being and weight is crucial to inform healthcare and service provision, particularly in light of the exacerbating effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to address the need for more comprehensive cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence, by tracking eating behaviours, mental health, health related behaviours and weight over a 12-month period, in a sample of young adults (18-35 years) in the UK and Australia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Online surveys administered via the Prolific online research platform will be used for data collection at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. The survey (approximately 45 min) measures demographics, the impact of COVID-19, body mass index (BMI), weight management and health service usage, eating behaviours, personality, mental health, and health-related behaviours. An optional substudy component at each time point aims to validate self-reported weight in the main survey through images. Study inclusion criteria are; aged 18-34 years at baseline, BMI ≥20 kg/m2, and residing in the UK or Australia. A target of 500 participants at baseline was set, recruited through Prolific, and with recruitment stratified by BMI, sex and country. The proposed analyses include creating static predictive models using baseline data (eg, using latent class analysis, factor analysis or similar), and mapping changes longitudinally (eg, using multivariate regressions). These analyses will enable changes in the study measures to be identified, as well as predictors and outcomes of change. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was granted by Leeds Beckett University, UK (reference number 86004) and the University of Newcastle, Australia (reference number H-2022-0110). Study findings will be disseminated through scientific journals, conferences, institute websites and social media, and briefings tailored to policy, practice and the public, with the intention to help inform the future development of health and well-being care and support for young adults across Australia and the UK.

Making and Communicating Decisions About Sexual Consent During Drug-Involved Sex: A Thematic Synthesis.

Sexual consent is a central component in the primary prevention of sexual violence. There is growing evidence of the impact that alcohol consumption has on sexual consent. However, there has been no review examining sexual consent in the context of other drug-taking. Published literature was sought using searches of: PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE and Open Dissertations. Unpublished literature, such as unpublished government or charity reports, were identified through Google search engine. All 21 eligible studies employed qualitative or mixed methods; therefore, a thematic synthesis was deemed an appropriate method of analysis. Three themes were constructed: "Drug-taking changes sexual norms", "Drug-taking diminishes the capacity to make sexual decisions" and "Drug-taking reduces verbal and non-verbal ability to communicate consent". The findings demonstrated that prevailing models of sexual consent may not account for circumstances relevant to drug-involved sex, such as how drug-taking impacts freedom and capacity to consent to sex. We propose the use of the medical model of capacity to consent as a broader framework through which capacity to consent to sex in drug-taking contexts can be assessed. The importance of both the social and situational context for sexual decision-making following drug-taking is discussed.

Disentangling the effects of cannabis and cigarette smoking on impulsivity.

BACKGROUND: Cannabis smoking and cigarette smoking often co-occur, yet limited research has investigated the potentially different role impulsivity may play when these behaviours occur in isolation, compared with in combination. AIMS: This study examined trait and behavioural impulsivity as a function of both cigarette and cannabis smoking. METHODS: Trait impulsivity (BIS-11) was compared between 44 non-smokers, 76 cigarette only, 47 cannabis only and 58 cannabis plus cigarette smokers. The effects of cigarette and cannabis smoking on behavioural impulsivity (stop-signal and information sampling tasks) were then assessed in 87 of these participants during a laboratory session. RESULTS: Trait impulsivity was significantly higher in cigarette smokers than non-smokers, irrespective of cannabis use, except for motor impulsivity, where cigarette smoking was only associated with elevated trait impulsivity in non-smokers of cannabis. Dimensions of trait impulsivity were significantly positively related to cigarette smoking frequency and nicotine dependence, but not to cannabis smoking frequency or dependence. Smoking cigarettes or cannabis was associated with significantly impaired reflection impulsivity relative to not smoking either substance. However, no additional increases in reflection impulsivity were observed in those who smoked both cigarettes and cannabis. No group differences in response inhibition were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Heightened trait impulsivity appears to be uniquely related to cigarette smoking, whilst the smoking of cigarettes or cannabis is associated with impairments in reflection impulsivity. Improved outcomes for treating cannabis dependence may result from encouraging concomitant cigarette smokers to cease using both drugs simultaneously in order to reduce heightened impulsivity and risk of relapse.

Dissociating wanting and anticipated liking from consummatory liking in smokers with different levels of nicotine dependence.

INTRODUCTION: Incentive Sensitisation theory suggests wanting and liking are dissociable concepts, with wanting, but not liking typically increasing with repeated drug use. Wanting is associated with anticipation of reward, whereas liking relates to pleasure derived from consummatory behaviour. However, numerous studies have conceptualised liking as an anticipatory cognition. This study explores whether levels of nicotine dependence differentially effect wanting and liking responses to smoking-related cues, and whether anticipated and consummatory liking are equivalent, and dissociable from wanting. METHOD: Heavy (HS, mean = 16 cigarettes/day) and light non-daily (LS, mean = 2 cigarettes/day) smokers completed wanting and anticipated liking questionnaires pre-, immediately post-exposure to smoking-related and neutral cues and at session-end. Consummatory liking was measured post-session, immediately after smoking. RESULTS: Wanting and anticipated liking responses were comparable. Smoking-related cues increased wanting and anticipated liking compared to neutral cues. This effect was maintained until session-end. No baseline differences were seen between HS and LS on wanting or anticipated liking, however after cue exposure, and at session-end, HS reported greater drug wanting and anticipated liking than LS. Conversely, HS and LS did not differ on consummatory liking. Analyses confirmed the relationship between wanting and anticipated liking was significantly stronger than wanting and consummatory liking or anticipated and consummatory liking. CONCLUSIONS: Wanting and anticipated liking appear to be overlapping constructs assessing expectations of reward, that are dissociable from consummatory liking. Furthermore, heavier smoking increases drug wanting, but not smoking pleasure. Future attempts to dissociate these concepts should ensure liking is measured during/immediately after consumption.