Pharmacokinetics, Biodistribution, and Biosafety of PEGylated Gold Nanoparticles In Vivo.

Despite the obvious advantages of gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications, controversial and incomplete toxicological data hamper their widespread use. Here, we present the results from an in vivo toxicity study using gold nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG-AuNPs). The pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of PEG-AuNPs were examined in the rat's liver, lung, spleen, and kidney after a single i.v. injection (0.7 mg/kg) at different time intervals. PEG-AuNPs had a relatively long blood circulation time and accumulated primarily in the liver and spleen, where they remained for up to 28 days after administration. Increased cytoplasmic vacuolation in hepatocytes 24 h and 7 days after PEG-AuNPs exposure and apoptotic-like cells in white splenic pulp 24 h after administration has been detected, however, 28 days post-exposure were no longer observed. In contrast, at this time point, we identified significant changes in lipid metabolism, altered levels of liver injury markers, and elevated monocyte count, but without marked biological relevance. In blood cells, no DNA damage was present in any of the studied time intervals, with the exception of DNA breakage transiently detected in primary kidney cells 4 h post-injection. Our results indicate that the tissue accumulation of PEG-AuNPs might result in late toxic effects.

Microfluidic In Vitro Platform for (Nano)Safety and (Nano)Drug Efficiency Screening.

Microfluidic technology is a valuable tool for realizing more in vitro models capturing cellular and organ level responses for rapid and animal-free risk assessment of new chemicals and drugs. Microfluidic cell-based devices allow high-throughput screening and flexible automation while lowering costs and reagent consumption due to their miniaturization. There is a growing need for faster and animal-free approaches for drug development and safety assessment of chemicals (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances, REACH). The work presented describes a microfluidic platform for in vivo-like in vitro cell cultivation. It is equipped with a wafer-based silicon chip including integrated electrodes and a microcavity. A proof-of-concept using different relevant cell models shows its suitability for label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. A miniaturized microscope within each module monitors cell morphology and proliferation. Electrodes integrated in the microfluidic channels allow the noninvasive monitoring of barrier integrity followed by a label-free assessment of cytotoxic effects. Each microfluidic cell cultivation module can be operated individually or be interconnected in a flexible way. The interconnection of the different modules aims at simulation of the whole-body exposure and response and can contribute to the replacement of animal testing in risk assessment studies in compliance with the 3Rs to replace, reduce, and refine animal experiments.

Surface coating determines the inflammatory potential of magnetite nanoparticles in murine renal podocytes and mesangial cells.

Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is a frequent adverse event and a dose-limiting factor in patient treatment and is a leading cause of prospective drug attrition during pharmaceutical development. Despite the obvious benefits of nanotherapeutics in healthcare strategies, the clearance of imaging agents and nanocarriers from the body following their therapeutic or diagnostic application generates concerns about their safety for human health. Considering the potency of nanoparticles and their massive utilization in biomedicine the impact of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on cells forming the filtration apparatus of the kidney was studied. Using primary mouse renal glomerular podocytes and mesangial cells, we investigated their response to exposure to magnetic nanoparticles coated with polyethylene glycol and bovine serum albumin. Cultured podocytes were more sensitive to MNPs than mesangial cells displaying signs of cell damage and stronger inflammatory response. Both types of MNPs induced the remodeling of actin fibers, affected the cell shape and triggered expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6 in podocytes. On the other hand, iNOS was induced in both renal cell types but only by MNPs with a polyethylene glycol coating. Our results have revealed that the type of cell and the type of nanoparticle coating might be the strongest determinants of cellular response toward nanoparticle exposure. Differences in susceptibility of cells to MNPs might be evident also between neighboring renal cell subpopulations integrally forming functional sub-units of this organ.