Relationship of skin complexion with gingival tissue color and hyperpigmentation. A multi-ethnic comparative study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The most frequently seen intra-oral soft tissue is the gingiva. Most often, it is seen as coral-pink tissue that surrounds the neck of the teeth. Gingiva that encircles the tooth necks and covers the alveolar processes of the jaws is an intra-oral tissue that exhibits biomimetic features. The wide range of colors of the gingiva depends on the configuration of gingival vascularity, the degree of epithelial cornification, level of melanogenesis, and the depth of epithelialization. However, the color of the gingiva varies depending on the degree of melanin pigmentation. The current study aimed to identify the different distribution patterns of gingival color and determine the correlation between skin color, gender, and geographical area of origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 839 subjects were involved in the study where the gingival color and skin tone were measured using the Dummett-Gupta Oral pigmentation Index (DOPI) combined with VITA VMK MASTER and skin shade method developed by Revlon (USA) and L'Oreal (France) for makeup foundation shades. One investigator was calibrated for the examination of the colors after being tested for normal color vision and color aptitude using the line test. RESULTS: A significant association was found between skin color and gingival pigmentation (χ2 value (6) = 114.48; P = 0.001). It was also found that females (67.1%) significantly had darker gingiva than males (58.3%). The study statistics display that location of the individual was also statistically associated with melanin pigmentation of the gingiva (χ2 value (57) = 559.33; P = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that gender, skin color, and individual location are significantly associated with gingival melanin pigmentation.

Estimation of Vitamin D Levels Using a Chairside Diagnostic Test Kit in Patients with Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Aim: Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition of the periodontium that is instigated by microbial biofilms developed on the teeth. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the vitamin D status of gingivitis and periodontitis patients while maintaining a healthy group as the control using simple low-cost chairside pre-coated with 25-OH Vitamin D antigen rapid test kits. Materials and Methods: From outpatients visiting the college's periodontics clinics, a total of 101 patients were screened. The study sample includes 38 patients in the periodontitis group, 32 in the gingivitis group, and 31 in the healthy group. A middle-digit needle was used to collect blood samples, which were put into a test cassette with membrane that had been coated with 25-OH Vitamin D antigen on the test line area of the strip. Vitamin D Quick Test (Natejah) Semi-quantitatively detects 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) in human finger-stick complete blood at a cutoff convergence of 30 ± 4 ng/mL. Vitamin D blood levels below 80 nmol/L are considered to have deficient vitamin 25(OH)D levels. Clinical parameters between healthy, gingivitis, and different stages of periodontitis subjects were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparison. Fisher's exact test was done to compare vitamin D levels in the three groups. Results: Fisher's exact test revealed that there was a statistically significant increase in the number of subjects with stages 4 and stage 3 periodontitis who lacked vitamin D levels (less than 80 nmol/L). Whereas least deficient in Vit D were noticed among Healthy and Gingivitis subjects. When compared to healthy individuals, gingivitis, and various stages of periodontitis had significantly higher mean PI values in a Tukey's multiple comparison. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be 27.5% in subjects with gingivitis and 71.5% in subjects with periodontitis. Conclusion: Periodontitis is associated with vitamin D deficiency, in contrast to gingivitis and healthy subjects. The severity of periodontitis was likewise linked to the amount of vitamin D in the individual's blood. When compared to expensive, time-consuming, and laborious laboratory methods, the findings of this study suggest that a simple inexpensive chairside pre-coated with 25-OH Vitamin D antigen rapid test kits can be considered a viable alternative for determining vitamin D levels.

Correlation between Gingival Thickness and Occurrence of Gingival Recession.

Background: Gingival recession (GR) has become a common problem among patients. GR is associated with increased accumulation of plaque, root caries, abrasion and cervical wear, and dentinal hypersensitivity. The present study aimed to examine the correlation between gingival biotypes and the occurrence of GR. Methods: The study initially recruited 94 subjects; however, 54 of them did not have any recession sites, and hence were discarded. Therefore, the analysis was performed on 40 subjects. The study particularly compared the relationship between the recession length (RL) and width along with the gingival thickness (GT). As such, different clinical parameters were analyzed, namely, RL, recession width (RW), keratinized gingival width (KGW), and GT. Results: Based on the statistical analysis (descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation) conducted on the collected data, the study established that the gingival RL has a significant negative relationship with GT, which implied that the amount of thickness is inversely proportional to the RL. The study also found a significant positive correlation between RW and RL as well as between GT and KGW. Conclusion: Based on the findings, the study thus concluded that the gingival biotype (thickness) significantly determines the occurrence and extent of GR.

A Cross-Sectional Study on Self-Perceived Halitosis among Undergraduate University Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Aim: The present cross-sectional observational study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of halitosis among undergraduate university students at Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: A survey of 301 participants who answered a questionnaire on their self-perceived halitosis was undertaken. Results: The response rate was 35% (301/863). Of the total, 54.5% of participants reported that they had experienced halitosis. A majority of participants (61.4%) responded to having experienced an unpleasant bad taste in the morning when they woke up, with most participants (42.4%) stating that their breath was the worst early in the morning. A majority of respondents (59.6%) reported that they were aware of their condition. Only 27% of the respondents stated that they had admitted to having undergone an examination for bad breath from their dentist, and 22.9% of the respondents reported that they had undergone an examination for conditions associated with bad breath. The measures used to reduce the condition were evenly distributed, with approximately one-third using mouthwash (34.6%), gum/mentos (38.3%), and toothpaste (27.2%). Conclusion: The incidence of self-perceived halitosis that was revealed in the current study is normal compare to others studies. It is unrelated to age and sex. Non-usage of dental floss, no use of mouthwash, and smoking, on the other hand, were shown to be associated with self-perceived halitosis. Furthermore, tongue cleaning was not linked to introspection halitosis. Halitosis may be also due to underlying systemic conditions. Hence it is necessary to evaluate the condition's prevalence and examine the relationship with other etiological variables with halitosis in our country.

Effectiveness of three mouth rinsing agents against mutans Streptococcus and Lactobacillus species - A comparative study.

Background: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic childhood diseases and is a cause of continuous discomfort through impaired function and esthetics. To control dental caries, the removal of plaque is of utmost importance, and that further necessitates the use of chemotherapeutic agents. Several side effects associated with chlorhexidine have stimulated the search for an alternative chemotherapeutic agent. Aims: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of probiotic mouth rinse with kidodent mouth rinse, and placebo against mutans Streptococcus and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized parallel double-blinded clinical study which included 90 children of ages 6-15 years who were randomly allocated into three groups: Group 1 - placebo (n = 30), Group 2 - kidodent (n = 30), and Group 3 - probiotic (n = 30). Stimulated salivary samples were collected from all the children after rinsing with distilled water (first reading), and after rinsing with respective mouthwash (placebo/kidodent/probiotic mouth rinse) of their groups during the first visit (second readings). Samples were collected again after using mouth rinse for 14 days (third readings) and used for detection of pH, and levels of Streptococcus mutans (SM) and LA counts. Data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Statistically significant difference was seen between placebo versus kidodent, placebo versus probiotic but there was no statistically significant difference between kidodent versus probiotic after the immediate rinse and post 15 days of rinse. Conclusion: Kidodent and probiotic mouth rinse are more efficacious and have equivalent efficacy in reducing SM and LA.

Résumé Contexte: Les caries dentaires sont l'une des maladies infantiles chroniques les plus courantes et sont la cause d'une gêne permanente due à une altération de la fonction et de l'esthétique. fonction et de l'esthétique. Pour lutter contre les caries dentaires, l'élimination de la plaque dentaire est de la plus haute importance, ce qui nécessite l'utilisation d'agents chimiothérapeutiques. agents chimiothérapeutiques. Plusieurs effets secondaires associés à la chlorhexidine ont stimulé la recherche d'un agent chimiothérapeutique alternatif. alternative. Objectifs: cette étude vise à comparer l'efficacité d'un bain de bouche probiotique à celle d'un bain de bouche kidodent, et d'un placebo contre les mutans Streptococcus et Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). Matériaux et méthodes: La présente étude était une étude clinique randomisée en parallèle et en double aveugle. 90 enfants âgés de 6 à 15 ans ont été répartis au hasard en trois groupes : Groupe 1 - placebo (n = 30), Groupe 2 - kidodent (n = 30), et Groupe 3 - probiotique (n = 30). Des échantillons salivaires stimulés ont été prélevés chez tous les enfants après avoir été rincés à l'eau distillée (première lecture). après s'être rincés à l'eau distillée (première lecture), et après s'être rincés avec les bains de bouche respectifs (placebo/kidodent/rince-bouche probiotique) de leurs groupes lors de la première visite (deuxième lecture). la première visite (deuxième lecture). Les échantillons ont été collectés à nouveau après avoir utilisé le bain de bouche pendant 14 jours (troisième lecture) et ont été utilisés pour la détection du pH, et les niveaux de numération des Streptococcus mutans (SM) et des LA. Les données ont été soumises à une analyse statistique. Résultats: Une différence statistiquement significative statistiquement significative entre le placebo et le kidodent, le placebo et le probiotique, mais il n'y a pas de différence statistiquement significative entre le kidodent et le probiotique après le traitement. kidodent versus probiotique après le rinçage immédiat et après 15 jours de rinçage. Conclusion: Les bains de bouche kidodent et probiotiques sont plus efficaces et ont une efficacité équivalente dans la réduction de la SM et de la LA. Mots-clés: Bacillus clausii UBBC-07 bain de bouche, kidodent bain de bouche, lactobacilles, bain de bouche probiotique, Streptococcus mutans.

Association between severity of COVID-19, Periodontal health and disease in Riyadh subpopulation.

Background: Periodontitis and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) both exhibit an exaggerated inflammatory response as common traits. Given that periodontal diseases have been linked to respiratory illnesses like pneumonia, it is quite possible that periodontitis and COVID-19 are related. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to ascertain whether the severity of COVID-19 and periodontal disease are related. Methods: A retrospective study was done using the 3 years of patients' medical and dental records in the University Hospital. A telephone interview was employed to estimate the severity of symptoms got through COVID-19 infection. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. The Chi-square test, with statistical significance set at 0.05, was used to determine the relationship between the severity of periodontal disease and the severity of COVID-19. Results: It was seen that there was a strong relationship between the severities of COVID-19 disease and periodontal disease. The mildest gingivitis cases (63%), Stage 1 periodontitis (62.9%), were associated with the COVID-19-negative group, whereas the most severe gingivitis cases (85.7%), Stage 4 periodontitis group (66.66%), were associated with COVID-19-positive group. In comparison to those without periodontitis, patients with periodontitis had a 1.54 times higher risk of COVID-19 complications (P = 0.048). Patients who had comorbidities were 2.49 times to have COVID-19 complications (P = 0.02). Conclusion: The observations presented above lead to the conclusion that COVID-19 and periodontal disease severities are related. Understanding the potential association between periodontitis and COVID-19 through systemic inflammation could be a means of achieving a high-quality medical care. To validate the findings, additional research with larger samples is required.

Mucormycosis as Post Coronavirus Disease Complication.

Mucormycosis is called as black fungus, which is caused by fungus belonged to Mucorales. If this fungus, effects healthy individuals it won't cause any serious complications, but it may cause life-threatening issues when Mucorales affects individuals who have low immunity. The mortality rate of black fungus is more than 50%, and it may also range till 100% if the individual is having any preexisting or chronic disease. This was the case of a 55-year-old male patient complaint of having generalized pain in the maxillary teeth bilaterally and suffering fullness in the maxillary sinus. To check on other possible diseases, doctors have conducted other diagnosis tests, and orthopantomogram revealed in the diagnosis that there was the presence of haziness in the left maxillary sinus, which looked like an incompletely formed soap bubble and additionally he diagnosed with coronavirus disease positive. Then, doctors suggested a chest computerized tomography (CT) along with head CT excluding the brain and further investigation of this case was given below in detail. The report reveals acute necrotizing suppurative sinusitis with dead bony tissue, soft-tissue necrosis with fungal infestation showing broad hyphae with right-angle branching suggestive of mucormycosis.

Assessment of common errors and subjective quality of digital panoramic radiographs in dental institution, Riyadh.

Aim: The study aims to determine the frequency of positioning errors, record the number of diagnostically inappropriate images, and assess the quality of panoramic radiographs. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 2629 patients for whom orthopantomogram were selected out of 3900 new patients between August 2020 and June 2021. The positioning errors of the radiographs were evaluated and categorized into ten groups. The quality of the radiographs is further assessed as "Excellent," "Diagnostically Acceptable," and "Diagnostically Unacceptable." Results: Out of the total radiographs, 32.8% had no errors, and 77.2% of the radiographs had one or more positioning errors. The radiographs were analyzed in detail, and the errors found in the panoramic radiographs were recorded. The most common positioning error observed in the radiograph was error 8, failure to place the tongue close to the palate. Conclusion: The results and evaluation inferred that attention to patient positioning and focusing on reducing diagnostically indecent images could improve the quality of panoramic radiographs. Proper instructions to the patient, patient preparation, appropriate positioning of the patient, and the technician's skill plays a vital role in reducing diagnostic errors in Panoramic Radiography.

Résumé Objectif: L'étude vise à déterminer la fréquence des erreurs de positionnement, à enregistrer le nombre d'images diagnostiques inappropriées et à évaluer la qualité des radiographies panoramiques. qualité des radiographies panoramiques. Matériaux et méthodes: Dans cette étude, un total de 2629 patients pour lesquels l'orthopantomogramme a été sélectionné. sur 3900 nouveaux patients entre août 2020 et juin 2021. Les erreurs de positionnement des radiographies ont été évaluées et classées en dix groupes. La qualité des radiographies est ensuite évaluée comme "Excellente", "Diagnostiquement acceptable" et "Diagnostiquement inacceptable". Résultats: Sur l'ensemble des radiographies, 32,8 % ne présentaient aucune erreur, et 77,2 % des radiographies présentaient une ou plusieurs erreurs de positionnement. Les radiographies ont été analysées en détail, et les erreurs trouvées dans les radiographies panoramiques ont été enregistrées. L'erreur de positionnement la plus courante observée sur l'erreur 8, à savoir le fait de ne pas placer la langue près du palais. Conclusion: Les résultats et l'évaluation ont permis de déduire que l'attention portée au positionnement du patient et la réduction des images indécentes sur le plan diagnostique peuvent améliorer la qualité des radiographies panoramiques. Une bonne communication avec le patient, le technicien passant plus de temps à positionner le patient et la compétence du technicien sont les clés du contrôle et de la réduction des erreurs de diagnostic dans les radiographies panoramiques. et la réduction des erreurs de diagnostic en radiographie panoramique Mots clés: Artefacts, images fantômes, panoramiques, radiographies.

Treatment of aggressive periodontitis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report with 8 years follow-up.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with oral desquamative lesions is one of the rare clinical entities. Periodontal disease and SLE display various mechanisms and possess a wide range of pathological characteristics. The tissue destruction mechanism of periodontitis and autoimmune diseases share similar pathways, and mounting reports studied the association between these two entities. The present case is of a 24-year-old female patient who complained of generalized widening of spaces in between the teeth. Along with it, She suffered from loss of hair, weakness, edema in the legs as well as arthralgia. The patient was identified to be suffering from SLE according to the American Rheumatism Association and European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology criteria 1 year before she reported to the dentist. She suffered from hair loss, weakness, arthralgia as well as edema in the legs. Based on the oral, clinical, and radiographic findings, she was diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis case. After nonsurgical periodontal treatment, the flap was reflected, debridement was done, after root conditioning with tetracycline, bovine osseous xenograft was placed in all the sites where ever there is angular bone loss, later sutured with interrupted direct loop suturing technique with 4-0 silk suture. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was done every 6 weeks to check the progress of the treatment. 6 months and 8-year follow-up revealed satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes. Based on the present case report and the previous literature, we recommend the use of xenograft in treating aggressive periodontitis patients.

Résumé Le lupus érythémateux systémique (LES) avec lésions buccales desquamatives est l'une des rares entités cliniques. La maladie parodontale et le LED présentent divers mécanismes et possèdent un large éventail de caractéristiques pathologiques. Le mécanisme de destruction des tissus de la parodontite et des maladies auto-immunes partage des voies similaires. partagent des voies similaires, et de nombreux rapports ont étudié l'association entre ces deux entités. Le cas présent est celui d'une patiente de 24 ans 24 ans qui se plaignait d'un élargissement généralisé des espaces entre les dents. En plus de cela, elle a souffert d'une perte de cheveux, de faiblesse, d'œdème dans les jambes et d'arthralgie. La patiente a été identifiée comme souffrant d'un LED selon les critères de l'American Rheumatism Association et de l'Académie européenne de dermatologie et de vénéréologie un an avant de se présenter chez le dentiste. Elle souffrait de de perte de cheveux, de faiblesse, d'arthralgie et d'œdèmes dans les jambes. Sur la base des résultats buccaux, cliniques et radiographiques, elle a été diagnostiquée comme souffrant de parodontite agressive. Après un traitement parodontal non chirurgical, le lambeau a été réfléchi, un débridement a été effectué, après un conditionnement radiculaire après conditionnement radiculaire à la tétracycline, une xénogreffe osseuse bovine a été placée dans tous les sites où il y avait une perte osseuse angulaire. technique de suture en boucle directe interrompue avec une suture en soie 4-0. Une évaluation clinique et radiographique a été faite toutes les 6 semaines pour vérifier la progression du traitement. traitement. Le suivi à 6 mois et à 8 ans a révélé des résultats cliniques et radiographiques satisfaisants. Sur la base du présent rapport de cas et de la littérature précédente, nous recommandons l'utilisation de la xénogreffe dans le traitement des patients atteints de parodontite agressive. Mots-clés: Parodontite, lupus érythémateux systémique, xénogreffe.

Efficacy of ozonated water over chlorhexidine mouth rinse in chronic gingivitis patients - A comparative clinical study.

Aim: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of ozonated water mouth rinse over chlorhexidine mouth rinse against the accumulation of plaque in chronic gingivitis patients. Materials and methods: A total of 30 patients with chronic generalized gingivitis were choosen for the study. The duration of this study was 15 days and was divided into three groups. Group 1 patients were advised to rinse with ozonated water¸ group 2 with a chlorhexidine mouth rinse and group 3 with water for 15 days. The clinical parameters like plaque index, gingival index, and bleeding index were recorded at baseline, 7th, and 15th day respectively. Saliva samples were collected for microbial culture at baseline that is before mouth rinse and on the 15th day that is after using mouth rinse from each patient. Results: The statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA and Bonferroni's Post Hoc test on 30 patients at the end of the 15thday. There was a significant decrease in mean plaque, gingival, and bleeding scores in group 2 patients that are chlorhexidine mouth rinse. There was also a decrease in the microbial culture at the end of the 15th day in patients with chlorhexidine mouth rinse compared to ozonated water. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that ozonated water was less effective compared to chlorhexidine mouth rinse in reducing plaque in gingivitis patients. But ozonated water can be used as an alternative to CHX.

Investigation and comparison of the effects of two probiotic bacteria, and in reducing mutans streptococci levels in the saliva of children.

Background: Probiotic organisms Lactobacillus reuteri UBLRU-87 and Bifidobacterium bifidum UBBB-55 were proven to be acting against the caries causing organisms. Aims: This study aims to evaluate the influence of Lactobacillusreuteri, Bifidobacterium bifidum and their blend on Mutans streptococci count in the saliva of children, and also to appraise the sustainability of their action. Materials and Methods: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study with 60 subjects (15 in each group) in 6-14 years of age group. The children consumed curd containing Bifidobacterium bifidum (UBBB 55, MTCC 5398) and Lactobacillus reuteri (UBLRu 87, MTCC 5403), and their blend once daily for 14 days. The control group received curd with no Probiotic in it. The saliva samples were collected just before the curd (T0) administration to establish baseline levels of mutans streptococci and after a day of the final consumption of the curd (T14). The follow-up samples at 21 days (T21) and 28 days (T28) after the baseline were also collected to know the sustainability of action probiotics on mutans streptococci if any. Results: Statistically significant reduction of mutans streptococci is observed in the group administered with Lactobacillus reuteri and the effect lasted up to a minimum of 21 days. Mixed cultures are seemed to be not effective against the oral microorganisms. Conclusions: The probiotic organism Lactobacillus reuteri in Indian curd is effective on salivary mutans streptococci, and the effect was sustained for some period after the administration.

Résumé Contexte: Il a été démontré que les organismes probiotiques Lactobacillus reuteri UBLRU-87 et Bifidobacterium bifidum UBBB-55 agissaient contre les organismes responsables des caries. Objectifs: Cette étude vise à évaluer l'influence de Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium bifidum et de leur mélange sur le nombre de streptocoques Mutans streptocoques dans la salive des enfants, et également d'évaluer la durabilité de leur action. Conception de l'étude: Une étude randomisée, en double aveugle et placebo avec 60 sujets (15 dans chaque groupe) dans le groupe d'âge 6-14 ans. Les enfants ont consommé du lait caillé contenant du Bifidobacterium bifidum (UBBB 55, MTCC 5398) et Lactobacillus reuteri (UBLRu 87, MTCC 5403), et leur mélange une fois par jour pendant 14 jours. Le groupe témoin a reçu du lait caillé sans probiotique. Les échantillons de salive ont été prélevés juste avant l'administration du lait caillé (T0) pour établir les niveaux de base des streptocoques mutans. Les échantillons de salive ont été prélevés juste avant l'administration du lait caillé (T0) pour établir les niveaux de base de streptocoques mutans et un jour après la consommation finale du lait caillé (T14). Les échantillons de suivi à 21 jours (T21) et 28 jours (T28) après la ligne de base ont également été collectés pour connaître les niveaux de streptocoques mutans. la ligne de base ont également été collectés pour connaître la durabilité de l'action des probiotiques sur les streptocoques mutans, le cas échéant. Résultats: Réduction statistiquement significative statistiquement significative des streptocoques mutans est observée dans le groupe administré avec Lactobacillus reuteri et l'effet a duré jusqu'à un minimum de 21 jours. Les cultures mixtes ne semblent pas être efficaces contre les micro-organismes oraux. Conclusions: L'organisme probiotique Lactobacillus reuteri dans le caillé indien est efficace sur la salive Indian curd est efficace sur les streptocoques mutans salivaires, et l'effet a été maintenu pendant une certaine période après l'administration. Mots-clés: Caillé, probiotique, mutans salivaires.

Comparative efficacy of coronally advanced flap with and without guided tissue regeneration in the management of gingival recession defects: A split-mouth trial.

Background: The gingival recession causes tooth sensitivity, poor esthetics, and tooth mobility in severe cases. Scientific documentation revealed effective root coverage (RC) and increased keratinized tissue heights acquired with the coronally advanced flap (CAF) for multiple recession defects. Objectives: This research evaluates and compares the efficacy of CAF procedures with and without Type I collagen bio-absorbable membrane in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) in the treatment of Miller's Class I and II gingival recession. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 sites from 15 patients were selected for the study after fulfilling the presurgical phase of treatment. The chosen sites were randomly allocated into Group A CAF and Group B (CAF + Resorbable GTR membrane). The clinical variables such as plaque index, gingival index, recession depth (RD), recession width (RW), width of keratinized gingiva (WKG), clinical attachment level (CAL), and surface area of the defect were recorded at the baseline and 6 months postoperatively. Results: Both therapies resulted in a notable gain in RC with a mean of 73.13% and 71.60%, respectively, but it was not statistically significant when compared between the groups. Both the RD and RW were significantly reduced from baseline to 6 months postoperatively. Although there was a gain in WKG and CAL in both experimental sites, no significant difference was observed between both the groups. Conclusion: Although there are several RC procedures, CAF furnishes a foreseeable, straightforward, and appropriate perspective for treating Miller's Class I and II recessions. Integrating this approach with placing a bio-absorbable membrane does not seem to improve the results following surgical treatment of such defects. However, both groups showed the potential advantage of achieving RC.

Résumé Contexte: La récession gingivale provoque une sensibilité dentaire, une mauvaise esthétique et une mobilité dentaire dans les cas graves. La documentation scientifique a révélé une couverture efficace de la racine (RC) et une augmentation de la hauteur du tissu kératinisé acquises avec le lambeau coronalement avancé (CAF) pour de multiples défauts de récession multiples. Objectifs: Cette recherche évalue et compare l'efficacité des procédures CAF avec et sans membrane bio-absorbable de collagène de type I dans la régénération tissulaire guidée (RTC). de collagène de type I dans la régénération tissulaire guidée (RTG) dans le traitement de la récession gingivale de classe I et II de Miller. Matériaux et Méthodes: Un total de 30 sites de 15 patients ont été sélectionnés pour l'étude après avoir rempli la phase pré-chirurgicale du traitement. Les sites choisis ont été répartis au hasard dans le groupe A (CAF) et le groupe B (CAF + membrane GTR résorbable). Les variables cliniques telles que l'indice de plaque, l'indice gingival, la profondeur de la récession (RD), la largeur de la récession (GTR) ont été évaluées. gingivale, la profondeur de la récession (RD), la largeur de la récession (RW), la largeur de la gencive kératinisée (WKG), le niveau d'attachement clinique (CAL) et la surface du défaut. ont été enregistrés au début de l'étude et 6 mois après l'opération. Résultats: Les deux thérapies ont entraîné un gain notable de RC avec une moyenne de 73,13 % et 71,60 % respectivement. 71,60 %, respectivement, mais la comparaison entre les groupes n'était pas statistiquement significative. La RD et la RW ont toutes deux été réduites de manière significative de la ligne de base à 6 mois après l'opération. Bien qu'il y ait eu un gain en WKG et CAL dans les deux sites expérimentaux, aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre les deux groupes. observée entre les deux groupes. Conclusion: Bien qu'il existe plusieurs procédures de RC, la CAF fournit une perspective prévisible, directe et appropriée pour traiter la classe de Miller perspective prévisible, simple et appropriée pour traiter les récessions de classe I et II de Miller. L'intégration de cette approche avec la mise en place d'une membrane bio-absorbable ne semble pas améliorer les résultats après le traitement chirurgical. semble pas améliorer les résultats après le traitement chirurgical de ces défauts. Cependant, les deux groupes ont montré l'avantage potentiel de réaliser une RC. Mots-clés: Lambeau avancé coronaire, récession gingivale, régénération tissulaire guidée, chirurgie plastique parodontale, membrane résorbable.

Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among Dental Professionals: A Multi-Country Survey.

PURPOSE: This study sought to investigate the acceptance rate and associated factors of COVID-19 vaccines among dentists and dental students in seven countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A structured questionnaire prepared and guided by the report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy was distributed among groups of dentists and dental students in seven countries across four continents. RESULTS: A total of 1527 subjects (850 dentists and 677 dental students) participated in this survey. Although 72.5% of the respondents reported their intention to accept COVID-19 vaccines (dentists: 74.4%, dental students: 70.2%), there was a significant difference in agreement between dentists/dental students across countries; generally, respondents in upper-middle-, and high-income countries (UM-HICs) showed significantly higher acceptance rates compared to those in low- and lower-middle income countries (L-LMICs). Potential predictors of higher vaccine acceptance included being a dentist, being free of comorbidity, being well-informed about COVID-19 vaccines, having better knowledge about COVID-19 complications, having anxiety about COVID-19 infection, having no concerns about the side effects of the produced vaccines and being a resident of an UM-HIC. CONCLUSION: The results of our survey indicate a relatively good acceptance rate of COVID-19 among the surveyed dentists and dental students. However, dentists and dental students in L-LMICs showed significantly lower vaccine acceptance rates and trust in COVID-19 vaccines compared to their counterparts in UM-HICs. Our results provide important information to policymakers, highlighting the need for implementation of country-specific vaccine promotion strategies, with special focus on L-LMICs.

Minimal Invasive Technique for the Esthetic Management of Dental Fluorosis.

Dental fluorosis is a severe dental extremity due to excess fluoride intake during enamel formation, resulting in color abnormalities and severe tooth defects on its surface. This dental condition leads to abnormal appearance ranging from mild white to dark brown, affecting the esthetic characteristics and personality of the patient that eventually lowers their self-confidence. Restoration procedures and tooth-whitening procedures are the well-appreciated treatment methods for treating this anomaly. The current clinical report illustrates the minimally invasive technique for esthetic management of dental fluorosis in a 27-year-old male affected by dental fluorosis. Clinical examination revealed dental fluorosis of class II spots according to Dean's classification of fluorosis severity. The treatment plan involves minimally invasive micro-abrasion, vital teeth bleaching, and resin infiltration technique for blending different microporous lesions, mild-to-moderate fluorosis, and hypoplasia stains.

Endocrowns Versus Post-core Retained Crowns as a Restoration of Root Canal Treated Molars - A Review Article.

Normally root canal-treated teeth are covered with crowns to prevent fracture, which becomes challenging in cases where the tooth is extensively damaged. In such instances, various restorative methods such as post-core and endocrowns have been in use. The former methodology in recent times is being discouraged owing to impending tooth weakening. Due to this reason, an uncommon type of reconstruction, endocrowns are preferred. We carried out a comparative review of restorations for endodontically treated molars.

A Case Report on Surgical-Orthodontic Correction of Skeletal Class III Malocclusion with Severe Prognathic Mandible and Retrognathic Maxilla.

Mandibular prognathism combined with a retrognathic maxilla is a skeletal discrepancy that is difficult to correct. We report a case of a 25-year-old Saudi male patient with skeletal class-III malocclusion due to severe prognathic mandible who was referred to an orthodontist at Prince Sultan Military Medical City. Complete clinical examination, radiographic assessment, and study models revealed class-III malocclusion due to anteroposterior deficiency of the maxilla and severe prognathic mandible. Orthognathic surgery was performed 18 months after the presurgical orthodontic phase. A 10-mm LeFort I advancement of the maxillary arch, with impaction of 3 mm, was performed with a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) of 11 mm. Stable occlusion and superior aesthetics were observed at the 1-year follow-up. Surgical-orthodontic treatment endows an adult patient with a class-III malocclusion or mandibular prognathism with a stable occlusion and superior aesthetics.

Dental Students' Perception, Awareness and Knowledge About HPV Infection, Vaccine, and Its Association with Oral Cancer: A Multinational Study.

Background: Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection forms a major etiological factor for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), which has exhibited increased global incidence. Aim: To compare the knowledge regarding HPV, its association with OPC, and HPV vaccine among students from different countries, years of the undergraduate program, and gender. Methods: The current multinational cross-sectional study was conducted in 886 undergraduate dental students from Egypt, India, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Sudan through Google survey forms from July 2021 to September 2021. The survey form comprised 27 items divided into four sections. The answers to the questionnaire were compared among students from different countries, different years of the undergraduate program, and males and females. Chi-square test was used to evaluate the correlation between the demographic characteristics of students and their knowledge regarding HPV and OPC. Results: Females exhibited a better knowledge regarding knowledge and perception on HPV vaccine, whereas males exhibited a better knowledge regarding HPV and its correlation with OPC, and these differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The third- and fourth-year undergraduate students displayed a higher awareness of OPC and its connection with HPV than other year students, and this variance was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Third-year and internship students exhibited a more positive attitude and comfort regarding the vaccine and discussing the same with patients than the other educational-level students. Students from India exhibited better knowledge about HPV and its association with OPC than the students from other countries, and this difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Disparities in knowledge regarding HPV-related oral cancer have been detected among the female and male participants among different nations. From the entire study population, Indian students exhibited better knowledge regarding HPV. Females from all the nations exhibited a more positive attitude and comfort regarding the vaccine and discussing the same with patients than males. The results of this necessitate intervention measures including training workshops and awareness campaigns. Improving their knowledge regarding the same may increase their awareness, resulting in better patient care.

Noncarious cervical lesion pretreated using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and diode laser in reducing dentin hypersensitivity bonded to different restorative material: Valuation of bond values and invitro dye leakage.

AIM: The present study aimed to appraise the effect of Diode laser (DL), riboflavin, and curcumin on the bond strength of adhesive restorative material and the effects of pretreatment on microleakage scores. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety caries-free human permanent premolars were obtained and disinfected. All specimens were mounted till CEJ. To provide standardization, a 2 × 2 mm flat non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL) dentin surface was exposed. This was followed by dentin surface roughening/cervical groove preparation with a round bur. After tooth surface preparation, ninety specimens were divided arbitrarily into three groups. Group 1: NCCL exposed to DL; group 2: NCCL pretreated with riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP) and group 3 pretreated with curcumin photosensitizer (CP). All the three groups were further divided into two subgroups A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 based on the restorative material used (n = 15). Subgroup A1, B1, and C1 were restored with composite resin (CR). Subgroup A2, B2, and C2 were restored with RMGIC. Ten samples from each subgroup were evaluated for shear bond strength (SBS) testing under a universal testing machine (UTM). Five from each subgroup were evaluated for microleakage assessment. Bond strength and microleakage analysis were performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Post-hoc test (Tukey's post hoc test) at a significance level (p = 0.05). RESULTS: The group A1, DL-CR shows the highest SBS (16.41± 0.4 MPa). However, CP-RMGIC groups demonstrated the lowest bond integrity. RFP-CR and the DL-CR group displayed comparable outcomes of SBS (p>0.05). The highest microleakage was observed with CP-RMGIC. The least microleakage was displayed by DL-CR. CONCLUSION: Noncarious cervical lesions pretreated with diode laser and riboflavin photosensitizer showed better shear bond strength and reduced microleakage when bonded to composite resin than non-carious cervical lesions pretreated with curcumin.

Dental students and COVID 19: An online multinational survey on perception and knowledge.

Background: Coronavirus is an emerging respiratory pathogen that causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), as per the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Objective: This study aimed to assess the state of awareness and extent of knowledge about COVID-19 among dental students from India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 872 participants from December 2020 to January 2021. Random sampling was performed using an electronic questionnaire. One-way analysis of variance and independent sample t-test were performed to assess and compare the mean knowledge score between different demographic data. Results: Approximately 60% (n = 520) of the responders were women and 40% responders were men (n = 352). The responders were from Saudi Arabia (36.9%; n = 322), India (34.2%; n = 298), and Pakistan (28.8%; n = 252). The difference within the subgroups was statistically nonsignificant (P > 0.05), indicating that dental students of all subparameters possessed equal knowledge on COVID-19. Conclusions: Dental students possess sufficient knowledge about COVID-19, qualifying them at least to work in a medical ward. However, more emphasis must be placed on infection prevention and control policies such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, and pre- and postexposure prophylaxis.

RésuméContexte: Le coronavirus est un agent pathogène respiratoire émergent qui provoque la maladie à coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), selon le Centre chinois chinois de contrôle et de prévention des maladies. Objectif: Cette étude visait à évaluer le degré de sensibilisation et l'étendue des connaissances sur le COVID-19 parmi les étudiants en médecine dentaire d'Inde, du Pakistan et d'Arabie Saoudite. Matériaux et méthodes: La présente étude descriptive transversale a été menée sur 872 participants de décembre 2020 à janvier 2021. Un échantillonnage aléatoire a été réalisé à l'aide d'un questionnaire électronique. Une analyse de variance à sens unique et un test t d'échantillon indépendant ont été réalisés pour évaluer et comparer le score moyen de connaissances entre les différentes données démographiques. différentes données démographiques. Résultats: Environ 60% (n = 520) des répondants étaient des femmes et 40% des répondants étaient des hommes (n = 352). Les répondants étaient originaires d'Arabie Saoudite (36,9% ; n = 322), d'Inde (34,2% ; n = 298) et du Pakistan (28,8% ; n = 252). La différence au sein des les sous-groupes était statistiquement non significative (P > 0,05), ce qui indique que les étudiants en médecine dentaire de tous les sous-paramètres possédaient les mêmes connaissances sur COVID-19. Conclusions: Les étudiants en médecine dentaire possèdent des connaissances suffisantes sur la COVID-19, ce qui les qualifie au moins pour travailler dans un service médical. Cependant, il faut mettre davantage l'accent sur les politiques de prévention et de contrôle des infections, telles que l'hygiène des mains, les équipements de protection individuelle, et la prophylaxie pré- et post-exposition. Mots-clés: Sensibilisation, maladie à coronavirus-2019, étudiants en médecine dentaire.

Correlation of Blood and Salivary pH Levels in Healthy, Gingivitis, and Periodontitis Patients before and after Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy.

Periodontitis is an infectious illness which leads to the inflammation of protective tissues around the teeth and the continuous loss of alveolar bone and conjunctive tissue. Biomarker analysis in serum and saliva helps in the evaluation of disease progression and activity. It is also established that every inflammatory change along with resultant damage of tissues ends up in altered pH values in the fluids and tissues. AIM: To correlate the connection of pH levels in both blood as well as saliva in healthy, periodontitis, and gingivitis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The current research involved 145 subjects amidst the age of 20 and 55 years. The subjects were split into three different groups: healthy (Group A), gingivitis (Group B), and finally chronic periodontitis (Group C). The recording of clinical parameters was done by gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and plaque index (PI). pH of saliva and blood was analyzed with the help of digital single electrode pH meter. Subjects have gone through scaling and root planning (SRP) coupled with the instructions of oral hygiene. They were recalled post 4 weeks, and saliva and blood samples were gathered for analyzing pH. RESULTS: Clinical parameters GI and PI were statistically important in both group C as well as group B post SRP. A crucial change has been observed in attachment levels (AL) and PD in the case of periodontitis group post SRP. The difference in the salivary pH values were significant between group B vs. C and A vs. C before the treatment because the values for group C were acidic, whereas in groups B and A the pH was alkaline. After the treatment, the values were still significant because the pH has become more alkaline compared to preoperative value in both group B and C. Saliva's pH levels have demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in group C post SRP. CONCLUSION: Salivary pH levels and blood evidently became alkaline in the group C patients post SRP and there is a positive correlation between them and the clinical parameters.