[Substantiation of a complex of radiation-hygienic approaches to the management of very low-level waste].

In the article there are presented materials on radiation-hygienic approaches to the treatment of very low level radioactive waste (VLLW) and industrial waste containing radionuclides. There is done detailed information on radiation-hygienic principles and criteria for the assurance ofradiation safety in the collection, transportation, storage and processing of VLLW as a category of radioactive waste.. Particular attention is paid to the problem of designing VLLW landfill site choice, system of radiation monitoring in operation and decommissioning of the landfill. There are presented data about the criteria for the release of VLLW buried at the site, from regulatory control. Also there are considered in detail the radiation-hygienic requirements for radiation safety of industrial waste containing radionuclides for which there is assumed unlimited and limited use of solid materials in economic activity, based on the requirements ofthe revised Basic Sanitary Rules for Radiation Safety - 99/2010. There are considered basic requirements for the organization of industrial waste landfill. As an example, there-are presented the hygiene requirements for industrial waste management and results of waste categorization in Northern Federal Enterprise for Radioactive Waste Management.

[Methodology of the approach to express-estimation of radiation risk for public health under the influence of radionuclides present in the ground waters].

The methodological approach for the express-estimation of the value of individual lifetime cancer risk due to the groundwater use by population for drinking is supposed. The calculation of risk is performed with the use of only the values of specific activity of 226Ra in underground water. The formulas for calculating the value of individual lifetime cancer risk in the groundwater use by the population in drinking aims for oral and inhalation routes of exposure are suggested.

[Algorithm for complex control and radiation-hygienic evaluation of the quality of underground drinking water in the Moscow region].

On the basis of assessing the quality of underground drinking water in the Moscow region, selected and justified in the process of radiation-ecological monitoring of water quality control criteria of the underground water sources in the region are encouraged to develop an algorithm for complete monitoring and assessing the quality of underground drinking water in the Moscow region on indicators of radiation and chemical safety, presented in a scheme.

[Radiological and hygienic approaches to solving the problem of environmental safety of radioactive waste storages].

The paper presents general approaches to solving the problems associated with the radioecological safety of radioactive waste (RAW) storages. It considers the influence of climatic factors on the possible release of radionuclides into the environment. The authors have made as follows: analysis of the significance of main scenarios for radionuclide release into the environment and the natural and climatic conditions of the existing areas of near-surface RAW storages in the Russian Federation; conditional zoning of the Russian Federation according to the balance of atmospheric precipitation. The zoning of RAW storage locations is of importance for choosing the likely scenarios of radionuclide migrations.

[Radioecological approaches to ranking radiation dangerous objects].

The paper gives complex criteria for evaluating the hazard of radiation dangerous objects (RDO). The proposed criteria include the following indicators: the ratio of the cumulative activity of radioactive waste to a hazard factor (D value) or to the allowable level of i-radionuclide in the storage; the power of an effective gamma-radiation dose; the rate of radionuclide migration; the doses of human radiation. A scoring system for the hazard of RDO from the above indicators is given.

[Ecological and economic approaches to removing radioactively dangerous objects from service].

The paper considers major ecological and economic problems when removing radiation dangerous objects from service and rehabilitating the areas, which require their solution: the absence of specific guidelines for ranking the contaminated lands exposed to radioactive and chemical pollution from the potential risk to the population and environment; no clear criteria for ceasing area rehabilitation works; radiation exposure levels for the population living in the areas after rehabilitation; allowable levels of residual specific activity, and levels of heavy metals in soil, surface and underground water and bed sediment. The cost such works is the most important and decisive problem. A decision-making algorithm consisting of three main blocks: organizational-technical, engineering, geological and medicoecological measures is proposed to solve managerial, economic, and scientific problems.

[Radio-ecological evaluation of the area during exploitation of a radiation-dangerous object].

The investigation has determined the mean values of specific activity of natural and technogenic radionuclides and chemical elements in the soils and groundwaters sampled from the observation wells at a depth of 42 meters in the sanitary protection zone of the Radon Moscow Research-and-Production Association. The radioecological evaluation could yield data that might be regarded as background for soils and groundwaters in this area.

[Evaluation of the quality of artesian water sources in the Moscow Region].

The investigation has confirmed that the maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of elements, such as aluminum, manganese, fluorides, and iron, are exceeded in the artesian waters of the Moscow Region. The major man-made pollutants of portable underground water have been ascertained to be cadmium, nickel, and lead. The main site of contamination by these elements was found in the wells located in the center of the region. Hygienic assessment has shown that the Moscow Region's artesian water in 89% of cases of all tested wells fails to conform to the established standard amount of excess MAC multiplicity scores for class 1 and 2 hazard elements standardized by the sanitary toxicological indicator. According to the particular excess MAC multiplicity rating score (sigma(beta gamma)), the contamination of drinking underground water by Li, Sr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Al, Mn, Fe, and F- is detectable in the range from low to moderate levels. There is need for pre-purification of underground water for its use for drinking purposes.

[Integrated assessment of the environment in an area of location of radiation-dangerous objects].

The authors proposed to use control levels depending on the category of an area to make an integrated hygienic and ecological assessment of the state of the area in the exploitation of radiation-dangerous objects as a main criterion for radiation and chemical factors. The average data of recent ecological monitoring on the level of radionuclides and chemical elements in all environmental objects (soil, atmospheric aerosols, surface water, and bottom sediments) may be used as background indicators in this area. The background indices and double mean-square deviation were proposed to take as a basis for calculating the control levels. The proposed model for calculating the control levels may be used to assess the state of an area of any radiation-dangerous objects.

[Complex hygienic evaluation of territory in running the objects with radiation jeopardy].

Complex hygienic evaluation of observation zone territory in long-standing running an object with radiation jeopardy revealed that radionuclides and heavy metals content of soil, surface water basins and ambient air is the same as background levels in reference territories. The authors point out possible use of the obtained values as reference levels for ecologic control in similar territories.

[Characteristics of utilization object--nomenclature of ampoules with sources of high residual activity gamma-radiation].

The article is a first step in creation of general catalogue for ampoules with sources of high (over 1 x 10(7) Bq) activity gamma-radiation.

[Correlation between the probability and dosage characteristics of safety in the processing of radioactive liquids].

The authors show it possible and expedient to use the probability characteristics for evaluation of the safe operation of radiation-dangerous plants. The calculated values of doses that might be following an accident at these plants fail to give an adequate account of reality since the doses are largely variates. To divide accidents into classes or levels, it is necessary to use the principle of non-excess of accident probability of the given class or level rather than the threshold principle of non-excess of doses.

[System preserving radiation safety for Moscow population].

Radiation safety system functioning on Moscow territory enables to control potential dangerous sources, opportunely reveal and liquidate accidents and pollutions, forecast degree of radiation jeopardy according to its components.

[Results of radiation monitoring in Moscow region over 1957-2005].

The article contains data on radiation situation in Moscow region, characteristics of overall beta-activity of ambient air, fall-out density, radionuclide contents of foods. Radionuclides content of environment appeared to decrease by 2-3 orders. Individual doses of internal irradiation for Moscow population are 100 times lower than the levels legally set for technogenic sources.

[Impact of volumetric activity of radon on the concentration of air ions and on the power of electric field]. / Vliianie ob"emnoi aktivnosti radona na kontsentratsiiu aéroionov i napriazhennost' élektricheskogo polia.

This paper considers the impact of the volumetric activity of radon and its degradation products on the concentration of aeroions and on the strength of an electric field. The optimum range of the volumetric activity of this substance and its daughter degradation products, and their generated aeroions is substantiated. Technology has been developed for space- and time-combined measurements of the volumetric activity of radon, the density of radon flow from the ground surface, the concentration and mobility of negative and positive aeroions, and a difference in potentials of the electric component of atmospherics.

[A case study of the contents of radionuclides and of main chemical pollutants in the atmospheric air of Moscow]. / Izuchenie soderzhaniia radionuklidov i osnovnykh khimicheskikh zagriaznitelei v atmosfernom vozdukhe goroda Moskvy.

The article contains data on monitoring the atmospheric air pollution in Moscow. Thus, the below figures are presented: beta ranges from 2.6 E-0.5 to 5.7 E-0.04 Bk/m3, airborne pollutants amount to 3-80 mkg/m3, sulfates--0.002-1.58 mkg(S)/m3, nitrates--0.05-0.75 mkg(N2)/m3 ammonium ions--0.12-1.20 mkg (N2)/m3, sulfuric dioxides--0.11-1.20 mkg (S)/m3. nitric dioxides--0.05-0.5 mlg (N2)/m3 and nitric acid--0.01-0.08 mkg (N2)/m3. The concentration of airborne pollutants exceeds the regional European level (22 mkg/m3) and that of Russia's European part (12 ... 28 mkg/m3) approximately by 1.5 times. It is noteworthy that it reaches 50 ... 70 mkg/m3 in large industrial centers of Europe. The share of sulfuric and nitric acids in the total concentration of airborne pollutants is (by weight) 13%. 0.8 g of sulfur per m2/year and 0.34 g of nitrogen per m2/year fall in the area of Sport-and-Recreation Complex No. 3 with precipitations; the average total beta-activity of atmospheric precipitations amounts to 1.2 Bk/m2 per day. An analysis of relationships between the air dustiness, the ashes samples' weight (of the air) and cuvette (precipitations) is indicative of their direct and tense correlation: the correlation coefficient between dust and ashes samples is 0.716, and between dust and ashes samples of cuvettes--0.559. At the same time, an extremely weak correlation should be pointed out between air dustiness and the total beta-activity of samples--the correlation coefficient is 0.184 (during a warm year season), as well as between dustiness and the beta-activity of cuvettes--0.346.

[Conceptual bases of environmental radiation monitoring of an industrial city]. / Kontseptual'nye osnovy organizatsii radiatsionno-ékologicheskogo monitoringa promyshlennogo megapolisa.

The mechanisms of radionuclide behavior in different environmental objects have been identified and studied. The radiation characteristics of controlled parameters have been shown to be in the range of mean long-term values that are characteristic for the technogenic background of a capital megapolis, they are not greater than those established by the monitoring standards and those required by regulating legislative documents. Areas have been regionalized by the radiation agent and set off as having high levels of natural radionuclides in the soil and high levels of radon in the soil air. It has been shown that, to ensure radiological monitoring under urban conditions, it is most reasonable to have an irregular network considering the concentration of radiation-risk enterprises, as well as urban architectural designs and division of areas by taking into account regional, geomorphological, and radiological factors. Basic trends in improving radioecological monitoring are given.