The rise of online dating and racial homogamy in marriage.

The rise of online dating has the potential to transform marriage outcomes, as it may alter how individuals are matched with partners. To capture the population-level effects of the rise of online dating, we examine how changes in marital racial homogamy from 2008 to 2016 are associated with changes in online dating within local dating markets. We use data from Google Trends and the American Community Survey with fixed-effects regression models to control for differences across dating markets. Our results suggest that the rise of online dating has not substantially influenced trends in racial homogamy, either nationally or within metropolitan areas.

Children of the Revolution: The continued unevenness of the gender revolution in housework, childcare and work time across birth cohorts.

This study investigates whether parents spend different amounts of time in housework, childcare, and employment across birth cohorts. We apply data from the American Time Use Survey (ATUS; 2003-2018) and age-cohort-period models to compare parents' time spent in these activities across three successive birth cohorts: Baby Boomers (1946-1965), Generation X (1966-1980) and Millennials (1981-2000). For housework time, we find no evidence of cohort change for mothers but for fathers, we observe an increase in housework time with each subsequent cohort. For time spent caring for children, we identify a period effect whereby mothers and fathers regardless of which cohort they belong to are spending more time in primary care of children over time. For work time, we find an increase in mothers' contributions across these birth cohorts. But, net of this overall trend, we find Generation X and Millennial mothers are spending less time in employment relative to Baby Boom mothers. Fathers' employment time, by contrast, has not changed across cohorts or over our measured period. Ultimately, we find gender gaps in childcare, housework and employment across cohorts remain suggesting cohort replacement and period effects are inadequate to close gender gaps in housework, childcare and paid employment time.

'Stuck' in nonstandard schedules? Married couples' nonstandard work schedules over the life course.

Though employment outside of regular daytime business hours has remained high since the 1990s, trends in nonstandard employment schedules over the life course and across households remain under-examined. The consequences of nonstandard scheduling extend to workers, their spouse, and children, urging greater attention to the distribution of nonstandard schedules at the couple-level. Using all three waves of the National Survey of Families and Households, this article examines the prevalence, persistence and sociodemographic patterns of rotating and night employment at the couple-level, following 913 married couples in the United States as they aged from the late 1980s to early 2000s. Though aging reduced the likelihood that couples had one or both spouses working nonstandard hours, roughly one-third of couples with nonstandard scheduling continued to experience nonstandard schedules during the subsequent observation period. Nonstandard schedules were stratified by education and race/ethnicity. This stratification persisted as couples aged, even after controlling for prior work schedules. Findings suggest that disadvantaged couples remain disproportionately exposed to schedules associated with negative outcomes for family well-being across the life course.

Aunque el empleo fuera del horario regular de los días de oficina ha permanecido alto desde la década de los 90, las tendencias de empleos con horarios de trabajo irregulares, durante del ciclo de vida y a través de los hogares, continúan siendo muy poco analizadas. Las consecuencias de los horarios irregulares se extienden a los trabajadores, cónyuges e hijos, demandando mayor atención a la distribución de estos horarios a nivel de pareja. Utilizando las tres encuestas del Censo Nacional de Familias y Hogares (National Survey of Families and Households), este artículo examina la prevalencia, persistencia y patrones sociodemográficos de la rotación y empleo nocturno de 913 matrimonios en los Estados Unidos, desde finales de la década de los 80 hasta el inicio de los años 2000. Aunque la probabilidad de trabajar con horarios irregulares se reduce con los años, aproximadamente un tercio de las parejas continuaban con horarios irregulares durante el período de observación posterior. Los horarios irregulares fueron estratificados por nivel educativo y etnia. Esta estratificación permaneció conforme las parejas envejecieron, incluso después de controlar por horario de trabajo anterior. Los resultados sugieren que las parejas desfavorecidas permanecen desproporcionadamente expuestas a horarios irregulares, asociados con consecuencias negativas para el bienestar familiar a través del curso de vida.

Egalitarianism, Housework, and Sexual Frequency in Marriage.

Changes in the nature of marriage have spurred a debate about the consequences of shifts to more egalitarian relationships, and media interest in the debate has crystallized around claims that men who participate in housework get more sex. However, little systematic or representative research supports the claim that women, in essence, exchange sex for men's participation in housework. Although research and theory support the expectation that egalitarian marriages are higher quality, other studies underscore the ongoing importance of traditional gender behavior and gender display in marriage. Using data from Wave II of the National Survey of Families and Households, this study investigates the links between men's participation in core (traditionally female) and non-core (traditionally male) household tasks and sexual frequency. Results show that both husbands and wives in couples with more traditional housework arrangements report higher sexual frequency, suggesting the importance of gender display rather than marital exchange for sex between heterosexual married partners.

Investing in children: changes in parental spending on children, 1972-2007.

Parental spending on children is often presumed to be one of the main ways that parents invest in children and a main reason why children from wealthier households are advantaged. Yet, although research has tracked changes in the other main form of parental investment-namely, time-there is little research on spending. We use data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey to examine how spending changed from the early 1970s to the late 2000s, focusing particularly on inequality in parental investment in children. Parental spending increased, as did inequality of investment. We also investigate shifts in the composition of spending and linkages to children's characteristics. Investment in male and female children changed substantially: households with only female children spent significantly less than parents in households with only male children in the early 1970s; but by the 1990s, spending had equalized; and by the late 2000s, girls appeared to enjoy an advantage. Finally, the shape of parental investment over the course of children's lives changed. Prior to the 1990s, parents spent most on children in their teen years. After the 1990s, however, spending was greatest when children were under the age of 6 and in their mid-20s.

Hiring Help for the Home: Household Services in the Twentieth Century.

[outsourcinghousehold laborcommodificationservicespaid labor ]] The division between home and market has long been a key dimension of family life and shifts across the home/market boundary are important for both gender inequality and the family. Two shifts across this boundary occurred in the twentieth century: women's movement into paid labor and a decline in household labor. One stylized conception suggests that as women moved into paid labor, they used their new resources to purchase replacements. This article takes up this question, asking whether women's movement into market labor led to the commodification of the home. It does so by combining evidence from primary and secondary sources about women's reliance on services to offer a picture of how services have been used. The article argues that household labor is infused with emotional and relational content which has made it difficult to replace.

The context of discrimination: workplace conditions, institutional environments, and sex and race discrimination charges.

This article explores the organizational conditions under which discrimination charges occur. Drawing on structural and organizational theories of the workplace, the authors demonstrate how organizational conditions affect workers' and regulatory agents' understandings of unlawful discrimination. Using a national sample of work establishments, matched to discrimination-charge data obtained from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the authors examine how characteristics of the workplace and institutional environment affect variation in the incidence of workers' charges of sex and race discrimination and in the subset of discrimination claims that are verified by EEOC investigators. The findings indicate that workplace conditions, including size, composition, and minority management, affect workers' charges as well as verified claims; the latter are also affected by institutional factors, such as affirmative action requirements, subsidiary status, and industrial sector. These results suggest that internal workplace conditions affect both workers' and regulatory agents' interpretations of potentially discriminatory experiences, while institutional conditions matter only for regulatory agents' interpretations of those events.