[Influence of the rat diet enrichment with oat ß-gucans on the assimilation of B group vitamins, mineral elements and lipid metabolism].

Despite the widespread use of oat ß-glucans as ingredient of foods and dietary supplements, there is insufficient data on their effect on the metabolism of vitamins and minerals. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of including oat bran with a high content of ß-glucans (ß-glucan) in the diet on the absorption of micronutrients and lipid metabolism in growing rats deficient in vitamins D, group B and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc). Material and methods. After the development of micronutrient deficiency (for 23 days), in order to assess the effect of oat bran (5%) with a high content of ß-glucans on the correction of the micronutrient status of growing male Wistar rats (with initial body weight of 70.7±0.7 g), the missing micronutrients were introduced in the semi-synthetic diet deficient in vitamins D, group B, iron, copper and zinc within 7 days either along with ß-glucan (1.47%) or without its addition. Indicators of micronutrient sufficiency (riboflavin serum concentration, daily urinary excretion of thiamine, riboflavin and 4-pyridoxic acid, measured by fluorometric methods; serum concentration and urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, phosphorus, measured by the atomic absorption method or using standard methods on a biochemical analyzer) and the biochemical parameters of blood serum were compared with the parameters of rats adequately provided with all micronutrients throughout the experiment. Results. Replenishment of missing micronutrients in the diet of rats with deficiency in vitamins D and group B, iron, copper and zinc for 7 days led to the elimination of deficiency of vitamins B1, B2 and B6, regardless of the presence of ß-glucans in the diet. At the same time, against the background of the presence of ß-glucans in the feed, an increase in the absorption of iron was observed, as evidenced by an increase by 1.73 times in iron blood plasma level (р<0.05) and a tendency towards its urinary excretion decrease by 1.60 fold (р<0.10) compared to animals from the control group. Adding oat bran with ß-glucans to the feed did not lead to a decrease in blood plasma level of total cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins cholesterol. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides in rats of all three groups did not have statistically significant differences. Conclusion. The presence of ß-glucans in the diet had virtually no effect on the absorption of B vitamins and improved the absorption of iron.

[Vitamin supply of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus complicated by nephropathy].

Insufficient vitamin content in the diet is a risk factor for the development of various diseases and their progression, and drug therapy can also contribute to the development of a deficiency of these micronutrients. Data on vitamin sufficiency of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) are needed to develop measures to improve it. The aim of the research was to compare vitamin status of patients with T2DM without DN and those with T2DM complicated by nephropathy by assessing vitamin blood level and urinary excretion. Material and methods. In a single-stage research, 57 patients with T2DM and concomitant obesity (14 men, 43 women aged 42-75 years) have been examined. The 1st group included 26 patients with T2DM (7 men and 19 women, BMI 41.5±1.7 kg/m2) with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) - 8.0±1.4%, blood serum glucose level 8.1±0.6 mmol/l, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - 86.7±3.0 ml/min per 1.73 m2, microalbuminuria - 18.0±2.0 mg/day. The 2nd group included 31 patients with T2DM complicated by DN (7 men and 24 women, BMI 42.5±1.3 kg/m2), with an HbA1c level of 6.4±0.2%, blood serum glucose level 6.8±0.3 mmol/l, GFR - 62.8±2.7 ml/min per 1.73 m2, microalbuminuria - 59.5±22.5 mg/day. The determination of vitamins С (ascorbic acid), A (retinol), E (α- and γ-tocopherols), D [25(OH)D], B2 (riboflavin) and ß-carotene in blood serum and vitamins C (ascorbic acid), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin) and B6 (4-pyridoxic acid) in the morning portion of urine collected on an empty stomach within 40-120 min was carried out. The vitamin status was assessed based on the concentration of vitamins in blood serum and urinary excretion relative to the lower limit of the norm, as well as using the criteria for the optimal supply and 2 molar ratios. Results. Compared to patients with T2DM without nephropathy, patients with DN were better provided with vitamins B2, A and ß-carotene: vitamin B2 deficiency was found 3.2 fold less often (in 9.7%), ß-carotene - 1.8 fold less often (in 35.5%), nonoptimal retinol level occurred twice less often (in 41.9%). At the same time, serum α-tocopherol level below the optimal level was found in 67.7% of individuals versus 50% among patients with T2DM without nephropathy, with a significantly reduced urinary excretion of vitamins B1 and B2. With the exception of one man, the rest of the DN patients had a deficiency or lack of vitamin D. The characteristic features of the vitamin status of patients in both groups were the complete absence of individuals who were simultaneously optimally provided with all the studied vitamins and ß-carotene (when assessing the vitamin status using both the absolute serum vitamer levels and 2 additional molar ratios), and a high frequency of detection of several simultaneously non-optimal vitamin status indicators. A negative correlation was found between blood serum level of ß-carotene and glycemia (ρ=-0.359, p=0.006), as well as GFR (ρ=-0.289, р=0.029) and positive with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ρ=0.423, р=0.001), that indicated the need to increase this antioxidant blood level in patients with T2DM. The presence of a negative correlation between the concentration ratio of vitamins C and E and glucosuria (ρ=-0.288, p=0.033) and postprandial glycemia (ρ=-0.313, p=0.031) indicated the need to maintain it at an optimal level. Conclusion. For patients with T2DM and concomitant obesity, vitamin D and ß-carotene turned out to be the most problematic, since their reduced levels are detected more often than other vitamins. In addition to the optimal blood level of vitamins C and E, it is extremely important for them to maintain the blood molar ratio of ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol at an optimal level. The purposefully development of specialized vitamin complexes containing effective doses is necessary for patients with DN.

[Influence of multiple insufficiency of vitamin D and B group vitamins, calcium and magnesium in the diet of rats on micronutrient sufficiency and plasma biochemical indicators].

The lack of vitamins D, B group, calcium and magnesium is common for the diet of the Russian population. It has been previously demonstrated that that the elimination of B vitamin deficiency is a necessary condition for the implementation of vitamin D biological functions. The aim of the research was to assess the effect of a combined deficiency of vitamins D and B group, calcium and magnesium in the diet of rats on biomarkers of micronutrient sufficiency and plasma biochemical indicators. Material amd methods. Male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 66±1 g were randomly assigned to one of five groups. The rats of the 1st group (Control) were fed a standard semi-synthetic diet (SD) for 28 days. The combined deficit of vitamins D and B group, calcium and magnesium in rats of four experimental groups was caused by a 5-fold decrease in their content in the vitamin mixture and 2-fold decrease in their content in mineral mixture of the SD for 23 days. Over the next 5 days, the rats of 2nd group (+В+D+Ca+Mg) were fed a diet replenished for all missing vitamins and minerals, the rats of 3rd group (-В+D+Ca+Mg) were fed a diet with continued deficiency of B group vitamins, the rats of the 4th group (+В+D-Ca-Mg) were fed a diet with continued lack of calcium and magnesium, the diet of the 5th group (-B-D-Ca-Mg) was not replenished. Vitamins B1 and B2 in lyophilized liver and brain and urine, riboflavin in plasma and 4-pyridoxic acid in urine were determined by fluorimetric methods, 25(OH)D in plasma was determined by ELISA, the level of vitamins A and E in blood plasma and lyophilized liver, of vitamin E in whole brain - by HPLC. Biochemical parameters of blood plasma were determined using a biochemical analyzer. Results. In rats of the 5th group (-B-D-Ca-Mg), there were 3.4-fold increase (p<0.05) in iron plasma level, 1.7-fold elevation (p<0.10) in alkaline phosphatase activity, and 1.8-fold decrease (p<0.05) in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity on the background of the increase in α-tocopherol blood plasma level by 26.7% (p<0.05) and liver content by 2.0 fold (p<0.05) relative to the indicators in animals who hadn't passed the deficiency of micronutrients (Control) and / or from the 2nd group (+B+D+Ca+Mg). The lack of B group vitamins in the diet, which persisted during the correction of vitamin D, calcium and magnesium deficiency in rats of the 3rd group (-B+D+Ca+Mg), inhibited the recovery of diagnostically significant biochemical parameters of blood plasma (namely, an increased level of glucose, iron, triglycerides, cholesterol, α-tocopherol, increased alkaline phosphatase activity and reduced ALT activity) to the level in animals of the control group and/or rats fed the diet replenished for all missing micronutrients (+B+D+Ca+Mg). Conclusion. Combined deficiency of several micronutrients led to changes in biochemical blood parameters. Reduced intake of calcium and magnesium during the correction of the lack of vitamins D and B group in the diet can have a negative impact on vitamin B2 status. Even under normal dietary vitamin E intake the combined deficiency of several other micronutrients affected the metabolism of this vitamin (increased levels of vitamin E in the liver and blood plasma of animals). Chronic combined alimentary deficit of B vitamins, calcium and magnesium, which is characteristic in the diet of the Russian population, reduces vitamin D bioavailability, which justifies the expediency of using vitamin-mineral complexes.

[Efficiency of vitamin D deficit correction depending on rats' supply with B vitamins].

Despite the presence of combined deficiency of vitamins D and group B among the population of Russia, the intake of cholecalciferol is often recommended without correcting the supply with B group vitamins, which are involved in ensuring the biological functions of vitamin D. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of vitamin D deficit correction by replenishing its content in the diet to an adequate level without eliminating the deficit of B vitamins and by restoring vitamin D level in combination with B vitamins. Material and methods. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats (n=33) with an initial body weight of 69.5±0.8 g. Combined deficit of vitamins D and B group in rats (n=24) was caused by a 5-fold decrease in their content in the vitamin mixture of a semi-synthetic diet for 23 days. Over the next 7 days, in order to correct vitamin deficiency, 12 rats (group «-B+D¼) were fed a diet, replenished up to 100% for vitamin D with continued deficiency of B group vitamins, and 12 rats (group «+B+D¼) were fed a diet replenished for all missing vitamins. Animals of the control group (n=9) received a full semi-synthetic diet during the entire experiment. The concentration of vitamins A and E in blood plasma and lyophilized liver and whole brain was determined by HPLC, vitamins B1 and B2 in the liver, brain and urine, riboflavin in plasma and 4-pyridoxic acid in urine - by fluorimetric methods, 25(OH)D in blood plasma was determined by ELISA. The content of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper in freeze-dried liver and brain was determined by atomic absorption method, biochemical parameters of blood and urine were determined using a biochemical analyzer. Results. The only vitamin D addition to the feed with a persisting deficiency of B vitamins did not restore the concentration of 25(OH)D and osteocalcin to the level in control animals sufficiently provided with all vitamins. In animals of the "-B+D" group, 25(OH)D plasma level was reduced by 17.3% (p<0.10), osteocalcin - by 11.7% (p<0.05), the activity of aspartate aminotransferase was 1.5 fold less, alanine aminotransferase - 2.3 fold (p<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase - by 14.9% (p<0.10), while the concentration of iron exceeded 2.7 times, glucose - by 15.0%, calcium - by 8.0%, creatinine - by 8.7% (p<0.05), urea - by 32.1%, direct bilirubin - by 24.2% (p<0.10 ) compared with corresponding indicator in rats of the control group. The level of cholesterol and HDL cholesterol was 14.7% and 15.9% higher (p<0.10) than in animals of the «+B+D¼ group. Conclusions. Deficiency of B vitamins inhibits the restoration of adequate supply with vitamin D. In the presence of a lack of B vitamins in rats, vitamin D deficit and its consequences cannot be completely eliminated. Adequate supply with vitamins D and B group are synergistic factors in maintaining the level of glucose, cholesterol in blood plasma and other diagnostically significant parameters.

[Biological value of fruits and berries of Russian production].

Fruits and berries are the most important sources of a wide range of biologically active substances, including vitamin C, carotenoids, flavonoids, anthocyanins. In order to replenish and update data on the content of food and biologically active substances in the tables of the chemical composition of food products, a study of the content of mono- and disaccharides, dietary fiber was carried out; vitamins C, B1, B2 and E, minerals and trace elements; flavonoids (in terms of rutin), anthocyanins; organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, stilbenoids in various varieties of 16 fruit and berry crops. Material and methods. The material for the study was the fruits of promising varieties and selected forms of pome fruit (apple, pear), stone fruit (cherry, plum, apricot), berry (garden strawberry, raspberry, black currant, red currant, gooseberry), non-traditional crops (actinidia, honeysuckle, cornelian cherry, viburnum, sea buckthorn, rosehip) - a total of 208 samples grown at the I.V. Michurin Federal Scientific Center. The B vitamins were determined by the fluorometric method, and vitamin E, organic and hydroxycinnamic acids, carbohydrates, and stilbenoids were determined by HPLC. The amount of anthocyanin pigments was determined by pH differential spectrophotometry, dietary fiber - by enzymatic-gravimetric method, flavonoids - spectrophotometrically. Results and discussion. The main carbohydrate of apricot is sucrose, black currants, cherries, raspberries and honeysuckle contain mainly fructose and glucose. Raspberries and currants are high in fiber. Comparison of the obtained data on the content of vitamins B1, B2, E, flavonoids and anthocyanins in the studied population of varieties in comparison with the published data of tables of the chemical composition of food products in the USA and Russia was carried out. By the content of vitamin C in descending order, the fruits are arranged in a row: black currant > sea buckthorn > honeysuckle > strawberry > red currant > viburnum > gooseberry > raspberry > apple. Berries, making a significant contribution to providing the body with vitamin C, are not an essential source of vitamins B and E. The inclusion of 100 g of fresh fruit in the diet provides about 10% of the recommended dietary intake for potassium (apricot, gooseberry, cherry and black currant), magnesium (apple, cherry, strawberry) and dietary fiber. Honeysuckle and black currant are high in anthocyanins; consumption of 100 g of these berries will ensure adequate intake of these micronutrients. Some varieties of strawberries, apples and pears are rich in hydroxycinnamic acids. The data obtained can be used to refine the indicators in the existing tables of the chemical composition of food products. Conclusion. The obtained data on the composition of fruit and berry products will make it possible to more correctly calculate the nutritional value of rations using questionnaire-survey methods. Combined analysis of the composition of biologically active substances in berries and fruits makes it possible to more reasonably make the choice of a particular product in the dietary correction of the ration of healthy and sick people.

[Nutrient value of fruit in promising strawberry varieties].

One of the current areas in research of fruit and berry crops is the study of their nutritional value and micronutrient composition. Valuable chemical composition of the strawberry determines a wide spectrum of its utilization not only as fresh fruit, but also as a raw material for food industry. Breeding requirements for contemporary strawberry varieties together with yield, large-fruit, important taste and dietary qualities of fruit provide for higher content of biologic active substances. The aim of the research was an integrated assessment of strawberry fruit for content of nutrients and bioactive compounds, as well as mineral elements, and its antioxidant activity. Material and methods. The objects of investigation were berries of 5 strawberry varieties bred in the I.V. Michurin Scientific Centre (Lakomaya, Prazdnichnaya, Privlekatelnaya, Urozhaynaya CGL, Feyerverk) and 9 foreign varieties (Vima Zanta, Dukat, Zefir, Kama, Maryshka, Red Gauntlet, Festivalnaya romashka, Honey, Elsanta) which are promising for cultivation in the Black Soil Region of Russia. The content of soluble solids was determined by the refractometric method, sugars - by Bertrand's method, pectins - by the volumetric method, anthocyanins - by pH-differential spectrophotometry. Total content of antioxidants was defined by amperometric method with recalculation per quercetin. Determination of vitamin B1 was carried out using the fluorometric thiochrome method, vitamin B2 - by fluorometric titration with riboflavin-binding apoprotein after acid-enzymatic hydrolysis, ascorbic acid, vitamin E (tocopherols), niacin, organic and hydroxycinnamic acids - by HPLC, flavonols - spectrophotometrically, minerals and trace elements - by atomic absorption method. Results and discussion. A significant variation in the chemical composition indices depending on the varietal characteristics was found. Strawberry fruit accumulated 8.5-12.0% soluble solids, 5.9-8.7% sugars, 1.5-2.1% of fibre, 0.78-1.12% pectin substances, 0.89-1.45% organic acid; 100 g contain 33.5-48.2 mg vitamin C, 18.3-108.5 mg anthocyanins, 0.024-0.041 mg vitamin B1, 0.012-0.029 mg vitamin B2, 0.10-0.26 mg niacin, 0.26-0.60 mg TE vitamin E, 102-270 mg potassium, 0.15-0.95 mg iron; total antioxidant activity ranged within 180.8-350.0 mg/100 g. High level of anthocyan accumulation (over 80.0 mg/100 g) was observed in Privlekatelnaya, Lakomaya and Feyerverk strawberry varieties. Urozhaynaya CGL, Privlekatelnaya and Lakomaya varieties were characterized by dessert taste. According to the results of the studies Privlekatelnaya variety stood out because of the high complex accumulation of vitamin C, anthocyanins, and high total antioxidant activity. These varieties are recommended for both fresh use and for freezing, as well as for production of functional foods. Conclusion. The obtained data are of interest for further inclusion in the Tables of the chemical composition of Russian food products.

[Sex and line differences in biochemical indices and fat soluble vitamins sufficiency in rats on in vivo model of metabolic syndrome].

Consumption of diets that are inadequate in energy value to the actual energy expenditure can lead to the development of metabolic syndrome (MS), which has consequences such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic steatohepatosis, atherosclerosis, gout, allergic diseases. Experimental models of MS are needed to develop new approaches to its dietary and drug correction. The aim of the work was a comparative analysis of functional, biochemical and vitamin markers characterizing the effect of a diet with a high content of fructose (F) on males and females of various rat lines and the selection on this basis of an optimal in vivo MS model. Male and female rats of the outbred Wistar line (W) and the inbred Dark Agouti line (DA) were used in the work number of 16 individuals of each sex and line. The animals of the 1st (control) groups of each sex and line received a balanced semi-synthetic diet according to AIN93, and the animals of the 2nd (experimental) groups - the same diet and 30% solution of F instead of water in the regime of free access. Within 121 days, energy value of diets consumed, the increase in body weight and blood pressure were determined; relative mass of internal organs, biochemical parameters of blood plasma, content of fat-soluble vitamins A and E in blood plasma and liver were determined at withdrawal of animals from experiment. It was shown that, in spite of the increased energy value of the diet in the experimental groups throughout experiment, DA males and females practically did not respond to this by an increase in body weight gain, in contrast to W rats (in particular, females). Consumption of diets with F led to an increase in glucose level irrespective of gender and line, whereas triglyceride level (TG) significantly increased only in the case of W female. Addition of F caused in DA rats of both sexes an increase in the mass of the kidneys, as well as more pronounced, in comparison with W rats manifestation of markers of toxic effects on the liver (increases alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferase activity, elevated urea and bilirubin level in blood plasma). In rats of both lines intake of F suppressed the accumulation of retinol palmitate in the liver in terms of its specific content. The total content of α-tocopherol in liver was significantly higher in W compared with DA. At the same time, α-tocopherol levels in blood plasma correlated with TG, and the α-tocopherol/TG ratio significantly decreased in female W receiving F, which were characterized by hyperlipidemia. Thus, the effect of F on W males and, in particular, females, basically corresponded to the classical picture of MS with body weight increasing, elevated blood pressure, glycemia and TG increase, whereas the toxic effect of F prevailed in DA liver and, possibly, kidneys without development of marked dyslipidemia and obesity.

[Content of some vitamins in food ration and blood serum of professional athletes].

The aim of the work was a comparative assessment of the vitamin status of athletes specializing in different kinds of sport (bobsleigh, dispersing and pilots, biathlon, bullet shooting) by means of assessment of the content of vitamins in the diet and blood serum. 159 professional athletes of both sexes were examined in the pre-competition period of the sport activity. The average age of the surveyed 92 men was 21.7±0.8 years, 67 women - 23.1±1.5 years. The actual data on the intake of some vitamins with the main and supplementary diet and blood serum have been presented. The basic diet of athletes didn't provide adequate intake of vitamins. The most pronounced deficiency of B vitamins and vitamin C in the basic diet was noted in female athletes specializing in bobsleigh. Only enrichment of the basic diet with specialized products for athletes and dietary supplements allowed sportsmen to increase their vitamin intake to the recommended level. At the same time, the intake of vitamins В1 and В2 with supplements in a number of athletes exceeded the upper permissible level of their consumption as a part of dietary supplements and specialized food products. The concentration of vitamins C and A in the blood serum exceeded the lower limit of the physiological norm in all athletes. At the same time, in 15.6 and 35.9% of the people, the concentration of these vitamins exceeded the upper limit of the norm. In 17.4% of the examined, a lack of vitamin E was identified, while an increased tocopherol concentration was found in 22.3% of athletes. Comparison of data on the vitamin consumption and their blood level made it possible to conclude that, in order to maintain the optimal vitamin status of the athlete's organism, it was inappropriate to use excessive doses of vitamins C (>200-300 mg/day), E (>50 mg TE/day) and A (>1500 µg RE/day). The unreasonableness of using in the diet of athletes excessively high doses of antioxidant vitamins, the increased demand for B vitamins and the appropriateness of correlating the need for B vitamins with the energy value of the diet have been discussed.

Biochemical and Morphological Parameters of Inbred/Outbred Lines and DBCB Tetrahybrid Mouse in High-Sugar In Vivo Model of Metabolic Syndrome.

Integral, biochemical, and morphological parameters and concentrations of vitamins, particularly lipid soluble vitamins, were analyzed in female mice of inbred DBA/2J line, outbred ICR-1 (CD-1) line, and DBCB tetrahybrid mice on the in vivo model of metabolic syndrome induced by consumption of 30% sucrose for 2 days. In contrast to inbred and outbred lines, DBCB tetrahybrid mice developed abdominal obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and pronounced morphological picture of fatty liver disease. The lipid-coupled transport of vitamin E to the liver is also enhanced in these animals, which compensated decreased supply of vitamin E to the liver under conditions of high-sugar ration. The observed interstrain differences can be related to genetic features of the used mouse lines and DBCB tetrahybrid mice and require further genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and morphological studies. The results of the study based on the in vivo model of metabolic syndrome allow identifying the key biomarkers for complex diagnostics and prognosis of metabolic syndrome complications, such as nonalcoholic steatosis of the liver.

[Comparative evaluation of vitamin status and biochemical markers of metabolic syndrome on the models of rodents receiving rations with high quotas of different sugars].

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is one of the leading causes of non-infectious pathology among the population of developed countries. It is necessary to have experimental in vivo models of MS for pre-clinical testing of new approaches to its dietary therapy. The purpose of the study was a comparative analysis of functional, biochemical and vitamin markers that characterize the effect of diets with different composition of simple carbohydrates (sugars) on female Wistar rats and female C57Black/6J mice. Animals of each species (n=80) were divided into 5 groups of equal numbers. The animals of the 1st (control) group received a balanced semi-synthetic diet, and the animals of groups from the 2nd to the 5th - the same diet and 30% solutions of sugars - glucose (Gl), fructose (Fr), equimolar mixture Gl and Fr and sucrose instead of water, in the regime of free access for up to 133 days. Measured values included blood pressure, mass of internals, biochemical parameters of blood plasma, the activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, CYP3A and glutathione transferase (GT) in liver, glutathione peroxidase (GP) in erythrocytes, the content of vitamins A and E in blood plasma and in liver, the level of vitamins B1 and B2 and nicotinamide coenzymes in liver. Interspecific differences in the response to sugars manifested in a decrease in the solid diet consumption in mice (in contrast to rats), so that the total consumed energy value in experimental groups of mice did not differ systematically from control, and the weight gain was reduced. Liver was the most sensitive organ to addition of sugars in both rats and mice with mass significantly increasing by the 2nd and the 4th months of the experiment. Hyperglycemia and triglyceridemia were the most noticeable in rats receiving Fr. The concentration of phosphorus increased significantly in blood plasma of all rats groups that received sugars. In rats there was a decrease in the activity of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 in groups 3 and 5, the activity of CYP2B1 in groups 2 and 5, the increase in HT activity in groups 2, 4 and 5, and GP in group 3 at 56th day of experiment. There was a significant decrease in this index in group 3 at the 56th and the 133rd days of the experiment, and in groups 4 and 5 - at the 56th day. Plasma tocopherol to triglycerides ratio decreased in rats of group 3 at the 56th and 133rd days, groups 4 и 5 - at 56th day, which indicated the decrease of vitamin E safety. Sugars consumption suppressed retinol palmitate accumulation in the liver of rats and mice, and alpha-tocopherol in mice. It was concluded that Fr had the greatest effect on the studied indicators of the organism, and the rats showed the most significant similarity with the clinical picture of MS.

[Evaluation of vitamin status of workers of oil-processing enterprises (Samara Region) according to the data on vitamin consumption and blood serum level].

Vitamin status of 77 employees of oil refineries (39 men and 38 women aged 22 to 62 years, body mass index - 25.0±4.7 kg/m2) has been assessed in autumn. The sufficiency with vitamins A, E, D, B2, B12, folate and beta-carotene was evaluated by determination in blood plasma, daily intake of vitamins B1, B2, niacin, C, A and betacarotene was calculated by frequency of food consumption during previous month. All surveyed were sufficiently supplied with vitamins A, B12 and folate (reduced level was detected in 0-2.6%). The content of tocopherols referred to triglycerides was reduced in 33% of the workers, in men it was 2 fold more likely (p<0.05) than in women (43.6 vs 21.1%). Vitamin D insufficiency took place in 23.4% of individuals, vitamin B2 and beta-carotene - in 44.2%. A reduced blood plasma content of one vitamin was detected in 39.0% of the surveyed, while two vitamins - in 24.7% persons, 2.2 fold more often (p<0.05) in men than in women. Multivitamin insufficiency was detected in 10.4% of workers. Reduced blood plasma level of at least one vitamin-antioxidant was detected in 46.8% (in 61.5% of men and 31.6% of women, p<0.05). 26.0% of surveyed were provided with all 6 vitamins and beta-carotene. Reduced relative to RDA daily intake of antioxidant vitamins (ascorbic acid and beta-carotene) was observed in 64.9 and 100% of individuals, B group vitamins (niacin, B2 and B1) - in 48.1-64.9%, vitamin A - in 42.9%.

[Vitamin status of rural residents, living in Russian Arctic].

The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to estimate vitamin D, B2, A, E, ß-carotene (BC) status in rural residents, living in Russian Arctic (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area). 216 healthy adults (166 women, 50 men, 45.4±0.8 years old; BMI 27.5±0.5 kg/m2), 76% aboriginal ethnicity and 24% non-aboriginals subjects have been surveyed in spring 2016. Nenets were 72% among the surveyed, Russians - 14%, other ethnic groups - 14%. A total of 69 and 78% of subjects had 25(OH)D and BC blood serum concentrations less than the recommended target threshold of 30 ng/ml and 20 µg/dL respectively. Deficiency of vitamins B2, A and E, when blood serum concentrations of riboflavin <5 ng/ml, retinol <30 µg/dL and tocopherols <0.8 mg/dL, were found in 34, 15 and 13% of participants, respectively. The indigenous population was better supplied with vitamins D and B2. The lack of these vitamins was detected 1.3 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the non-aboriginals; whereas non-aboriginals were better provided with vitamin A and BC: the deficiency of these micronutrients was detected 3.1 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the inhabitants. In general, only 2.4% of those surveyed were sufficiently supplied with all 4 studied vitamins and BC. The frequency of deficit of one or two vitamins was revealed in 62.2%, combined deficiency of 3 or more vitamins was detected in 35.4%. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of combined multivitamin deficiencies among the indigenous and non-aboriginals. High incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the indigenous female population (21%) along with insufficiency of vitamin B2 in female non-aboriginals (48%), the lack of vitamin E in men (22%) and vitamin D and BC in 70-78% of the surveyed dictate the need for targeted enrichment of the diet of people living in extreme conditions of the Russian Arctic with multivitamin complexes.

[Indicators of vitamins safety in experimental alimentary hyperlipidemia in rodents].

Rats and mice of different strains are used as a model of metabolic disturbances, caused by the consumption of diets with unbalanced content of macro-nutrients (fat, carbohydrate), as well as having elevated cholesterol quota. The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude and direction in change of vitamins status indices produced in rats and mice with experimental-mental hyperlipidemia, developing under consumption of high fat diet (HFD), fructose (Fr) and cholesterol (Cho). The experiment was conducted on 48 female growing Wistar rats with initial body weight 122±12 g, and 48 female growing C57Black/6 mice with initial body weight 18±1 g, which were divided into 12 groups of 8 animals per group. Within 63 days the rats and mice of the first (control) group received a balanced semi-synthetic (BD), 2nd groups - HFD with 30% of the total fat by weight of dry feed, 3rd groups - BD and Fr solution instead of water, 4th groups - HFD+Fr, 5th groups - BD supplemented with 0.5% Cho by weight of dry food, 6th groups - the same ration and Fr. After removal of animals from the experiment there were determined the content of vitamin A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (α-tocopherol) in blood plasma and liver by HPLC, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] in blood plasma by HPLC-MS, vitamins B1, B2 and oxidized NAD coenzymes in liver by fluorimetric methods. Consumption of HFD resulted in marked increase in the concentration of vitamin A by 32% and by 45% in rat blood plasma and in the mice liver respectively, elevation of vitamin E level by 46% in the rat liver. Unlike rats, vitamin E in the liver of mice treated with HFD was lower by 32% compared with the control. Cho additive resulted in increased vitamin E accumulation in rat and mice liver (α-tocopherol level was 2.5 и 1.5 fold higher than in control respectively). Convincing evidence wasn't revealed of the impact of the additional Fr on vitamins A and E safety in rats and mice. Consumption of Fr on background of HFD in rats significantly reduced the level of 25(OH)D compared with HFD without Fr. Fr reception in combination with the addition of Cho significantly reduced stores of vitamin A and increased - of vitamin E in the liver of rats and mice. 25(OH)D level for this type of diet was significantly reduced. Cho consumption in rats significantly decreased the content of NAD+NADP in the liver by 12%; the introduction of fructose into the diet neutralized this impact. Feeding rats with HFD resulted in a significant improvement, and uptake of Cho in reduce of vitamin B2 levels in the liver by 12.8 and 28%, respectively. Fr partially neutralized these effects. Thus, changes in the ratio of macronutrients and Cho in the diet of rats and mice may lead to a partially species-specific vitamin sufficiency variations, including in some cases the development of functional deficiency of vitamins А, B2, D and NAD coenzymes.

[Vitamin status of citizens from Moscow Region].

Evaluation of vitamin status in healthy individuals (68 men and 70 women) aged from 18 to 60 years (median - 37 years), residents of Moscow and the Moscow region has been performed by means of determination of vitamin C, A, E, B2, B12 and folic acid level in blood serum. The nutrition was investigated by questionnaire method on frequency of food consumption. Both diet of men and women had excessive fat content (41.7 and 42.7% of total calories), saturated fatty acids (14.1 and 13.6%), added sugars (11.1 and 11.0%), sodium, and had lack of dietary fiber (2.5-fold reduced level comparing with RDA). Daily intake of vitamin B1 was 1.37±0.04 mg for men and 1.06±0.07 mg for women, vitamin B2 - respectively 1.72±0.06 and 1.62±0.07 mg, niacin - 18.5±0.72 and 14.8±0.88 mg and did not reach the optimal level. All persons were sufficiently supplied with vitamins A, C, E and B12: mean and median of blood serum level of retinol, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and cobalamins were in the range of optimum values. The lack of vitamins A and B12 has not been found in any person. The frequency of vitamin C and E insufficiency was insignificant and amounted to 2 and 8% respectively. The lack of vitamin B2, and ß-carotene was most pronounced and took place in about a half of individuals. Only 34% of healthy people of working age were sufficiently supplied with all vitamins. A combined lack of two vitamins was detected in 26%, of three vitamins - in 8%. Women were better supplied with riboflavin and ß-carotene. The blood serum level of ß-carotene and vitamin E was significantly higher in individuals older than 30 years compared with persons of younger age. Individuals with overweight or obesity were worse supplied with ß-carotene and folate. A negative correlation was detected between the levels of serum folate and homocysteine concentration (r=-0.262, p<0.05). A positive correlation has been revealed between the concentration of folic acid and the level of HDL-C (r=0.356, p<0.01), and iron (r=0.378, p<0.05).

[The vitamin status of pregnant women in Moscow: effect of multivitamin-mineral supplements].

Examination of the vitamin status of 102 pregnant women (19-41 years old) from Moscow (gestational age 6-38 weeks) in winter and spring 2015 has been conducted. The lack of vitamin B2 (blood serum level of riboflavin <5 ng/ml), D (25(OH)D level <30 ng/ml) and ß-carotene (<20 mg/dL) occurred in 49-66% of pregnant women. The percentage of persons with reduced serum levels of vitamin B6 (<4.8 mg/l), folic acid (<3 mg/l), vitamin A (<30 mg/dL), and E (<0.8 mg/dl) was insignificant and amounted 6-8%. All of the women had an adequate supply with vitamins C (>0.4 mg/dL) and B12 (>150 ng/L). The frequency of the combined deficiency of two vitamins was 29%, of three vitamins - 21%, four - 10%, five - 5%. Only 8% of women were sufficiently supplied with all 8 studied vitamins and ß-carotene. A positive correlation (p<0.001) between the concentration of vitamin E and gestation term occurred. ß-Carotene blood serum level raised with increasing gestation term in women receiving multivitamin-mineral supplements (VMS) and directly correlated (p<0.05) with vitamin E serum level. In 63 women who were not taking VMS, blood serum level of vitamins A, D, C, B2, B6, B12, folic acid and ß-carotene was lower, and the frequency of inadequate supply, on the contrary, was significantly higher, compared to 39 women receiving VMS. Blood serum concentration of vitamins C, A, D, B6 and folic acid in women who were not taking VMS was significantly reduced (p<0.05) with increasing gestation term, whereas in women consuming VMS vitamin blood serum level was maintained at a constant level. The data obtained demonstrate advisability of VMS intake during pregnancy to maintain vitamin status of pregnant women at a satisfactory level and to reduce the risk of birth defects in infants.

[Assessment of vitamin status of the workers of Samara thermal power plant according to data on vitamin intake and their levels in blood].

Sufficiency of 58 employees of a thermal power plant (47 men and 11 women aged 21 to 64 years, body mass index - 27.0±5.8 kg/m2), with vitamins A, E, D, B6, B12, folic acid and carotenoids (content in the blood plasma) and vitamin C (urinary excretion) was conducted in winter (February 2015). All surveyed workers were sufficiently supplied with vitamins A, B6, B12 and folic acid (a reduced level was detected in 0-9%). Insufficient supplying with vitamin E had 19% of the workers (and only men), vitamin C - 44%, vitamin D - 61%, carotenoids - 93%. Only 5% persons were sufficiently provided with all 6 vitamins. A combined deficiency of two vitamins had 38% of them, three - 22%, four - 16%. Simultaneously reduced plasma level of two antioxidants was observed in 36% of subjects, three - in 12%. Significant positive correlation (p <0.05) was detected between plasma levels: total cholesterol and retinol and ß-carotene; tocopherol and total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; between the concentration of vitamin D, and high density lipoproteins; levels of retinol and tocopherol and ß-carotene. In parallel intake of vitamins C, A, B1, B2 and niacin has been assessed by calculation of the frequency of food consumption during the previous month. Reduced relatively recommended daily intake of vitamins A, C has been found in approximately half of the surveyed, niacin, vitamin B1 and B2 - in 70-80%. Comparison of the data on the availability of vitamins C and A, obtained by calculation of vitamin intake and biochemical methods gave identical results in 55 and 60% of cases, correspondingly. The lack of vitamins has been detected more frequently by assessing dietary intake.

[Influence of combined vitamin deficiency on unconditioned reflexes and learning in growing rats].

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combined deficiency of all vitamins on the manifestation of unconditioned reflex and learning (in response to an electric current) in growing Wistar rats with initial body weight 53.4 ± 1.2 g (45.5-62.0 g). 20 of 46 tested male rats (latent period of transition from the illuminated chamber to the dark compartment did not exceed 60 s) were included in the experiment. Rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (control and experimental) for the duration of the latent period and body mass. Within 23 days the rats of the control group received a complete semisynthetic diet. Combined vitamin deficiency in tested rats was caused by 5-fold diet decrease of the amount of vitamin mixture without vitamin E. On the 12th day the second phase of testing was performed, during which the rat received electrocutaneous irritation on paws (current 0.4 mA, 8 seconds) after transition to the dark compartment of the chamber. Preservation of the conducted reflex was performed 24 h and 9 days after training. On the 23rd day pre-anesthetized with ether rats were taken out from the experiment by decapitation. The content of vitamin A (retinol and retinol palmitate) and E (tocopherols) in plasma and liver and in the sunflower oil was analyzed by HPLC, the level of vitamins B1 and B2 in liver and casein by fluorimetric method, blood serum malondialdehyde content--by spectrophotometric method. Reducing of vitamin mixture amount of the diet lead to significant reduction in liver vitamin A, E, B1, and B2 level and in blood plasma vitamin A and E concentration by the end of the experiment, but had no effect on blood plasma MDA concentration. On the 12th day of vitamin deficiency in rats manifestation of unconditioned reflex (photophobia) has been deteriorated, as evidenced by the significant 3,2-fold increase of latent period of transition to the dark compartment compared with animals fed a complete diet (47.8 ± 15.8 vs 14.8 ± 3.6 sec), but their ability to learn hadn't been effected. Based on the data that vitamin deficiency, especially of vitamin-antioxidants, causes oxidative stress, and that increase of corticosterone level in hippocampus during aging significantly inhibits the function of the brain, we can assume that increasing of corticosterone level may be one of the cause of the detected cognitive impairment, as isolated vitamin A deficiency in rats increases tissue corticosterone levels.

[Estimation of vitamin status of moscow student according to data on vitamins intake and their levels in blood].

Supply with vitamins C, A, E and B2 of 61 high school students (38 girls and 23 boys, aged 18­22 years, body mass index ­ 23.0±0.6 kg/m2) by means of determination of blood plasma concentration of ascorbic acid, retinol and carotenoids, tocopherols and riboflavin has been investigated in the period from May to September. All students were well supplied with vitamin C (only 2 boys had a reduced level of ascorbic acid) and vitamin A. Decreased level of carotenoids was more common in boys (48 versus 24% in girls). 20% of the students were insufficiently supplied with vitamin E, 38% ­ with vitamin B2. 39% of students (50% girls and 22% boys) were adequately provided with all studied vitamins. 5% of the students had a combined deficiency of 3 vitamins, 20% ­ 2 vitamins. Student's sufficiency with vitamins B2, C, A, E, carotenoids did not depend on the season. Diet intake of vitamins C, A, carotenoids and vitamin B2 has been calculated basing on the data on the frequency of food consumption during the previous month. Reduced consumption relatively to the Russia RDA of vitamins В2, C and А took place in 63, 54 and 46% of the students respectively. The lack of vitamin B2 in the diet was most pronounced, the value of probabilistic risk corresponded to the average level in 34% of students. Average probabilistic risk of inadequate intake of vitamin A was present in 17% of students, vitamin C ­ 6%. Coincidence of the results of vitamin C and A status assessment obtained by calculation of vitamin diet intake and by biochemical methods (concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma) was 94 and 83%. These methods are interchangeable if you select the value of the average probability of risk failure intake of these vitamins as a criterion. Proportion of coinciding results of the estimation of vitamin B2 status was 56%. Special well-designed studies on larger sample surveyed are needed for the final output of the interchangeability of methods to assess riboflavin status.

Efficiency of various vitamin doses for polyhypovitaminosis correction in rats.

A 5-fold decrease of the content of vitamin mixture in the ration and exclusion of vitamin E from this mixture over 4 weeks led to a significant growth delay in rats initially weighing 58.1±0.5 g, but was inessential for the growth rates of animals weighing 107.1±1.1 g. The decrease in the levels of vitamins A and B2 in the liver and of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the plasma of younger rats was more significant, this indicating their higher sensitivity to alimentary vitamin deficit. The increase in vitamin content in the ration to 100% over 5 days led to a significant body weight increment but did not restore vitamin levels in the liver, restoring, however, plasma levels of vitamins E and 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Addition of 50% vitamin content of the vitamin mixture for controls to vitamin-deficient rations of older rats for 2 weeks improved the levels of vitamins B1 and B2, but was virtually inessential for the liver content of vitamins A and E. High dose (158-200%) vitamins in animals of both age groups repaired the deficit of all vitamins, except vitamin A, despite the fact that its doses were the highest. These results validate long-term vitamin consumption for repair of their deficit.

[Effect of wheat bran fiber on vitamin status of weaning rats with alimentary polyhypovitaminosis].

Effect of wheat bran on the vitamin status of rats adequately provided with vitamins or insufficiently supplied with vitamins has been investigated. 32 male Wistar weaning rats (initial body mass--49-67g) were randomly divided into 4 groups and fed with complete semi-synthetic diet, containing 100 or 20% of vitamin mixture with or without addition of wheat bran (5% of diet mass) for 35 days. The animals of the control group received 100% of vitamin mixture without adding of wheat bran; 2 group--received those diet with wheat bran; 3 deficient group--20% of vitamin mixture with full exclusion of vitamins E, B1 and B2; 4 group--20% of vitamin mixture and wheat bran. The inclusion of wheat bran in full semi-synthetic diet has been accompanied by significant decrease of alpha-tocopherol liver content on 17% (p = 0.006), significant increase of vitamin B1 liver level on the 16% (p = 0.027) and blood plasma vitamin D elevation on 19% (p = 0.017), as well as a tendency (p = 0.059) to increase the liver level of vitamin B2. Indicators of vitamin A status as well as plasma vitamin E concentration, liver and blood plasma MDA levels were not changed in this group rats. The 5-fold reduction of the vitamin mixture quota and the exclusion of vitamins E, B1 and B2 resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) 1.6-1.8 fold decreased in animal body weight and liver mass and the manifestation of the deep external signs of vitamin deficiency. Young animals were more sensitive than adult animals to a lack of vitamins in the diet. Vitamin A (retinol palmitate) liver content in rats from this group was 25.1-fold reduced, vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)--2.1-fold, vitamins B1 and B2--by 57 and 38% compared with animals received a complete control diet (p < 0.05). Blood plasma concentration of vitamins A, E, D was 19-34% decreased. Adding of bran in vitamin deficit diet led to increased consumption of vitamin B--on 40%, vitamins B2 and E--21%, both due to their natural content in the bran, and as a result of increased eatability of the feed by 16% relative to deficient group due to improved taste of the diet. Enrichment of vitamin scarce diet with wheat bran led to an increase in body weight by 56%, the efficiency of the diet by 67%. This circumstance didn't allow to reveal the effect of dietary fiber on the vitamin status of rats with polyhypovitaminosis. The significant (p < 0.05) increase of retinol plasma level by 34% and liver and blood plasma tocopherol content by 17% and 22% and reduction of MDA blood plasma level by 24% took place in animals from this group compared to a group of rats receiving vitamin deficit diet without any effect on liver MDA level, liver vitamin A, B1 and B2 content and heart coenzyme Q10 level. The results obtained suggest that wheat bran inclusion in the diet of rats adequately supplied with vitamins may lead to a deficiency of vitamin E.