Reliable measurement methods for the isovolumic relaxation time: comparisons of dual gate Doppler and seven other methods.

PURPOSE: Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) is a useful indicator of diastolic dysfunction. However, a measurement method for IVRT has not been established. The Dual Gate Doppler method, which can record two separate pulse-wave Doppler signals simultaneously using two sample gates, may be ideal for measuring IVRT. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of IVRT measured using conventional methods versus that measured using the Dual Gate Doppler method. METHODS: A total of 104 patients (mean age 58 ± 21 years, 48 women) were examined using ultrasound equipment with Dual Gate Doppler at our hospital. In addition to Dual Gate Doppler method, IVRTs were measured using seven different methods: pulsed Doppler (PW method), continuous wave Doppler (CW method), and other methods. The IVRT values obtained using the Dual Gate Doppler method were compared with those measured using other methods. RESULTS: All IVRTs measured using conventional methods showed a strong correlation with the that measured using the Dual Gate Doppler method. However, there were slight deifferences among the IVRTs depending on the method. The PW method and the PW time difference method using only the PW showed small statistical bias and were not complicated. The IVRT measured using the CW method was significantly longer than that measured using the Dual Gate Doppler method. CONCLUSIONS: Among the conventional methods, the PW method was the simplest and most practical method for measuring the IVRT in any conditions as arrhythmias. It is important to recognize the characteristics of IVRTs based on the measurement method.

Prognostic Impacts of CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS Scores on Clinical Outcomes After Elective Drug-Eluting Stent Placement for De Novo Coronary Stenosis.

Background: The prognostic impact of CHADS2, CHA2DS2-VASc, and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS scores on clinical outcomes after drug-eluting stent (DES) placement has not been fully elucidated. Methods and Results: The present study was a retrospective, non-randomized, single-center, and lesion-based study. Target lesion failure (TLF), comprising cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization, occurred in 7.1% of 872 consecutive de novo coronary lesions in 586 patients. These patients were electively and exclusively treated by DESs from January 2016 to January 2022 until July 2022 with a mean (±SD) observational interval of 411±438 days. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that CHA2DS2-VASc-HS scores ≥7 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.800; 95% CI 1.06-3.05; P=0.029) was a significant predictor of cumulative TLF among 24 variables evaluated. CHADS2 scores ≥2 (HR 3.213; 95% CI 1.32-7.80; P=0.010) and CHA2DS2-VASc scores ≥5 (HR 1.980; 95% CI 1.10-3.55; P=0.022) were also significant in the multivariate analysis. Pairwise comparisons of receiver operating characteristic curves for CHADS2 score ≥2, CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥5, and CHA2DS2-VASc-HS score ≥7 showed they were equivalent in terms of predicting the incidence of TLF, with areas under the curve of 0.568, 0.575, and 0.573, respectively. Conclusions: All 3 cardiocerebrovascular thromboembolism risk scores were strong predictors of the incidence of cumulative mid-term TLF after elective DES placement, with cut-off values of 2, 5, and 7, respectively, and equivalent prognostic impacts.

Comparison of phrenic nerve injury and its effect on the extrapulmonary vein structures with cryoballoon and hot-balloon ablation systems: considering the lesion created on the superior vena cava as a surrogate marker.

Preventing phrenic nerve injury (PNI) during balloon-based ablation is essential. The superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction is located just opposite the balloon position during right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) ablation, and the phrenic nerve runs nearby on the lateral side. We compared the occurrence of PNI between the two balloon-based ablation systems and also the lesions created at the SVC-RA junction, which were expected to represent the effect on extra-PV structures. Cryoballoon ablation (CBA, n = 110) and hot-balloon ablation (HBA, n = 90) were performed in atrial fibrillation patients. High-density maps of the SVC-RA junction were created in 93 patients (CBA = 53, HBA = 40), and the damaged area (< 1.0 mV) was determined as an "SVC lesion". CBA had a higher occurrence of transient PNI (7.3% vs 1.1%, p = 0.035), but all recovered during the 6-month follow-up. An apparent SVC lesion was documented in 43% of the patients (40/93), and all patients with PNI had this lesion. CBA created a frequent (CBA vs HBA = 55% vs 28%, p = 0.008) and wider (0.8[0.4-1.7] cm2 vs 0.5[0.3-0.7] cm2, p = 0.005) SVC lesion than HBA. A multivariate analysis revealed that the use of a CBA system was a predictive factor of the occurrence of SVC lesions. CBA had a higher occurrence of transient PNI but not a permanent form. Every patient with PNI had lesions on the SVC-RA junction, and CBA revealed more substantial ablation effects at the SVC-RA junction than HBA. This may be caused by the different characteristics of the two balloon-based ablation systems and their balloon positions.

Is creation of a fully circumferential lesion set necessary for laser balloon ablation-based pulmonary vein isolation?

BACKGROUND: Despite reports of remote pulmonary vein (PV) stenosis after visually guided laser balloon (VGLB) ablation, circumferential (360°) lesion sets are routinely performed. This study aimed to determine whether fully circumferential lesion creations are required for all PVs to achieve PV isolations (PVIs) and to determine PV's vulnerability to chronic-phase stenosis. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent mapping-guided PVIs using circular mapping catheters. VGLB ablation was performed circumferentially beginning at the 12 o'clock position and continued clockwise or counterclockwise. PVIs obtained within the bounds of the first half of the circumferential lesion (≤ 180°) were defined as "early PVIs." RESULTS: "Early PVIs" were documented in real time for 39% (80/204) of the PVs and at a significantly greater frequency among lower PVs than upper PVs (60.1% vs. 17.6%; p < 0.0001). The PV sleeve length, PV diameter, and isolation of ipsilateral PVs within a semicircular lesion set were identified as predictors of an "early PVI" phenomenon. The amount of energy delivered to the lower PVs was significantly less than that to the upper PVs (5553 [5089-6188] vs. 3559 [2793-4380] J; p < 0.0001), but the incidence of narrowing of the lower PVs at 6 months was comparable to that of the upper PVs (p = 0.73). CONCLUSION: Our study revealed electrical isolations of more than 60% of the lower PVs while creating the first half of the circumferential lesions. Crosstalk via the carina region was presumably involved due to the preceding upper PVI. Further study is needed to determine whether energy delivery adjustments are needed for lower PVs to avoid chronic narrowing.

Subtle Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Prader-Willi Syndrome Might Begin in Young Adulthood.

Objective Patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) are known to have a high mortality rate. However, little is known about the exact reason for this, particularly in adults, because so few reports have been published. The present study examined cardiovascular abnormalities to determine the cause of death in adults with PWS. Methods From September 2017 to April 2019, a total of 18 adults with PWS, and, no history of cardiovascular diseases, were enrolled. We investigated the levels of the cardiovascular biomarkers: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and troponin T (TnT). To estimate the cardiac function, we measured the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal systolic strain (GLS) of the left ventricle, ratio of peak early mitral filling velocity (E) to early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E/e' ratio), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) using standard and tissue Doppler echocardiography. Results The mean patient age was 28±9 years old. There were 11 men, and the mean body mass index was 45.1 kg/m2. Dyslipidemia (82%), diabetes mellitus (82%) and hypertension (83%) were commonly found as comorbidities. Most patients had elevated levels of hs-CRP (mean 1.007±0.538 mg/dL). The LVEF (mean 61%±5%) showed normal values, while the GLS (mean 15.0%±3.0%) was decreased. The TAPSE was mildly reduced (mean 16±3 mm). Conclusion These results suggest that subtle cardiovascular abnormalities have already begun in young adults with PWS. We need to manage obesity and the resultant obesity-related disorders in order to prevent heart failure and coronary atherosclerosis in PWS patients.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Efflux Capacity as a Novel Prognostic Surrogate for Coronary Artery Disease.

AIM: We examined the impact of baseline high-density lipoprotein cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) on major cardiac adverse events (MACE) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) during a long-term secondary prevention. METHOD: CEC was measured using a cell-based efflux system in (3)[H]-cholesterol-labeled J774 macrophages in apolipoprotein B-depleted plasma between January 2011 and January 2013. Patients with CAD were divided into 2 groups as a boundary CEC value of 1: 0.19 ≤ CEC ＜1 (impaired CEC group, mean CEC of 0.76±0.16, n=136), and 1 ≤ CEC ≤ 2.08 (enhanced CEC group, 1.20±0.19, n=44). MACE, comprised the incidence of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and any revascularizations (RV) without restenosis approximately 1 year after vascularization, was retrospectively investigated at September 2019. Impact of enhanced CEC on MACE among 22 variables was examined by applying a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULT: The frequency of MACE in impaired CEC group (16.9%, mean observational interval of 2111±888 days) was significantly higher than that in enhanced CEC group (2.3%, 2,252±685, p=0.013), largely driven by the significantly higher RV incidence (14.0 % versus 2.3 %, p=0.032). Enhancement of CEC was the significant predictor of MACE (hazard ratio: 0.11; 95% CI: 0.013-0.879; p=0.038). CONCLUSION: A baseline CEC level of more than 1 in patients with CAD brought favorable long-term clinical outcomes, suggesting that CEC is a useful prognostic and therapeutic surrogate for secondary prevention of CAD.

Atrial reverse remodeling represented by the atrial conduction time in persistent atrial fibrillation patients after catheter ablation: its impact on predicting late atrial fibrillation recurrence.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to examine the reduction in the atrial conduction time during the follow-up phase of catheter ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF) patients, which would suggest atrial reverse remodeling, and to investigate its impact on predicting AF recurrence. METHODS: Fifty-seven PsAF patients underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation. The P-wave to left atrial appendage (LAA) conduction time was measured by transthoracic echocardiography using tissue Doppler imaging (P-LAA TDI), within 24 h and 6 months after ablation. RESULTS: The accuracy of the P-LAA TDI was confirmed by measuring the actual electrophysiological data during the ablation (90 ±â€¯13 ms, r = 0.754, p < 0.001). The P-LAA TDI was significantly reduced (170 ±â€¯18 msec to 159 ±â€¯19 msec, p < 0.001) at the 6-month follow-up. Sixteen patients (28%) had an AF recurrence by 12 months of follow-up. The no-AF recurrence group had a significantly reduced P-LAA TDI 6 months later (165 ±â€¯15 msec to 155 ±â€¯18 msec, p < 0.001), while there was no significance in the AF recurrence group (184 ±â€¯21 msec to 174 ±â€¯16 msec, p = 0.091). The P-LAA TDI was a predictive factor of AF recurrence after ablation with a cut-off value of >175 msec (sensitivity = 0.750, specificity = 0.780) when measured within 24 h after ablation and >166 msec (sensitivity = 0.750, specificity = 0.756) when calculated at 6 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In PsAF patients, a significant reduction in the P-LAA TDI was observed at 6 months of follow-up, which may have represented the occurrence of left atrial reverse remodeling. These findings suggested that the P-LAA TDI time in the follow-up was appropriate for predicting late AF recurrences.

Impact of low-voltage zones on the left atrial anterior wall on the reduction in the left atrial appendage flow velocity in persistent atrial fibrillation patients.

BACKGROUND: The reduction in the left atrial appendage (LAA) flow velocity is related to the presence of emboli in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. The LAA is located on the left superior side of the left atrial (LA) anterior wall, and we investigated the relationship between the reduction in the LAA flow velocity (LAAFV) and low voltage zones (LVZs < 0.5 mV) on the LA anterior wall. METHODS: In 146 persistent AF patients, LAAFV measurements, by transesophageal echocardiography, and catheter ablation were performed. LA mapping was performed before ablation during sinus rhythm, and the locations of any anterior-LVZs were documented. RESULTS: Eighty-one patients had a documented LVZ on the LA anterior wall, and those with an LVZ had a significantly lower LAAFV compared to those without (anterior-LVZ(+) vs. anterior-LVZ(-) = 26 ± 11 vs. 34 ± 10 cm/s, p < 0.001), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the other LVZ regions. A low-LAAFV (≦ 20 cm/s) was observed in 36 patients, and the CHADS2-vasc score and existence of an anterior-LVZ were associated with a low-LAAFV. In patients with anterior-LVZs, the distance between the anterior-LVZ and LAA orifice correlated with a low LAAFV (r = 0.534, p < 0.001) as compared to the surface area of the anterior-LVZ (r = - 0.288, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: In persistent AF patients, an LVZ on the LA anterior wall was associated with a low LAAFV. In addition, an anterior-LVZ located near the LAA orifice was further related to a reduction in the LAAFV.