Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Clupeonella abrau (Maliatsky, 1930) (Clupeiformes), an Endemic Freshwater Fish from the Lake Abrau (Russia).

The Abrau sprat (tyulka or sardelka) Clupeonella abrau (Maliatsky, 1930) is an endemic fish of the Lake Abrau (Krasnodar Krai, Russia). The full C. abrau mitochondrial genome (16 650 bp) showed a gene arrangement conserved in Clupeidae and 98.8% similarity with the mitochondrial genome of the related species Black and Caspian Sea sprat C. cultriventris from the Black Sea. The COX1 gene sequence was additionally studied in a museum specimen collected in the Lake Abrau in 1938. Variability in modern Abrau sprat COX1 gene locus was estimated at approximately 0.15%, the difference between C. abrau and C. cultriventris was 1.2%, and the difference between the museum and modern C. abrau specimens from the Lake Abrau was 0.92%. The study confirmed that the Abrau sprat is present in the fish community and is capable of reproducing in the lake. Various scenarios were proposed to explain colonization of the Lake Abrau by C. abrau.

[Long-term follow-up of adult patients with serial and status course of epileptic seizures]. / Dolgosrochnyi katamnez vzroslykh patsientov s epilepsiei s epilepticheskim statusom ili seriinymi pristupami.

OBJECTIVE: To study the follow-up of adult patients with status epilepticus or a history of serial seizures, assessing the likelihood of achieving long-term remission and identifying predictors of treatment effectiveness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 280 patients divided into 137 patients with epilepsy with a series of seizures or a history of status epilepticus (group 1) and 143 patients, who had not previously received therapy and did not have a series of seizures or a history of status epilepticus (group 2). A clinical and neurological examination, analysis of medical documentation data, electroencephalography, and MRI were performed. RESULTS: After correction of therapy, remission in patients in group 1 was achieved in 21.9%, improvement in 30%, no effect was observed in 48.1%; in group 2 the indicators were 51%, 28.7%, 20.3%, respectively. The onset of epilepsy in childhood, frequent seizures, and regional epileptiform activity were associated with the lack of treatment effect. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the main role of the clinical examination in determining the prognosis of epilepsy in a particular patient. Currently available instrumental techniques have limited predictive value.

Light antiproton one-electron quasi-molecular ions within the relativistic A-DKB method.

In the present work, two quasi-molecular compounds each involving one antiproton and one electron (p̄), He+-p̄ and H-p̄, are investigated. Using completely relativistic calculations within the finite-basis method adapted to systems with axial symmetry, the adiabatic potential curves are constructed by numerically solving the two-center Dirac equation. The binding energies of electron are obtained as a function of the inter-nuclear distance and compared with the corresponding nonrelativistic values and relativistic leading-order corrections calculated in the framework of other approaches. A semantic analysis of antiproton quasi-molecular ions with compounds containing a proton (p) instead of an antiproton is given. The advantages of the A-DKB method are demonstrated.

[The effect of the start date of cognitive rehabilitation after ischemic stroke on the level of recovery]. / Vliyanie sroka nachala kognitivnoi reabilitatsii posle perenesennogo ishemicheskogo insul'ta na uroven' vosstanovleniya.

OBJECTIVE: The dependence of result of cognitive training in patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke (IS) on the timing of their onset continues to be discussed. The aim was to study the results of cognitive rehabilitation of patients after IS during various periods after it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 140 patients were examined during complex rehabilitation in terms up to 1, 2-3, 4-6 and 7-12 months after IS, 78 of them received drug support (DS) of rehabilitation with intravenous injections of ampasse. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to monitor the effectiveness of rehabilitation. RESULTS: In all subgroups, there was a statistically significant increase in the MoCA score after the course, but number of people with an increase in the score by 1 or more points was highest among those who started the course 3 or more months after the development of IS (p=0.015). Among those who received DS, an increase in the MoCA was noted in 87.2%, in those who did not receive it - 38.7% (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant increase in the severity of anxiety and depression after the course of treatment in any of the subgroups. CONCLUSION: The used approach of a combination of cognitive, physical rehabilitation and DS proved to be justified for achieving results during a two-week course of inpatient rehabilitation of patients both in the early and late recovery period after IS.

[Assessment of disorders of neurodynamic processes in patients with acute ischemic stroke]. / Otsenka narushenii neirodinamicheskikh protsessov u bol'nykh v ostrom periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a method for assessing neurodynamic disorders in the acute period of stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three right-handed patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke (IS) were examined, including 28 patients with IS in the basin of the left middle cerebral artery (LMCA) (group 1), 19 patients with IS in the basin of the right middle cerebral artery (group 2) and 16 patients with IS in the vertebrobasilar system (group 3). The control group consisted of 37 healthy individuals. The «Tapping Test¼ technique developed by E.P. Ilyin was used to assess the strength of nervous processes. The mobility of nervous processes was determined by a complex sensorimotor reaction of discrimination. To assess the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, a complex sensorimotor reaction to a moving object was used. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in the strength of nervous processes in the patients compared to the control group (p<0.0001), more pronounced in IS in LMCA. When checking the mobility of nervous processes in patients of groups 1 and 2, the number of errors was statistically significantly higher than in the control group (inertness of nervous processes). These indicators were the highest in patients with IS in LMCA while in patients of group 3 the lowest values, approaching the data of healthy individuals, were noted. When checking the balance of nervous processes, torpidity of reactions was noted in patients of group 1, torpidity when performing the test with a paretic hand was noted in group 2. In group 3 these indicators approach the data of healthy individuals, which reflected the approximate balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. CONCLUSION: In the study of neurodynamic processes in patients in the acute period of IS, there was a decrease in strength, inertness, and torpidity of the mobility of nervous processes, more pronounced in the damage of the dominant hemisphere. It can be assumed that in the origin of these shifts in patients in the acute period of IS, a diaschisis plays an important role, and with left-sided localization of IS, not only the focal, but also its connective, transcallosal form.

[Ampakines - a promising approach to neuroprotection]. / Ampakiny ­ novyi podkhod k neiroprotektsii.

Increased interest in glutamatergic neurotransmission emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. Later, the role of glutamate neurotransmission in learning and memory processes became clear. AMPA receptors (AMPR) and NMDA receptors (NMDAR) turned out to be important links in the mechanism of long-term potentiation (LTP) involved in memory processes, which was expressed in an increase in the excitatory postsynaptic potential in response to repeated stimuli. The data obtained in recent decades indicate that AMPR is the main regulators of synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. In clinical terms, the greatest interest is not the formation of memory traces in various parts of the brain, but its restoration in various pathological processes, including reactivation of connections between neurons activated by learning in various areas of the brain. AMPAR synaptic plasticity disorder has been detected in several neurodegenerative diseases accompanied by cognitive disorders. Ampakines, a heterogeneous class of numerous small molecules that bind to the allosteric site on the AMPAR receptor, which slows down the kinetics of AMPAR deactivation, enhances excitatory synaptic current and enhances LTP, have become increasingly attracting the attention of researchers.

[Dynamics of recovery of cognitive deficit in patients in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke]. / Dinamika vosstanovleniya kognitivnogo defitsita u patsientov v rannem vosstanovitel'nom periode ishemicheskogo insul'ta.

OBJECTIVE: Study of the effectiveness of the use of the drug Ampasse in the process of complex rehabilitation in patients in the early recovery period of ischemic stroke at the second (stationary) stage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 60 patients, 28 women and 32 men, aged 43 to 76 years (mean - 58.4±9.1 years), in the recovery period after suffering a stroke in the period from 1 to 12 months (on average - 4.7±3.5 months). All patients received complex rehabilitation, patients of the 1st group received additional intravenous injections of the drug Ampasse 25 mg (5.0 ml), 15 injections. Patients of the 2nd group (n 0) did not receive Ampasse. To assess cognitive functions, the following tests were used: the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA), Stroop's test, subtest 9 of the Wechsler test, Koos cubes (CC), the severity of anxiety and depression was assessed, and motor recovery was assessed by the hand motor activity test (ARAT). The assessment was carried out before the start of treatment and on the 21st day. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in the score on the MoCA scale, in patients of the 1st group by an average of 2 points, in the 2nd group there was no significant dynamics, a statistically significant difference was found in the proportion of patients who had an increase in the MoCA index after the course of treatment in the 1st group. compared with the 2nd (χ2 - 22.528, p<0.001). Decreased the level of rigidity according to the Stroop test in patients of the 1st group compared with the 2nd (χ2 - 8.297, p=0.004). The number of patients who showed positive dynamics in the Koos cubes test in the 1st group was statistically significantly higher (χ2- 4.344, p=0.038). A statistically significant decrease in the level of depression was revealed in patients of the 1st group. The number of patients with improved motor function of the hand was greater in the 1st group of MG (χ2 - 4.286, p<0.039). CONCLUSION: In patients in complex therapy receiving intravenous administration of the drug Ampasse at a dose of 25 mg (5.0 ml) 15 administrations, a statistically significant improvement in cognitive functions was revealed according to MoCA tests, Stroop test, Koos Cubes, when compared with the comparison group. The use of Ampasse increased the effectiveness of cognitive and motor rehabilitation in patients with post-stroke disorders.

[Cerebral circulation disorders in COVID-19]. / Narusheniya mozgovogo krovoobrashcheniya pri COVID-19.

Present two clinical cases of cerebral circulation disorders in COVID-19. Cerebrovascular disorders in patients have been associated with COVID-19. Despite the similarity of symptoms, the pathogenesis of neurological damage in these patients was different due to damage to the arterial system in the first case and the venous system in the second case. It is concluded that during the COVID-19 pandemic, doctors need to be alert to all patients with new-onset neurological symptoms.

Options for the Spatial Development of Russia in the Context of Interregional Interactions.

The article develops an approach to building a model of interregional interactions based on regionalization of national input-output tables. Options for the spatial structure of gross output depending on the forecast of investments in fixed assets are presented. Five main options for the prospective spatial organization of economic development are proposed. The advantages of the scenario of locally diversified growth, which is more acceptable from the point of view of territorial justice but requiring active state regulation of spatial development, are shown.

[Advantages of profundoplasty in patients with lower limb critical ischaemia in redo operations]. / Preimushchestva profundoplastiki u bol'nykh s kriticheskoi ishemiei nizhnikh konechnostei pri povtornykh operatsiiakh.

Our study was aimed at determining advantages of profundoplasty in patients with critical ischaemia of lower limbs in repeat arterial reconstructions. It included a total of 56 patients subjected to redo operations for thrombosis of a femoropopliteal bypass graft. Of these, 29 underwent profundoplasty (group I) and 27 repeat femoropopliteal bypass grafting (group II). Critical ischaemia was relieved in the early postoperative period in 28 (97%) and 24 (89%) patients of group I and II, respectively. The 3-year patency rate after profundoplasty amounted to 100% and after femoropopliteal bypass grafting to 47% (p<0.05). The lower-limb amputation rates over the 3-year period of follow up amounted to 3 (10%) and 11 (41%), p<0.05, respectively. Over the 3-year period of follow up, there was no statistically significant difference in the values of the ankle-brachial index (p>0.05).

[Independence of ischemic stroke patients after alteplase systemic thrombolytic therapy]. / Pokazateli nezavisimosti u bol'nykh s ishemicheskim insul'tom posle sistemnoi tromboliticheskoi terapii preparatami alteplazy.

OBJECTIVE: Was to determine the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke (IS) who achieved functional independence by the end of the hospitalization, among those who underwent systemic thrombolytic therapy (STT) with two different alteplase preparations (Actilyse and Revelisa). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An open, prospective observational non-interventional cohort study of the results of STT in patients with IS was carried out. The study included 195 patients, 123 men and 72 women aged 32 to 86 years, who received STT in the acute period of IS. Of these, 120 patients received Actilyse, 75 - Revelisa. RESULTS: Patients who achieved independence in movement (0-2 points on the modified Rankin scale (MRS)) among those who received STT with Actilyse and Revelisa, the value of the χ2 criterion was 0.014 (p=0.905), which showed that there was no statistical significance of the difference in the frequency of recovery of functional disorders on the MRS scale, in patients receiving STT with two different alteplase preparations. CONCLUSION: After STT with alteplase preparations, patients with IS experienced a significant improvement, which was expressed in a statistically significant decrease in the severity of neurological deficit and a decrease in the degree of disability. When comparing the results of STT with two different alteplase preparations, no statistically significant differences were found in terms of mortality, survival, and independence during the acute period of IS.

[Significance of the deep femoral ertery in repeat reconstructions]. / Znachenie glubokoi arterii bedra pri povtornykh rekonstruktsiiakh.

Atherosclerosis obliterans is managed by various reconstructions of lower-limb arteries, but despite this, in the immediate and remote postoperative period there appears the necessity to carry out repeat reconstructions, which might be caused by shunt thrombosis, progression of atherosclerosis, etc. One of the methods of solving this problem is revascularization of lower-limb arteries through the deep femoral vein with plasty thereof. In occlusive lesions of the superficial femoral artery, the deep femoral artery plays the key role in blood supply of the entire extremity. The article deals with the principles of repeat surgical treatment of lower-limb arteries with the use of the deep femoral artery, also discussing the problems concerning the frequency of occurrence of thromboses in various positions, and the role of the deep femoral artery in blood supply of the lower extremity. The problem of efficacy of redo operations on lower-limb arteries using the deep femoral artery is still important. Despite the possibility of revascularization of lower extremities through the deep femoral vein, a high percentage of amputations remains. The terms of patency of the reconstructed deep femoral artery has proved to be several times longer than those of femoropopliteal and femorotibial shunts in the remote postoperative period. Besides, there are no clear-cut criteria for prognosis of efficacy of reconstructive interventions on the deep femoral artery in patients with multi-segment lesions of arteries of lower extremities after primary interventions, therefore, no common surgical policy exists. The use of the deep femoral artery in patients with ischaemia of lower extremities is explained by the minimally traumatic nature and confirmed efficacy after a series of previously performed multilevel operations, severe lesions of the distal bed, as well as in patients with severe concomitant diseases.

[Remissions and relapses in epilepsy]. / Remissii i retsidivy u patsientov s epilepsiei.

OBJECTIVE: To study a cohort of adult patients with various forms of epilepsy to determine various clinical patterns of remission with subsequent relapse of seizures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 1384 patients. Two hundred and forty-nine patients with one or more remissions in the history resulted in relapse. Patients were stratified into 6 groups by clinical features of the disease. For each group, a long-term outcome of the disease was evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Return to a basic therapy after a relapse due to dose reduction or AED discontinuation does not guarantee the remission. One or more «honeymoons¼ in medical history are predictors of the low probability of achieving remission. Patients with focal epilepsies often have one or more long-term remissions that may not correspond with AED treatment. In these patients, the relapse often happen in the second decade of life with the following development of intractable epilepsy.

Towards Semantic Brain Mapping Methodology Based on a Multidimensional Markup of Continuous Russian-Language Texts: an Attempt at Validation and Development.

In the present study, we combine linguistic annotation of oral texts in Russian with the registration of BOLD signal in functional MRI experiments to determine how and where semantic categories are represented in the human brain. Using the same stimuli material, we also analyze the differences in cortical activation in three thematic domains: description of nature, description of working principles of technical devices and more self-referential texts, addressing the question of human identity in conflict situations. We discuss methodological problems within the two approaches (microanalysis and macroanalysis) to study brain activation in natural conditions, i.e. under a continuous speech flow. Within the thematic domain studies, only minimally significant differences in brain activation were registered during the listening to texts from the three thematic groups. This outcome leads to the conclusion that the approach of thematic group contrasts (cognitive subtraction methodology) is not sufficient to study the mechanisms of text comprehension, and should be replaced by the modeling of multidimensional representations of semantic categories in time. Within the semantic category approach, we describe the neurolinguistic process of text understanding as the activation of 15 clusters responsible for semantic categories (e.g. "Conflict", "Mental", "Social"). Our data demonstrate that the clusters are widely distributed across the human brain. In contrast to the previous studies, we suggest that deep subcortical structures are involved in the processing of certain categories as well. The observed lateralization of category processing underlines the involvement of the right hemisphere in the processing of meaning.

[Clinical polymorphism of demyelinating diseases associated with MOG-antibodies]. / Klinicheskii polimorfizm demieliniziruyushchikh zabolevanii, assotsiirovannykh s antitelami k MOG.

The authors present three clinical cases of demyelinating diseases associated with MOG-antibodies. In the first case of a young adult male patient, the disease first manifested with stem encephalitis and high titer of plasma MOG-antibodies. In the second case of a male adolescent, the disease proceeded as neuromyelitis optica, aquaporin-4 antibody titer was normal. In the third case, the female child the disease presented with unilateral multifocal encephalitis and focal epileptic seizures. The article emphasizes the relationship of MOG-antibody titers with the severity and prognosis of the disease.

[Pathomorphosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsies]. / Patomorfoz idiopaticheskikh generalizovannykh épilepsii.

AIM: To study the pathomorphosis of idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) in a large population of adult patients with long-term follow-up. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 1480 patients with epilepsy, including 281 patients with IGE. RESULTS: In 26 patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), age-related changes in disease course have been particularly pronounced. None of the patients had frequent typical absences ('pyknolepsy') at the time of the survey. Sixteen of 26 patients had predominantly rare generalized tonic-clonic seizures in combination with occasional absences or myoclonic jerks, while in 2 patients there was the transition from the DAE to juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The EEG recorded in the 'adult' age showed the level of epileptiform activity in only 12 patients out of 26 (in 2 patients only during nighttime video-EEG-monitoring). EEG changes resembled a 'juvenile' form of epilepsy. At the time of completion of the study, 13 patients were free of seizures and only 5 of 26 patients with DAE did not require treatment with antiepileptic drugs. In patients with Jeavons (n=14) and Tassinari (n=1) syndromes, the disease did not change over time. CONCLUSION: The pathomorphosis of IGE with childhood onset depends on the certain epileptic syndrome.

[Balo's concentric sclerosis]. / Kontsentricheskii skleroz Balo.

Balo's concentric sclerosis (BCS) is a rare demyelinating disease, first described by Hungarian neurologist Josef Balo in 1928. BCS occurs predominantly in young adults, the average age of onset of the disease - 34 years (range from 3 to 62 years). Our case report describes a 27-year woman with acute onset progressive right-side pyramidal weakness, MRI results showed a variant of demyelination as Balo's concentric sclerosis.

[Genetic causes of stroke in young patients]. / Geneticheski determinirovannye prichiny insul'ta u molodykh patsientov.

The paper addresses genetic causes of stroke: MELAS, antiphospholipid syndrome, CADASIL, Fabry disease. The etiology and pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment methods of these diseases are described.

[A retrospective analysis of using zonisamide and retention in monotherapy among patients with epilepsy in routine clinical practice]. / Retrospektivnyi analiz primeneniia i uderzhaniia na monoterapii zonisamidom bol'nykh épilepsiei v usloviiakh povsednevnoi klinicheskoi praktiki.

INTRODUCTION: Zonisamide is one of the first antiepileptic drugs of new generation with a wide spectrum of action. It is successfully used in treatment of epilepsy for 30 years. The study aims at analyzing the results of the multicenter Russian trial on the efficacy and tolerability of zonisamide and retention in monotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis included 92 patients with focal epilepsy, aged 18-78 years, from 20 epileptology centers in different regions of Russia. The patients were treated with zonisamide in initial and subsequent treatment. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The efficacy (the reduction of seizure frequency by >50%) was achieved in 81 (91%) out of 89 patients (95% CI 83.6-95.7%). Fifty-two patients received zonisamide for more than one year. The efficacy was achieved in 50 (96.2%) (95% CI 88.2-99.2%), including 39 (79.6%) patients with remission out of 49 patients with assessment of seizure free periods (95% CI was 66.8-89% for the frequency of remissions). The adverse effects were recorded in 27 (29.3%) patients. Seven (7.6%) patients were withdrawn due to these effects. The maximal duration of observation period was 50 month. Mean time of retention in treatment was 42.4 month (95% CI 38.7-46.2 month). The total frequency of retention in treatment was 82.1% (95% CI 73.1-91%) during the whole observation period.

[Hybrid reconstructions in patients with lower limb chronic ischaemia and multilevel arterial lesions]. / Gibridnye rekonstruktsii u bol'nykh s khronicheskoi ishemiei nizhnikh konechnostei i mnogourovnevym porazheniem arterii.

Presented herein is a review of the literature related to performing hybrid operations for multilevel lesions of the arteries of the lower limbs. This is accompanied and followed by analysing the data on variants of stagewise use of different methods of revascularization in hybrid interventions ("open" and endovascular) on the lower extremities, as well as complications, lethality rates, and remote results as compared with the parallel parameters obtained while performing non-hybrid operations.