Comparative proteomics analysis of Schistosoma japonicum developed in different Oncomelania snails as intermediate hosts.

Schistosomiasis is a tropical parasitic disease that seriously endangers humans and animals. In this study, two Oncomelania snails, Oncomelania hupensis (O. hupensis) and Oncomelania weishan (O. weishan), were infected with Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) cercariae during the early period, and ICR mice were subsequently infected with two kinds of miracidia that developed in male and female adult worms. In this study, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) were used to identify four channels: 113, 115, 117, and 119. A total of 2364 adult schistosome proteins were identified, and 1901 proteins were quantitative. Our results revealed 68 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in female adult worms, including 24 upregulated proteins and 44 downregulated proteins, and 55 DEPs in male adult worms, including 25 upregulated proteins and 30 downregulated proteins. LC-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis indicated that these DEPs are mainly concentrated in cellular composition, molecular function, biological function and catabolism pathways. In summary, this proteomics analysis of adult schistosomes that hatched in two intermediate hosts helps to improve our understanding of the growth and developmental mechanisms of S. japonicum.

Corrigendum: Comparative proteomics analysis of Schistosoma japonicum developed in different Oncomelania snails as intermediate hosts.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.959766.].

Analysis of Epidemiological Changes and Prevention Effects for Malaria in Weifang, Shandong Province, China from 1957 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to conduct a retrospective analysis of the epidemiological changes and prevention effects for malaria in Weifang, Shandong Peninsula, China from 1957 to 2017. METHODS: The malaria data from a web-based reporting system were analyzed to explore malaria epidemiological characteristics and prevention effects in Weifang. RESULTS: Overall, 1, 704, 890 malaria cases were reported in Weifang from 1957 to 2017, of which two major malaria epidemics occurred in 1961 (827.28/10, 000) and 1971 (366.14/10, 000). Prior to 1997, all malaria patients (1, 704, 829) were infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax). After 2007, the cases of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) showed an upward trend (76.8%). The reported cases after the 21st century were mainly imported cases, and the last indigenous case was a patient that infected with P. vivax in 2006. Overall, 36 imported cases were reported from 2010 to 2017, of which 88.9% were acquired in Africa. Except for one 32-year-old woman, the rest were male (97.2%), in which laborers and farmers represented the vast majority (66.6%). From 1987 to 2017, there were 1, 224, 474 cases of fever with blood tests, and the average blood test rate was 4.9%. From 1957 to 2017, a total of 1, 704, 890 malaria patients were treated, 96 cases were treated during resting phase from 1987 to 2017. CONCLUSION: Weifang should continue to strengthen the management of the migrant population, making blood tests for fever patients and patient treatment as important means of malaria control and monitoring.

Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis in Shandong Province, China, 1957-2015.

China used to be one of the most heavily endemic countries for lymphatic filariasis (LF) in the world. Bancroftian filariasis, which is caused by the filarioid nematode Wuchereria bancrofti, is the only filariasis in Shandong Province. A total of 864 endemic counties (cities) in 16 provinces/autonomous regions/municipalities with a total population of 330 million people were at risk of infection. Shandong Province was a highly LF-endemic area in the 1950s, the epidemiological investigation of LF conducted in 1957 indicated that the disease was endemic in 74 counties and the highest microfilaria rate was up to 26%. There were ∼5 million people in the province infected with LF; among which almost 2.5 million people had lymphedema, elephantiasis, or hydrocele. Through vigorous prevention and scientific research, Shandong Province was the first to propose to treat LF with fortified diethylcarbamazine salt, more than 25 million people in the province had taken the salt, and more than 3 million people took intermittent medication. After more than 50 years of unremitting efforts, Shandong Province basically eliminated LF in 1983 and became the first province in China that successfully eradicated LF in 2004, which has played an important role in accelerating the elimination of filariasis in the country in 2007 and has made tremendous contributions to social and economic development of China. Since 1980, Shandong Province has carried out extensive international cooperation as the WHO Collaborating Center for Lymphatic Filariasis. This article is intended to share the experience in eliminating LF to other parts of the world and improve public health capacity in regions such as Africa and Oceania where the disease is still endemic for interest.

Review of the control of clonorchiasis in Shandong Province, China from 1962 to 2015.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemic scope, epidemic pattern and degree of damage of clonorchiasis as well as to summarize the diagnosis and control effect of clonorchiasis in Shandong Province, China. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to summarize the research on the dynamic epidemiology and the prevention and treatment measures of clonorchiasis in Shandong Province, China from 1962 to 2015. RESULTS: After unremitting efforts and three nationwide surveys on the distribution and infection of human parasites, the infection rate of clonorchiasis decreased from 1.51% (1,500, 000) in the1960s to 0.16% in 1991, 0.04% in 2000 and 0.007% in 2015, respectively. The infection rate for villages with perennial water accumulation and rainy season water accumulation was higher than that of villages with rainy season water accumulation and non-water accumulation. The egg flotation in 70% potassium iodide solution method was applied to accurately test the specific proportion of C. sinensis eggs, which was 1.42. Using the modified Kato thick smear method, the detection rate of eggs was over 98%; hexachloroparaxylene yielded satisfactory therapeutic effects with slight adverse reactions, it is effective in the treatment of clonorchiasis. CONCLUSIONS: After 50 years of active prevention and treatment, the disease has been successfully controlled in Shandong Province and had been used for reference in other endemic areas of clonorchiasis in China.

Toward the Elimination of Malaria in China: A Retrospective Analysis of Malaria-Endemic Characteristics and Prevention Effects in Yantai, Shandong Province, 1951 to 2017.

Objectives: To study the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and the effects of comprehensive malaria control implementation in Yantai, as well as to provide a scientific basis for future malaria elimination. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted to explore the epidemiological changes and prevention effects in Yantai from 1951 to 2017. The malaria data before 2004 were collected from paper-based annual reports, and data after 2004 came from the Infectious Diseases Information Reporting Management System. Results: A total of 81,286 malaria cases were identified in Yantai from 1957 to 2017, with two peaks occurring in 1966 (120.93/100,000) and 1970-1972 (366.12/100,000). From 1951 to 2003, the case classification was mainly Plasmodium vivax (99.80%); the first case attributed to Plasmodium falciparum occurred in 2004, and P. falciparum became the main cause of malaria after 2011. All cases reported since 2010 have been imported cases, and the last indigenous case was caused by P. vivax in 2008. A total of 129 imported cases were reported from 2010 to 2017, most of which originated in Africa (93.80%), mainly in men aged 30-49 years (68.28%). From 1951 to 1973, 73,868 cases of malaria were diagnosed with clinical symptoms, and from 1974 to 2017, 818,943 cases in fever patients were diagnosed with blood tests. Conclusions: To achieve the goal of eliminating malaria by 2020, Yantai should continue to strengthen the management of migrant population, including improving malaria surveillance for returnees and immigrants from overseas endemic areas, and continue to increase the training of medical personnel to improve their diagnostic ability.

A Large Cohort of Neurocysticercosis in Shandong Province, Eastern China, 1997-2015.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) has a wide spectrum of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations, including epileptic seizures, high intracranial pressure, cognitive dysfunction, and meningoencephalitis. This study presents the clinical diagnosis of 2539 NCC patients in Shandong Province, Eastern China, from 1997 to 2015. The diagnosis was based primarily on clinical features, neuroimaging, immunology, and electroencephalogramy studies. In all age groups, seizures were found to be the most common manifestation, followed by headaches, memory loss, and limb numbness, and disability. After antiparasitic treatment, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed that most of the lesions had been completely absorbed in 2106 (82.95%) patients, most of the lesions had been absorbed and a small proportion was converted into calcifications in 433 (17.05%) cases. Indirect hemagglutination (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and circulating antigen (CAg) serum tests initially gave 76.45%, 86.37%, and 80.66% positive results, respectively. After antiparasitic therapy, the positive rates of the IHA, ELISA, and CAg tests were 74.77%, 84.70%, and 3.75%, respectively, showing no significant difference in antibody levels (p > 0.05), but a significant difference in CAg levels (p < 0.01). The clinical antiparasitic treatment of NCC with three to four courses of a combination of albendazole and praziquantel achieved satisfactory therapeutic efficacy.

Potential Risks Associated with Japanese Encephalitis Prevalence in Shandong Province, China.

Japanese encephalitis (JE), which is caused by the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), is a zoonotic, vector-borne neurotropic disease that remains a major cause of viral encephalitis in Asia. JEV is spread to humans through mosquitoes, and its primary transmission vector is Culex tritaeniorhynchus. Mosquitoes were sampled from three collection sites: Hanzhuang town in Weishan County, Taibai Lake in Jining city, and Dongping Lake in Shandong Province, China. Pyrethroid insecticide resistance bioassays were conducted using adult mosquitoes. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and C. pipiens pallens populations in Hanzhuang town and Dongping Lake showed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, and populations in Taibai Lake showed incipient resistance. Coquillettidia ochracea populations in Hanzhuang town presented resistance as well, while in Taibai Lake, resistance was incipient. A total of 16,711 mosquitoes were collected, identified, and divided into 346 pools for JEV testing. Cx. tritaeniorhynchus had the advantage of being a local mosquito species. Overall, 31 (22.96) of the 135 pools of Cx. Tritaeniorhynchus were positive for JEV. The overall maximum likelihood estimates of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, C. pipiens pallens, and Cq. ochracea indicated pooled infection rates of 5.29/1000 mosquitoes (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.67-7.42), 1.60/1000 mosquitoes (95% CI = 0.82-2.85), and 6.39/1000 mosquitoes (95% CI = 0.39-32.23), respectively. There were no significant differences in the pooled infection rates between the districts. The resistance to pyrethroids has increased the difficulty in controlling the mosquito vectors, especially JEV-positive mosquitoes. Given the changes in the JEV transmission vectors, the spatial and temporal diversity and the dynamic variety of mosquito species, insecticide resistance and global warming have the potential to facilitate the transmission of JE to humans.

Trends in insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens pallens over 20 years in Shandong, China.

BACKGROUND: Culex pipiens pallens is the most abundant Culex mosquito species in northern China and is an important vector of bancroftian filariasis and, potentially, West Nile virus. Insecticides, particularly pyrethroids, are widely used for adult mosquito control. Insecticide resistance has become common in several mosquito species, and vector control is the main method currently available to prevent disease transmission. The voltage-gated sodium channel (Vgsc) gene is the target site of pyrethroids, and mutations in this gene cause knockdown resistance (kdr). METHODS: Culex pipiens pallens larvae were collected from May to November over two decades, from 1992 to 2018, in four cities in Shandong Province, China. The World Health Organization (WHO) standard resistance bioassay was applied to test the resistance levels of Cx. p. pallens larvae to five different insecticides and to test deltamethrin resistance in adults, using the F1 generation. Mutations at Vgsc codon 1014 were also screened in 471 adult samples collected in 2014 to determine the association between kdr mutations and phenotypic resistance. RESULTS: Larval resistance against deltamethrin showed an increasing trend from the 1990s until 2018, which was statistically significant in all populations; resistance to cypermethrin increased significantly in mosquitoes from the Zaozhuang population. However, larval resistance to other insecticides remained relatively stable. Larval resistance against deltamethrin was consistent with adult bioassays in 2014, in which all tested populations were highly resistant, with mortality rates ranging from 39.4 to 55.23%. The L1014S and L1014F mutations were both observed in five Cx. p. pallens populations, with L1014F significantly associated with deltamethrin resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term dataset from Shandong demonstrates major increases in pyrethroid resistance over a 20-year period. The L1014F kdr mutation may be considered a viable molecular marker for monitoring pyrethroid resistance in Cx. p. pallens.

Surveillance of Antimalarial Resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 Polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province, China.

Antimalarial drug resistance is a major public health problem in China. From 2012 to 2015, more than 75% of malaria cases in Shandong Province were P. falciparum returned from Africa. However, molecular marker polymorphisms of drug resistance in imported P. falciparum cases have not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed polymorphisms of the Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 genes in 282 P. falciparum cases returned from Africa to Shandong between 2012 and 2015. Among the isolates, polymorphisms were detected in codons 74-76 of Pfcrt and 86, 184, 1246 of Pfmdr1, among which K76T (36.6%) and Y184F (60.7%) were the most prevalent, respectively. Six Pfcrt haplotypes and 11 Pfmdr1 haplotypes were identified and a comparison was made on the prevalence of haplotypes among East Africa, West Africa, Central Africa and South Africa. One synonymous and 9 nonsynonymous mutations in Pfkelch13 were detected in the isolates (4.6%), among which a candidate artemisinin (ART) resistance mutation P553L was observed. The study establishes fundamental data for detection of chloroquine resistance (CQR) and ART resistance with molecular markers of the imported P. falciparum in China, and it also enriches the genetic data of antimalarial resistance for the malaria endemic countries in Africa.

Cysticercosis in Shandong Province, Eastern China.

We analyzed demographic and clinical data and estimated the incidence of cysticercosis in Shandong Province, China, during 1975-2014. Our analyses showed that a cysticercosis-endemic area is present in Shandong Province, especially in its western regions. Improved surveillance and control are needed to address the elevated risk for cysticercosis in this region.

Chigger Mite (Acari: Trombiculidae) Survey of Rodents in Shandong Province, Northern China.

Chigger mites are parasites of rodents and other vertebrates, invertebrates, and other arthropods, and are the only vectors of scrub typhus, in addition to other zoonoses. Therefore, investigating their distribution, diversity, and seasonal abundance is important for public health. Rodent surveillance was conducted at 6 districts in Shandong Province, northern China (114-112°E, 34-38°N), from January to December 2011. Overall, 225/286 (78.7%) rodents captured were infested with chigger mites. A total of 451 chigger mites were identified as belonging to 5 most commonly collected species and 3 genera in 1 family. Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium intermedia were the most commonly collected chigger mites. L. scutellare (66.2%, 36.7%, and 49.0%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Apodemus agrarius, Rattus norvegicus, and Microtus fortis, respectively, whereas L. intermedia (61.5% and 63.2%) was the most frequently collected chigger mite from Cricetulus triton and Mus musculus, respectively. This study demonstrated a relatively high prevalence of chigger mites that varied seasonally in Shandong Province, China.

Epidemiological analysis of 133 malaria cases in Shanxian county, Shandong Province, China.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct an analysis of the epidemiological changes in malaria that have occurred in Shanxian county from 2002 to 2016. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted and data were collected from web-based reporting system to explore the epidemiological characteristics in Shanxian county from 2002 to 2016. All individual case information was obtained from village malaria servicers organized by the local Shandong Institute of Parasitic Diseases. RESULTS: A total of 133 cases were identified as malaria in Shanxian county during this period, including 124 indigenous cases (93.2%) and 9 imported cases (6.8%). The 124 indigenous malaria cases were infected with Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax), whereas 7 of the 9 confirmed imported cases were infected with Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), 1 was infected with Plasmodium ovale (P. ovale) and 1 patient was infected with P. falciparum mixed with P. vivax. The total number of malaria cases included 86 males (64.7%) and 47 females (35.3%). Age of the patients ranged from 1 to 83 years, although most (64.7%) infections occurred in the 21-to 60-year-old age group. Remarkably, 117 of the total malaria cases (98.0%) were reported from 2006 to 2011. The epidemic season was from June to October, with the peak occurring yearly from July to September. The most common occupation of the infected patients was farmer. In total, 58.1% of the cases occurred in 3 townships, namely, Fugang, Huanggang and Caozhuang. CONCLUSIONS: In Shanxian county, the local malaria incidence experienced an emerge-peak-control-eliminate status. However, due to the numbers of migrant labourers returning from Africa, imported cases were continuous and presented an increasing annual trend, which became a non-negligible and a significant impediment for malaria elimination. Therefore, the need to eliminate instances of malaria reintroduction to receptive malaria-free areas should drive strategies to align with the epidemiological changes.

Malaria control and prevention towards elimination: data from an eleven-year surveillance in Shandong Province, China.

BACKGROUND: Shandong Province experienced a declining malaria trend of local-acquired transmission, but the increasing imported malaria remains a challenge. Therefore, understanding the epidemiological characteristics of malaria and the control and elimination strategy and interventions is needed for better planning to achieve the overall elimination goal in Shandong Province. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted and all individual cases from a web-based reporting system were reviewed and analysed to explore malaria-endemic characteristics in Shandong from 2005 to 2015. Annual malaria incidence reported in 2005-2015 were geo-coded and matched to the county-level. Spatial cluster analysis was performed to evaluate any identified spatial disease clusters for statistical significance. The space-time cluster was detected with high rates through the retrospective space-time analysis scanning using the discrete Poisson model. RESULTS: The overall malaria incidence decreased to a low level during 2005-2015. In total, 1564 confirmed malaria cases were reported, 27.1% of which (n = 424) were indigenous cases. Most of the indigenous case (n = 339, 80.0%) occurred from June to October. However, the number and scale of imported cases have been increased but no significant difference was observed during months. Shandong is endemic for both Plasmodium vivax (n = 730) and Plasmodium falciparum (n = 674). The disease is mainly distributed in Southern (n = 710) and Eastern region (n = 424) of Shandong, such as Jinning (n = 214 [13.7%]), Weihai (n = 151 [9.7%]), and Yantai (n = 107 [6.8%]). Furthermore, the spatial cluster analysis of malaria cases from 2005 to 2015 indicated that the diseased was not randomly distributed. For indigenous cases, a total of 15 and 2 high-risk counties were determined from 2005 to 2009 (control phase) and from 2010 to 2015 (elimination phase), respectively. For imported cases, a total of 26 and 29 high-risk counties were determined from 2005 to 2009 (control phase) and from 2010 to 2015 (elimination phase), respectively. The method of spatial scan statistics identified different 13 significant spatial clusters between 2005 and 2015. The space-time clustering analysis determined that the most likely cluster included 14 and 19 counties for indigenous and imported, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In order to cope with the requirements of malaria elimination phase, the surveillance system should be strengthened particularity on the frequent migration regions as well as the effective multisectoral cooperation and coordination mechanisms. Specific response packages should be tailored among different types of cities and capacity building should also be improved mainly focus on the emergence response and case management. Fund guarantees for scientific research should be maintained both during the elimination and post-elimination phase to consolidate the achievements of malaria elimination.

[Cloning, prokaryotic expression and immunological identification of Toxoplasma surface antigen IMP1].

OBJECTIVE: To subelone, express and identify the immune mapped protein 1 (IMP1) which encodes a surface antigen of Toxoplasma gondii. METHODS: The cDNA of T. gondii RH strain was synthesized by reverse transcription PCR, the IMP1 open reading frame (ORF) was amplified by PCR using the T. gondii RH strain cDNA as template, the PCR products were identified by TA-cloning and sequencing, then the IMPI ORF was subcloned into the Nde I and Xho I sites of the vector pET28b, and the positive recombinant pET28b-IMP1 was identified by double-digesting and sequencing. The protein of 6 x His tagged IMP1 was inducibly expressed in E. coli strain BL21 (DE3) with isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and the induction time, concentration of IPTG and temperature gradients to optimize protein expression conditions were determined. After the cells carried IMP1 were induced by the optimized conditions and harvested, the resulting bacteria were suspended in resuspension buffer and lysed by sonication, and the supernatants were loaded onto the Ni2+ Chelating Sepharose Fast Flow column for affinity chromatography of the N-terminal 6 x His tagged IMP1 protein. Finally, the fusion IMP1 proteins were identified by Western blotting. RESULTS: The ORF sequence of IMP1 was successfully subcloned from the cDNA of Toxoplasma Gondii RH strain, and the amplified product was sequenced and identified, based on which the IMP1 ORF gene was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28b, and the recombinant pET28b-IMP1 was constructed successfully. The double-digesting and sequencing results indicated the validity of the recombinant vector. And the optimized conditions for the expression of IMP1 was determined, namely 0.3 mmol/L IPTG induction for 9 h at 20 °C. Furthermore, IMP1 protein was expressed solubly and chelated on Ni2 sepharose beads with high affinity, thus this protein could be purified efficiently by affinity chromatography. The pure fusion protein was confirmed with fine immunocompetence by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. CONCLUSIONS: IMP1 protein can be high efficiently expressed by the E. coli prokaryotic expression systems, the protein of IMP1 is soluble and has stable characters. The study may lay a useful foundation for the following works including in vivo expression of IMP1, crystal structure study of IMP1 and anti-toxoplasmosis subunit vaccine development.

C35 is overexpressed in colorectal cancer and is associated tumor invasion and metastasis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of C35, an oncogene previously found in breast and prostate cancers, and its clinicopathological significance in colorectal cancer (CRC). Qualitative and quantitative detection of C35 mRNA expression was performed using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. C35 protein expression was determined using immunohistochemistry. C35 mRNA was detected in none of 10 normal colorectal tissue samples, 55 of 65 (84.6%) CRC tissue samples, and 43 of 55 (78.2%) adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples. In addition, the level of C35 mRNA in CRC tissue samples was markedly higher than that in tumor adjacent non-cancerous tissue samples. C35 protein expression was detected in 58 of 80 (72.5%) CRC tissue samples and was closely associated with tumor serosal invasion, lymphnode metastasis, and an advanced Dukes stage. These results suggest that C35 might serve as a biomarker or therapeutic target for management of CRC.

Development of insecticide resistance in malaria vector Anopheles sinensis populations from Shandong province in China.

BACKGROUND: Anopheles sinensis is a major vector of malaria and among the dominant species in Shandong province of China. Insecticide resistance is an important threat to vector-borne disease control. However, there are only few reports about insecticide resistance of An. sinensis populations from Shandong province. METHODS: From 2003 to 2012, six districts in Shandong province were selected as the study areas. Insecticide susceptibility bioassay were tested on F1 progeny of An. sinensis to 4% DDT, 0.05% deltamethrin, 0.15% cyfluthrin, and 5% malathion, using the standard WHO resistance tube assay. RESULTS: The resistance status of An. sinensis showed a significant decrease in the mortality rates in DDT, deltamethrin and cyfluthrin during the past ten years. Whereas obvious increase of mortality to malathion was observed throughout the assay, ranging from 47.37% to 86.62%.

[Study on biological characteristics of cypermethrin-resistant and -susceptible strains of Aedes albopictus at different temperatures].

OBJECTIVE: To study the biological characteristics of cypermethrin-resistance strain and -susceptible strain of Aedes albopictus under different controlled temperatures in the laboratory. METHODS: The two strains were raised at three different temperatures, 20, 25 degrees C and 28 degrees C respectively, and the biological characteristics of the two mosquito strains, such as reproduction, development and life expectancy, were observed and recorded in the laboratory. RESULTS: The life expectancy of both strains became shorter as the temperature raised, and the resistant strain(69.37% ± 0.01%, 77.04% ± 0.07%) lived shorter than the susceptible strain(85.24% ± 0.03%, 88.23% ± 0.05%)in average. Under 25 degrees C, the hatching rate of resistant strain decreased by 25.88%, and the pupation rate decreased by 11.18%. In the three temperatures, all the life expectancy expanded as the temperature went up, the periods for the susceptible strain were 19.75 ± 0.10, 23.65 ± 0.07 d and 25.08 ± 0.08 d under 28, 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C. While life expectancy for the resistant strain decreased to 17.21 ± 0.09, 20.95 ± 0.09, 22.58 ± 0.10 d. Under the same temperature, the development timing of the resistance strain was longer than that of the susceptible strain, and the period was the longest under 28 degrees C (156.2 h, 137.1 h). In the three temperatures, all the development periods expanded as the temperature went up, the susceptible and resistant larvae developed 137.1 d and 163.3 d, 247.7 d and 156.2 d, 182.3 d and 263.2 d under 28, 25 degrees C and 20 degrees C. The differences show statistic significance (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The resistance of A. albopictus to cypermethrin results in the decrease of adaptability to the environment change and the disadvantage of reproduction at different temperatures.