Long-term prognosis of patients with permanent cardiac pacemaker indication in three referral cardiac centers in Cameroon: Insights from the National pacemaker registry.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that cardiac pacemakers improve symptoms and quality of life in patients with severe bradycardia. Globally, the number of pacemaker implantations is on the rise. However, the associated high-cost limits pacemaker's accessibility in low resource settings. This study aimed to investigate access to pacemakers and the long-term outcome of patients requiring a pacemaker. METHOD: We conducted a cohort study in 03 health care structures in Cameroon. Participants aged at least 18 years with indication for a permanent pacemaker between January 2010 and May 2016 were included. Clinical profile, electrocardiography, pacemaker implantation parameters were recorded. Long-term survival was studied by event-free analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: In total, 147 participants (mean age 67.7±13.7 years, female 58.5%) were included. Fatigue (78.7%), dyspnoea (77.2%), dizziness (47.1%) and palpitations (40.4%) were the main symptoms while syncope was present in 35.7% of patients. The main indication for cardiac pacemaker was atrioventricular block (85.3%). Forty (27.2%) could not be implanted with 34 (85%) of participants highlighting cost of intervention as main reason. VVIR was the main mode of stimulation (70.5%). Of 125 patients in which follow-up was ascertained, 17(13.5%) died after a median survival time of 2.8 years post diagnosis [IQR: 1.8-4.2]. The survival curve was better in participants with a pacemaker with a Hazard ratio of 2.7 [CI: 1.0-7.3, P=0.045]. CONCLUSION: Our patients with severe heart blocks presented late and more than a quarter did not have access to pacemaker but its implantation multiplied the survival rate by 2.7 times at approximately 3 years post diagnosis. Improving early detection of heart blocks and access to cardiac pacing to reduce mortality shall be a key future priority.

[Increased neoplastic risks in ulcerative colitis associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis]. / Risques néoplasiques majorés dans la rectocolite ulcéro-hémorragique associée à la cholangite sclérosante primitive.

Ulcerative ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by the presence of continuous, uniform, gapless lesions of healthy mucous membrane extending integrally from the anus over a variable portion of the colon. It is a multisystemic pathology for which we will describe one of its hepatic manifestations, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We present here the story of a patient, a carrier of the Breast Cancer type 1 gene mutation (BRCA1), who initially presented with epigastric and peri-umbilical abdominal pain associated with several episodes of bloody diarrhea. The initial assessment made it possible to diagnose BRCA1 and the fortuitous discovery of biliary tract stenosis of an undetermined nature. Further investigations led to the conclusion that there was a strong presumption of UC associated with PSC or even cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). In the course of treatment, cancer of the gallbladder was also detected. This clinical case makes it possible to review, in the light of recent publications, the pathophysiological link existing between UC and PSC. This article also presents an in-depth analysis of this entity with malignant potential that can affect different sites of the digestive tract, and its own management, which is the subject of new recommendations.

La rectocolite ulcéro-hémorragique (RCUH) est une maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin, caractérisée par la présence de lésions continues, uniformes et sans intervalle de muqueuse saine, s'étendant d'un seul tenant à partir de l'anus sur une portion variable du côlon. Il s'agit d'une pathologie multisystémique pour laquelle nous décrirons une de ses manifestations hépatiques, la cholangite sclérosante primitive (CSP). Nous exposons ici l'histoire d'un patient, porteur de la mutation du gène Breast Cancer de type 1 (BRCA1), s'étant initialement présenté pour douleurs abdominales épigastriques et péri-ombilicales, associées à plusieurs épisodes de diarrhées sanglantes. Le bilan initialement réalisé a permis de poser le diagnostic de RCUH ainsi que la mise en évidence fortuite d'une sténose des voies biliaires de nature indéterminée. Les explorations complémentaires ont permis de conclure à une forte présomption de RCUH associée à une CSP, voire un cholangiocarcinome (CCA). Dans le décours de la prise en charge, un cancer de la vésicule biliaire a également été mis en évidence. Ce cas clinique permet de revoir, à la lumière des publications récentes, le lien physiopathologique existant entre la RCUH et la CSP. L'article présente une analyse approfondie de cette entité qui possède un potentiel malin important, touchant plusieurs organes du tractus digestif, et qui requiert une prise en charge propre faisant l'objet de recommandations nouvelles.

[Sport in type 1 diabetic patient : interests and precautions]. / Le sport chez le sujet diabétique de type 1 : intérêts et précautions.

Physical activity is a key step in the management of diabetes, both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In diabetic subjects, it is recommended to practice 150 minutes of weekly physical activity spread over at least three days, with a maximum of two consecutive days without exercise. However, more than 60 % of type 1 diabetic patients fail to meet this goal. This is largely explained by the fear of potential adverse effects, in particular the occurrence of hypoglycaemia during exercise, which represents a major obstacle to its safe practice. Therefore, specific therapeutic education should be considered in these subjects in order to promote regular physical activity.

L'activité physique constitue un point clé dans la prise en charge du diabète, aussi bien de type 1 que de type 2. Chez le sujet diabétique, il est recommandé de pratiquer 150 minutes d'activité physique hebdomadaire réparties sur au moins trois jours, avec un maximum de deux jours consécutifs sans exercice. Cependant, plus de 60 % des patients diabétiques de type 1 ne parviennent pas à remplir cet objectif. Ceci s'explique, en grande partie, par la crainte d'effets indésirables potentiels, en particulier la survenue, au cours de l'exercice, d'hypoglycémies qui constituent un obstacle majeur à sa bonne pratique. Dès lors, une éducation thérapeutique spécifique doit être envisagée chez ces sujets afin de favoriser la pratique régulière d'une activité physique.

[Cardiac surgery in Cameroon. Results at one year of the pilot phase]. / Chirurgie cardiaque au Cameroun. Résultats à un an de la phase pilote.

In the framework of implementation of his national program for control and prevention of cardiovascular diseases, Cameroonian government has set up a cardiac surgery project. We report in this manuscript results of one year follow up of the patients operated during the pilot phase. From September 22 till 26, 2008, 11 patients have been operated in Cameroun. Surgical procedures were 5 mitral mechanic valve replacement, 2 aortic mechanic valve replacement, 1 atrial septal defect closure, 2 pace maker implantation. No intrahospital death was observed. One patient died at 11th month after the operation due to mitral valve thrombosis and attributed to lack of compliance. One patient presented low cardiac output, pneumonia and a pleural effusion. 2 patients presented 2 minor complications consisting of pericarditis and superficial wound infection. The results of the pilot phase of cardiac surgery in Cameroon are effective. However, the sustainability of the program require human, material capacity building, and funding mechanism as well.