The influence of ethics on leadership.

Value driven ethical leadership is needed today. The housekeeping field employs a diverse work force, and managers must develop and empower workers to attain organization goals. As managers, we must understand and develop our personal value structures that affect our decision making. This paper reviews Lawrence Kohlberg's study of moral behavior and how those stages are relevant to ethical management practices. It also addresses ways to overcome some obstacles in understanding and dealing with personal values that may threaten moral and ethical practices. Mature ethical principles and good communication are the foundation for and foster strong leadership for the future.

Simultaneous determination of cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands and the "gamma-protein index" by agarose electrophoresis and densitometry.

Oligoclonal bands were identified in electropherograms of cerebrospinal fluid, and the "gamma-protein index" was concurrently calculated from the same strip. For the index, an upper limit of normal of 0.66 was established. We compared results with the clinical diagnosis in 69 patients with multiple sclerosis and 48 control patients with other diseases. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of 73%, 96%, and 96%, respectively, were obtained from the index. An abnormal index and the presence of oligoclonal bands combined increased the positive predictive value to 100%. This approach may allow adequate qualitative and quantitative assessment of gamma-globulin abnormalities in cerebrospinal fluid after a single laboratory procedure.