Post-thoracotomy Pain Syndrome.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This article reviews PTPS demographics, diagnosis, pathophysiology, surgical and anesthetic techniques, and their role in preventing PTPS along with updated treatment options. RECENT FINDINGS: Post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (PTPS) can be incapacitating. The neuropathic type pain of PTPS is along the incision site and persists at least 2 months postoperatively. There is a wide reported range of prevalence of PTPS. There are several risk factors that have been identified including surgical technique and younger age. Several surgical and anesthetic techniques have been trialed to reduce pain after thoracotomy. Multimodal pain control is the suggested long-term treatment plan for patients with PTPS. There are several factors that can be modified to reduce pain and incidence of PTPS during the perioperative period and the use of multimodal analgesia is suggested for the treatment of PTPS.

Health care effects and medical benefits of a smartphone-based diabetes self-management application: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes self-management is a mainstay of diabetes care, but the implementation of self-management regimens into daily life is complex and often results in discouragement and distress. Modern approaches such as smartphone-based self-management applications are therefore needed to support people with diabetes. Since reimbursability would increase the availability of such digital applications to people with diabetes, we designed a study that meets all scientific and methodological requirements set by the German Digital Healthcare Act to allow reimbursement for a specific application (mySugr PRO). Here, we report the protocol of this study that aims at evaluating the efficacy of the digital self-management application with regard to patient-reported outcomes and medical benefits. METHODS/DESIGN: This multicenter, open-label, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial will evaluate the health care effects and medical benefits of mySugr PRO. A total of 466 people with diabetes will be randomly allocated (2:1 randomization) to the interventional group (n = 311) that will use the digital self-management application during the 12-week study period or the control group (n = 155; no usage of the application). Baseline and follow-up examinations will assess diabetes distress as the primary endpoint as well as empowerment, HbA1c, blood glucose data, self-management, general well-being, and treatment satisfaction as secondary endpoints. Statistical analyses will use an intention-to-treat procedure (using multiple imputation for missing values) as well as a per-protocol approach for sensitivity analysis. DISCUSSION: To the best of our knowledge, this study will be one of the largest diabetes-specific evaluations of a digital health application supporting people with diabetes in their diabetes self-management that follow the requirements of the German Digital Healthcare Act. TRIAL REGISTRATION: German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00022923 . Registered on 22 October 2020.

[Decision support for patient admission in case of suspicion of COVID-19]. / Entscheidungshilfe zur Patientenzuweisung bei Verdacht auf COVID-19: Für die Anwendung im bayerischen Rettungsdienst.

During a pandemic situation, patients with suspected coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are also treated by emergency medical services (EMS). In order to establish an adequate procedure, a decision aid for the allocation of patients in case of suspicion of COVID-19 has been prepared for the ambulance staff as well as for the emergency physician in the Bavarian EMS. The decision-making aid includes the current guidelines and recommendations on COVID-19. A flowchart in A4 format was chosen for the presentation of the decision aid, which is structured according to the ABCDE scheme (A-Airway, B-Breathing, C-Circulation, D-Disability, E-Environment/Exposure) established in EMS. The flowchart allows patients to be categorized in three stages, based on (vital) parameters and criteria such as risk factors and specific framework conditions. The aim is to provide emergency physicians and ambulance staff with guidance for the assessment of patients and the resulting transport decision with a suitable target clinic if necessary.

Quiet timer blanking in a dog with sick sinus syndrome and a permanent transvenous pacemaker.

A 14-year-old, 5.8 kg (12.7 lb) male castrated Jack Russell Terrier was referred for investigation of syncope and an arrhythmia. Electrocardiogram showed pronounced variation in the sinus rate including long periods of sinus arrest and an inconsistent escape rhythm. Sick sinus syndrome was the presumptive diagnosis. A single lead permanent transvenous pacemaker was implanted and was programmed to perform ventricular-demand pacing. Postoperative pacemaker interrogation revealed undersensing and asynchronous pacing during episodes of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). This intermittent pacemaker malfunction was attributed to a specific pacemaker programming feature called quiet timer blanking. Adjustment of pacemaker parameters did not restore normal function. Treatment with sotalol (5 mg per os q 12 h) was used to medically treat the SVT, and asynchronous pacing was not observed during follow-up visits. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first documented case of quiet timer blanking causing paroxysmal undersensing and asynchronous pacing in a dog with a permanent pacemaker.

Influence of denosumab on bone mineral density in a severe case of pregnancy-associated osteoporosis.

Pregnancy and lactation-associated osteoporosis (PLO) with predominantly subsequent vertebral fracture is a rare but severe disease with an estimated incidence of 0.4 in 100,000. In the past, patients with PLO have been predominantly treated with oral and i.v. bisphosphonates to reduce subsequent fracture risk. Hereby, the use of bisphosphonates in premenopausal women is controversial, as bisphosphonates know to persist in bone for many years and can be exposed and circulate in maternal serum and subsequently pass the placenta barrier and may have a detrimental effect on fetal bone health. Here we report the effects of denosumab on the bone mineral density (BMD) and subsequent fracture risk in PLO. In this case presentation, denosumab was administered postpartum with 3000 IE vitamin D and 1000 mg of calcium daily in a patient with PLO and vertebral fracture of L1 and L4. After 18 months of treatment with denosumab, we could demonstrate a clinical significant increase of BMD at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip of 32.2%, 13.0%, and 11.5% respectively with no further subsequent fractures. As the patient had regular menstrual cycles and considered a further pregnancy, denosumab treatment was terminated and soon a second pregnancy occurred. After the second pregnancy, BMD decreased at the lumbar spine, femur neck, and total hip by -8.8%, -6.9%, and -7.0% respectively compared to the maximum values during treatment with denosumab, but was still significantly higher compared to baseline levels with no further fractures.

Reproducibility of geometric and flow-based echocardiographic measurements used for quantification of left ventricular total and forward stroke volume in healthy dogs.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac structure and function in dogs are commonly assessed using echocardiography. A variety of linear, area, and flow-based measurements can be used to calculate left ventricular (LV) total stroke volume (TSV) and forward stroke volume (FSV), but the reproducibility of many of these measurements has not been fully studied. We hypothesized that survey of echocardiographic variables would identify those with high reproducibility and inform future investigation of different methods to measure LV TSV and FSV. METHODS: The reproducibility of 25 geometric and flow-based echocardiographic measurements was prospectively evaluated in 23 healthy dogs by two experienced observers. Reproducibility (i.e., interobserver agreement) was described using intraclass correlation coefficients. The reproducibility of various methods to calculate LV TSV and FSV was explored. RESULTS: Reproducibility was generally good to excellent. Variables of LV width, length, and area and aortic and sinotubular junction diameter and velocity time integral were among measures with the highest reproducibility. Measurements of mitral annular diameter and mitral inflow velocity time integral possessed lower reproducibility. Calculation of LV TSV using measurements involved in the cube and bullet formulas demonstrated higher reproducibility than the Simpson's method of disks or mitral inflow methods. Calculation of LV FSV using LV outflow tract and aortic diameters from the right parasternal view generally demonstrated higher reproducibility compared with the left-sided view. CONCLUSIONS: The reproducibility of many simple geometric and flow-based echocardiographic measurements is high. Comparison of the reliability of different measurement informs future investigation of echocardiographic methods to determine LV TSV and FSV in dogs.

The Impact of Immersion on Cluster Identification Tasks.

Recent developments in technology encourage the use of head-mounted displays (HMDs) as a medium to explore visualizations in virtual realities (VRs). VR environments (VREs) enable new, more immersive visualization design spaces compared to traditional computer screens. Previous studies in different domains, such as medicine, psychology, and geology, report a positive effect of immersion, e.g., on learning performance or phobia treatment effectiveness. Our work presented in this paper assesses the applicability of those findings to a common task from the information visualization (InfoVis) domain. We conducted a quantitative user study to investigate the impact of immersion on cluster identification tasks in scatterplot visualizations. The main experiment was carried out with 18 participants in a within-subjects setting using four different visualizations, (1) a 2D scatterplot matrix on a screen, (2) a 3D scatterplot on a screen, (3) a 3D scatterplot miniature in a VRE and (4) a fully immersive 3D scatterplot in a VRE. The four visualization design spaces vary in their level of immersion, as shown in a supplementary study. The results of our main study indicate that task performance differs between the investigated visualization design spaces in terms of accuracy, efficiency, memorability, sense of orientation, and user preference. In particular, the 2D visualization on the screen performed worse compared to the 3D visualizations with regard to the measured variables. The study shows that an increased level of immersion can be a substantial benefit in the context of 3D data and cluster detection.

[Regional anesthesia in daily clinical practice: an economic analysis based on case vignettes]. / Regionalanästhesie im klinischen Alltag: eine ökonomische Analyse anhand eines Versorgungsbeispiels.

BACKGROUND: The economic effect is a crucial aspect of every medical procedure. This article analyzes the economic implications of various methods in anesthesia based on three case vignettes. METHODS: The management of anesthesia of a forearm fracture with sufficient brachial plexus blockade, general anesthesia and insufficient brachial plexus blockade with subsequent general anesthesia was analyzed with respect to the relevant cost factors (personnel costs, durables, consumables, fixed assets costs, anesthesia-related overhead costs). RESULTS: Sufficient regional anesthesia was the least expensive method for a forearm fracture with 324.26 €, followed by general anesthesia with 399.18 € (+23% compared with regional anesthesia). Insufficient regional anesthesia was most the expensive method, which necessitated an additional general anesthesia (482.55 €, +49% compared with sufficient regional anesthesia). CONCLUSION: Even considering that this cost analysis was calculated based on data from only one medical institution (General Hospital of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna), regional anesthesia appeared to be cost efficient compared with other anesthesia procedures. Main cost drivers in this example were personnel costs.

Nelfinavir and lenalidomide/dexamethasone in patients with lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma. A phase I/II Trial (SAKK 39/10).

The antiretroviral agent nelfinavir has antimyeloma activity and can overcome resistance to bortezomib. Our phase I/II trial investigated whether adding nelfinavir to lenalidomide-dexamethasone can overcome lenalidomide resistance in lenalidomide-refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Twenty-nine patients were included (high-risk cytogenetic aberrations 31%; ≥2 prior therapy lines 93%; lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory 34%). Twenty-four patients (83%) had prior bortezomib and 10 (34%) were lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory. They received four cycles of nelfinavir 2500 mg/day with standard-dose lenalidomide (25 mg days 1-21) and dexamethasone (40/20 mg days 1, 8, 15, 22). Minor response or better was achieved in 16 patients (55%; 95% CI 36-74%), including 40% of those who were lenalidomide-bortezomib double-refractory, and partial response or better in nine patients (31%; 95% CI 15-51%). Median progression-free survival was 3.4 (95% CI 2.0-4.9) months and median overall survival 21.6 (13.0-50.1) months. Lenalidomide-related pneumonitis, pneumonia, and neutropenic fever occurred, but there were no unexpected adverse events. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed a 45% (95% CI 40-51%) reduction in total proteasome activity from baseline and significant induction of unfolded protein response and autophagy. Thus, nelfinavir-lenalidomide-dexamethasone is an active oral combination in lenalidomide-refractory MM.

[Advanced medical post within hospitals as possible tactical instrument for handling mass casualty incidents]. / Der Behandlungsplatz innerhalb eines Krankenhauses als mögliches taktisches Werkzeug zur Bewältigung eines Massenanfalls von Patienten.

BACKGROUND: An important instrument for handling mass casualty incidents in preclinical settings is the use of an advanced medical post. In certain circumstances, however, the establishment of such an advanced medical post on or close to the incident site is impossible. Terrorist attacks are a prime example for this. The highest priority for hospitals during mass casualty incidents is to adjust the treatment capacity to the acute rise in demand and to sustain its functionality throughout the duration of the incident. By establishing an advanced medical post within hospitals during certain types of mass casualty incidents these aims could potentially be accomplished. AIMS: The aims of this pilot study were to test the practicability of the establishment of an advanced medical post within a university hospital and to identify potential problems. The results provide the foundation of a generalized concept, which will then be integrated into the hospital emergency plans. METHODS: After the formation of a multiprofessional expert committee, different areas within the hospital were evaluated based on spatial and tactical considerations. Predefined questions were assessed and harmonized with respect to organization, vehicle management, communication, leadership and patient transport through the means of a practice run. RESULTS: The establishment and operation of an advanced medical post within the hospital were easily possible. The consequent deployment of section leaders enabled the smooth coordination of transport and an unobstructed simulated patient flow. The management of the treatment area by a senior emergency physician and a senior emergency medical service officer in close cooperation with the operational hospital lead proved to be a useful concept. Technical problems with communication within the hospital were resolved by using wireless phones and the installation of a digital radio repeater. DISCUSSION: During acute scenarios with only short prior notice, the authors prefer concepts that supplement the normal hospital operation through additional staff and material. In circumstances with prior notice of more than 60 min an advanced intrahospital advanced medical post, staffed by civil protection units, could be a concept that enables the absorption of the first patient arrivals within the first hour of a mass casualty incident without disturbing the functionality of hospitals to any great extent. Further practice runs are, however, necessary to further develop and adjust this concept to real-life circumstances.

Structured analysis, evaluation and report of the emergency response to a terrorist attack in Wuerzburg, Germany using a new template of standardised quality indicators.

BACKGROUND: Until now there has been a reported lack of systematic reports and scientific evaluations of rescue missions during terror attacks. This however is urgently required in order to improve the performance of emergency medical services and to be able to compare different missions with each other. Aim of the presented work was to report the systematic evaluation and the lessons learned from the response to a terror attack that happened in Wuerzburg, Germany in 2016. METHODS: A team of 14 experts developed a template of quality indicators and operational characteristics, which allow for the description, assessment and comparison of civil emergency rescue missions during mass killing incidents. The entire systematic evaluation process consisted of three main steps. The first step was the systematic data collection according to the quality indicators and operational characteristics. Second was the systematic stratification and assessment of the data. The last step was the prioritisation of the identified weaknesses and the definition of the lessons learned. RESULTS: Five important "lessons learned" have been defined. First of all, a comprehensive concept for rescue missions during terror attacks is essential. Furthermore, the establishment of a defined high priority communication infrastructure between the different dispatch centres ("red phone") is vital. The goal is to secure the continuity of information between a few well-defined individuals. Thirdly, the organization of the incident scene needs to be commonly decided and communicated between police, medical services and fire services during the mission. A successful mission tactic requires continuous flux of reports to the on-site command post. Therefore, a predefined and common communication infrastructure for all operational forces is a crucial point. Finally, all strategies need to be extensively trained before the real life scenario hits. CONCLUSION: According to a systematic evaluation, we defined the lessons learned from a terror attack in 2016. Further systematic reports and academic work surrounding life threatening rescue missions and mass killing incidents are needed in order to ultimately improve such mission outcomes. In the future, a close international collaboration might help to find the best database to report and evaluate major incidents but also mass killing events.

Diagnosis and treatment of necrotising otitis externa and diabetic foot osteomyelitis - similarities and differences.

OBJECTIVE: Necrotising otitis externa is a severe inflammatory process affecting soft tissue and bone, mostly in diabetic patients. Diabetic patients are also at risk of diabetic foot osteomyelitis, another inflammatory condition involving soft tissue and bone. This review aimed to describe the similarities and differences of these entities in an attempt to further advance the management of necrotising otitis externa. METHOD: A PubMed search was conducted using the key words 'otitis externa', 'necrotising otitis externa', 'malignant otitis externa', 'osteomyelitis' and 'diabetic foot'.Results and conclusionThe similarities regarding patient population and pathophysiology between necrotising otitis externa and diabetic foot osteomyelitis raise basic questions concerning the effects of long-standing diabetes on the external ear. The concordance between local swabs and bone cultures in diabetic foot osteomyelitis is less than 50 per cent. If this holds true also to necrotising otitis externa, the role of deep tissue cultures should be strongly considered. Similar to diabetic foot osteomyelitis, magnetic resonance imaging should be considered in selected necrotising otitis externa subgroups.

Correction to: Radiation exposure for intraoperative 3D scans in a hybrid operating room: how to reduce radiation exposure for the surgical team.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. In abstract, results section should read.

Radiation exposure for intraoperative 3D scans in a hybrid operating room: how to reduce radiation exposure for the surgical team.

BACKGROUND: Hybrid operating rooms are used in different fields of surgery. In orthopedic surgery, the possibility of a 3D scan of difficult anatomical regions (spine, pelvis) showed promising results not only in navigated screw placement. The associated exposure to radiation raises questions regarding potential risks for the operating room personal and the patient. The present study focuses on scatter radiation during 3D scans in a hybrid operating room, the adjacent rooms, and methods to reduce radiation exposure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: [Formula: see text] i2 dosimeters were used to measure scatter radiation during 3D scans of different anatomical regions in different distances and heights in a hybrid operating room. The 3D scans were performed with a floor-based flat-panel robotic C-arm with 3D scan capability (Artis Zeego, Siemens; Germany). The 3D scans were performed using a human cadaver. The 3D scans were performed using a standard and a dose reduction protocol (DRP). RESULTS: The highest scatter radiation was measured during 3D scans of the pelvis on the side of the surgical assistant (39.5 µSv in height of 1 m) compared to the side of the main surgeon (23 µSv in height of 1 m). Scatter radiation was less on the position of the scrub nurse (6.8 µSv in height of 1 m) and during 3D scans of the other anatomical regions. The radiation dosage was about 66% less with the DRP. Low values of scatter radiation were measured behind a radiation protection wall and with open doors in the adjacent rooms. CONCLUSION: While performing a scan scatter radiation was measured everywhere in the operating room especially during 3D scans of the pelvic girdle. Therefore, settings with lower dosage should be used whenever possible. Personnel should stand behind a radiation safety wall or leave the operating room and close the doors. For this study, six behavioral rules to avoid radiation in a hybrid operating room were established.

Carfilzomib resistance due to ABCB1/MDR1 overexpression is overcome by nelfinavir and lopinavir in multiple myeloma.

Proteasome inhibitor (PI) carfilzomib (CFZ) has activity superior to bortezomib (BTZ) and is increasingly incorporated in multiple myeloma (MM) frontline therapy and relapsed settings. Most MM patients ultimately experience PI-refractory disease, an unmet medical need with poorly understood biology and dismal outcome. Pharmacologic targeting of ABCB1 improved patient outcomes, including MM, but suffered from adverse drug effects and insufficient plasma concentrations. Proteomics analysis identified ABCB1 overexpression as the most significant change in CFZ-resistant MM cells. We addressed the functional role of ABCB1 overexpression in MM and observed significantly upregulated ABCB1 in peripheral blood malignant plasma cells (PCs) vs untreated patients' bone marrow PC. ABCB1 overexpression reduces the proteasome-inhibiting activity of CFZ due to drug efflux, in contrast to BTZ. Likewise, the cytotoxicity of established anti-MM drugs was significantly reduced in ABCB1-expressing MM cells. In search for potential drugs targeting ABCB1 in clinical trials, we identified the HIV protease inhibitors nelfinavir (NFV) and lopinavir (LPV) as potent functional modulators of ABCB1-mediated drug export, most likely via modulation of mitochondria permeability transition pore. NFV and LPV restored CFZ activity at therapeutically relevant drug levels and thus represent ready-to-use drugs to be tested in clinical trials to target ABCB1 and to re-sensitize PC to established myeloma drugs, in particular CFZ.

Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Survival in Dogs with Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF. ANIMALS: Forty-six dogs with AF and 24-hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated. METHODS: Retrospective study. Holter-derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24-hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1-minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1-minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan-Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR <125 bpm versus ≥125 bpm. RESULTS: All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all-cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76-1,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62-203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37-163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126-307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all-cause and cardiac-related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17-1.55; P < 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR<125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524-open) than meanHR ≥125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67-267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Holter-derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR <125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR ≥ 125 bpm.

Cerclage Breakage in Trochanteric Revision - High Risk for Hip Endoprosthesis?

We report a 72-year-old man who underwent fixation with a multifilament cerclage system after a peri-prosthetic trochanteric fracture (Vancouver A1). Failure of cerclage occurred after 23 month and revision of trochanteric attachment was performed due to non-union. Intraoperatively fragments of the cable were found between prosthesis head and liner. Cup and head were changed and the greater trochanter was re-attached after allograft-impaction. Based on the present case report multifilament cerclage cables should be used with precaution and might require a close and frequent follow-up given the possibility of cerclage breakage and consecutive catastrophic wear by migration of cerclage particles. Key words: cerclage, cerclage breakage, greater trochanter, revision.