Serum levels of acute phase proteins: SAA, Hp and progesterone (P4) in mares with early embryonic death.

The study involved 46 healthy purebred Arabian mares exhibiting regular oestrous cycles that underwent artificial insemination (AI). Pregnancy was detected ultrasonographically (US) in 40 mares. In 15 mares in foal, early embryonic death (EED) was observed during the pregnancy days 14-21. Blood for determinations of serum acute phase proteins (SAA and Hp) and progesterone (P4) was sampled 12-24 h before ovulation and the first insemination, at 12, 24, 72, 96 h and on day 7, 10, 14, 21, 35 and 55 after ovulation. The results revealed that in 25 mares without EED, the serum levels of P4, SAA and Hp were within physiological limits; in 15 mares with EED, the levels of SAA and Hp were significantly increased. In seven mares with EED, high levels of SAA and Hp were already found before ovulation and at 12, 24, 72, 96 h as well as on day 7 and 10 post-ovulation, whereas the level of P4 was normal for early pregnancy. In the remaining eight mares with EED, increased levels of SAA and Hp were found at 72 h after ovulation and maintained until day 55. In this group, the level of P4 decreased since 96 h after ovulation. Determinations of SAA, Hp and P4 in mares in early pregnancy (EP) are useful for monitoring normal development of pregnancy and for diagnosis of subclinical genital inflammations, which may lead to EED.

In vitro flow testing of glaucoma drainage devices.

OBJECTIVE: The study was intended to determine methods that could evaluate in vitro the flow characteristics of glaucoma drainage devices. DESIGN: Two test methods were used: (1) a gravity-driven flow test and (2) a syringe-pump-driven flow test. Eighteen devices, both valved and nonvalved, from 4 manufacturers were evaluated for their hydrodynamic resistance and the pressure at which the flow becomes 0. OUTCOME: Results show a wide variation in device performance, indicating a strong need for enhanced quality control procedures in the device manufacturing process. CONCLUSION: A gravity-driven flow test provides a reasonably quick test of both resistance and closing pressure, which might be useful as a manufacturing line test. The syringe-driven flow test requires more time but provides additional insight into device performance, and, therefore, might be useful as a design validation test.