Dabrafenib plus trametinib in patients with BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer: updated analysis from the phase II ROAR basket study.

BACKGROUND: Combined therapy with dabrafenib plus trametinib was approved in several countries for treatment of BRAF V600E-mutant anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) based on an earlier interim analysis of 23 response-assessable patients in the ATC cohort of the phase II Rare Oncology Agnostic Research (ROAR) basket study. We report an updated analysis describing the efficacy and safety of dabrafenib plus trametinib in the full ROAR ATC cohort of 36 patients with ∼4 years of additional study follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS: ROAR (NCT02034110) is an open-label, nonrandomized, phase II basket study evaluating dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAF V600E-mutant rare cancers. The ATC cohort comprised 36 patients with unresectable or metastatic ATC who received dabrafenib 150 mg twice daily plus trametinib 2 mg once daily orally until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or death. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed overall response rate (ORR) per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. Secondary endpoints were duration of response (DOR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: At data cutoff (14 September 2020), median follow-up was 11.1 months (range, 0.9-76.6 months). The investigator-assessed ORR was 56% (95% confidence interval, 38.1% to 72.1%), including three complete responses; the 12-month DOR rate was 50%. Median PFS and OS were 6.7 and 14.5 months, respectively. The respective 12-month PFS and OS rates were 43.2% and 51.7%, and the 24-month OS rate was 31.5%. No new safety signals were identified with additional follow-up, and adverse events were consistent with the established tolerability of dabrafenib plus trametinib. CONCLUSIONS: These updated results confirm the substantial clinical benefit and manageable toxicity of dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAF V600E-mutant ATC. Dabrafenib plus trametinib notably improved long-term survival and represents a meaningful treatment option for this rare, aggressive cancer.

Essential role for Bim in mediating the apoptotic and antitumor activities of immunotoxins.

Protein synthesis is crucial for regulating cell homeostasis and, when unrestricted, it can lead to tumorigenesis. Immunotoxins derived from Pseudomonas exotoxin are antibody-toxin fusion proteins that inhibit protein synthesis of mammalian cells via ADP-ribosylation of the eukaryotic elongation factor-2. Here we investigate the role of the Bcl-2 family proteins in the response of cancer cells to immunotoxin challenge. Besides the well-known reduction of the prosurvival Bcl-2 family member, Mcl-1, following inhibition of protein synthesis, we show for the first time that immunotoxins also reduce the levels of selected proapoptotic BH-3-only proteins. Among these, only Bim protein levels correlated with the ability of immunotoxins to induce an apoptotic response. To support our findings, we verified that a Bim knockout completely abolished immunotoxin-mediated apoptosis. Further, mice bearing either wild-type or Bid knockout tumors responded to immunotoxin treatment with a decrease in growth kinetics, whereas mice engrafted with Bim knockout tumors showed no reduction in tumor size or prolongation of survival following immunotoxin treatment. From these results, we conclude that Bim expression is a major susceptibility factor for tumor cell death and, as such, constitutes a potential biomarker that could be evaluated before immunotoxin treatment. In support of this hypothesis, clinically, we analyzed patient cells before immunotoxin treatment and report that samples of hairy cell leukemia with high levels of Bim protein responded with a greater decrease in leukemic cell count compared with those samples expressing a low level of Bim.

Elevation of soluble CD307 (IRTA2/FcRH5) protein in the blood and expression on malignant cells of patients with multiple myeloma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and mantle cell lymphoma.

CD307 is a differentiation antigen expressed in B-lineage cells. One soluble and two membrane-bound forms have been predicted and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for soluble CD307 established. Our goal was to determine if CD307 is expressed on the surface of cells from patients with multiple myeloma (MM), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and other B-cell malignancies and if soluble CD307 levels are elevated in the blood of patients with these B-cell malignancies. Cells and blood were collected from patients. Expression of CD307 was measured by flow cytometry and blood levels of soluble CD307 by ELISA. High soluble CD307 levels were detected in 21/43 (49%) of patients with MM, 36/46 (78%) with CLL and 9/24 (38%) with MCL. Soluble CD307 levels correlated with plasma cell percentages in bone marrow aspirates in MM and total white blood cells in CLL. CD307 on the cell membrane was detected by flow cytometry in 8/8 MM, 23/29 CLL and 4/5 MCL samples. Because CD307 is present on malignant cells from patients with MM, CLL and MCL, CD307 may be a useful therapeutic target for the treatment of these diseases.

SV40 Pseudovirion gene delivery of a toxin to treat human adenocarcinomas in mice.

SV40 vectors packaged in vitro (pseudovirions) are an efficient delivery system for plasmids up to 17.7 kb, with or without SV40 sequences. A truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin gene (PE38) was delivered into various human cells (HeLa, KB-3-1, human lymphoblastoids, and erythroleukemia cells), in vitro using pseudovirions. The number of viable cells was reduced significantly in the PE38-transduced cells. Human KB adenocarcinomas growing in mice were treated with intratumoral injection of PE38 packaged in vitro, and tumor size decreased significantly. Intraperitoneal treatments were as effective in reducing tumor size as intratumoral treatments. To check the viability of mock- or PE38-treated mice, every 4 days they were weighed, their blood was tested, and various tissues were screened for pathology. All parameters showed that the in vitro-packaged vectors, injected into tumors or intraperitoneally, caused no abnormalities in mice. The combined treatment of doxorubicin with in vitro-packaged PE38 reduced tumor size slightly more than each of the treatments separately. However, the combined treatment did not cause the weight loss seen with doxorubicin alone. These results indicate that SV40 in vitro packaging is an effective system for cancer gene delivery using two different routes of injection and in combination with chemotherapy.

IL-4 receptors on human medulloblastoma tumours serve as a sensitive target for a circular permuted IL-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein.

Cytotoxins directed to interleukin-4 receptors have shown to mediate relatively selective cytotoxicity against a variety of human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In an ongoing Phase I clinical trial, a recombinant protein comprised of circularly permuted IL-4 fused to a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (the fusion protein termed IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL or cpIL4-PE) has shown antitumour activity against malignant glioma. Human medulloblastomas are neuroectodermal tumours that occur in children and have a poor prognosis. The goal of this study was to determine whether human medulloblastoma derived cell lines express interleukin-4 receptor and whether interleukin-4 receptor expression is accompanied by sensitivity to cpIL4-PE. Medulloblastoma cell lines express interleukin-4 receptor at the protein and mRNA levels as determined by binding, indirect immunofluorescence and RT--PCR studies. These cells expressed IL-4Ralpha (also known as IL-4Rbeta) and IL-13Ralpha1 (also known as IL-13Ralpha') chains, however common gamma(c), a component of the interleukin-4 receptor system in immune cells was not detected. Consistent with the expression of IL-4R, cpIL4-PE was found to be highly and specifically cytotoxic to four of five medulloblastoma cell lines. Susceptibility of medulloblastoma cell lines to cpIL4-PE seemed to correlate closely to the functional IL-4 binding sites in general as demonstrated by 125I-IL-4 binding, but did not seem to correlate with mRNA or cell surface immunoreactive receptor protein expression. The sensitivity of medulloblastoma cells to cpIL4-PE could be eliminated by concurrent incubation with IL-4 or IL-13, but not with IL-2. None of these cell lines showed any change in proliferation upon treatment with exogenous IL-4. These studies establish the interleukin-4 receptor as a medulloblastoma-associated target for possible tumour-directed cancer therapy. Further studies are warranted to investigate interleukin-4 receptor expression in primary medulloblastoma tumours and sensitivity to cpIL-4PE in vitro and in vivo.

Chimeric fusion proteins--Pseudomonas exotoxin-based.

Recombinant fusion toxins have several potential advantages over conventional immunotoxin chemical conjugates, including (i) a defined toxin-ligand junction; (ii) efficient and relatively inexpensive production in large scale from bacteria; (iii) shorter plasma half-lives which might avoid diffuse endothelial damage which leads to vascular leak syndrome (VLS); and (iv) ability to genetically engineer mutations in the recombinant toxin to increase its potency or lower its non-specific toxicity. Two major varieties of recombinant fusion toxins include growth factor fusion toxins, containing a growth factor fused to truncated toxin, and recombinant immunotoxins, containing the variable fragments of an antibody fused to truncated toxin. In either case the ligand is used to bind selectively to tumor cells while the toxin kills the target cell following internalization. The bacterial toxins Pseudomonas exotoxin and diphtheria toxin are most often used for making recombinant fusion toxins. This review will focus on several agents containing truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin, which are undergoing preclinical and clinical development.

Antibody response to DT-GM, a novel fusion toxin consisting of a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT) linked to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM), during a phase I trial of patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia.

We are conducting a Phase I trial of a fusion toxin (DT-GM) for the treatment of relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The fusion toxin consists of a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT) linked to human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM). Prior to beginning the Phase I trial, our first goal was to determine whether healthy controls and adult AML patients had preexisting antibodies able to inhibit DT-GM. Sera from 5 of the 9 controls completely neutralized DT-GM by an in vitro bioassay to assess the inhibition of DT-GM. Sera from 43 patients with AML were tested by bioassay and a specific enzymoimmunoassay (EIA) for anti-DT-GM antibodies. Forty-two of 43 samples were positive by EIA, and 5 patients (11.6%) showed complete neutralization of DT-GM in the bioassay. Anti-DT-GM concentrations were significantly higher in samples demonstrating neutralization than in samples demonstrating no neutralization (P = 0.003). In the Phase I trial of DT-GM prior to therapy, none of 28 patients exhibited neutralization by bioassay, but 89% were positive by EIA. After the first course of DT-GM, 23% developed neutralizing antibodies by the bioassay, and 64% of patients exhibited an increase in their anti-DT-GM antibody concentrations by EIA. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical impact of the anti-DT-GM antibodies and whether the neutralization bioassay can be replaced by our EIA.

Efficacy of the anti-CD22 recombinant immunotoxin BL22 in chemotherapy-resistant hairy-cell leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Hairy-cell leukemia that is resistant to treatment with purine analogues, including cladribine, has a poor prognosis. We tested the safety and efficacy of an immunotoxin directed against a surface antigen that is strongly expressed by leukemic hairy cells. METHODS: RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22), a recombinant immunotoxin containing an anti-CD22 variable domain (Fv) fused to truncated pseudomonas exotoxin, was administered in a dose-escalation trial by intravenous infusion every other day for a total of three doses. RESULTS: Of 16 patients who were resistant to cladribine, 11 had a complete remission and 2 had a partial remission with BL22. The three patients who did not have a response received low doses of BL22 or had preexisting toxin-neutralizing antibodies. Of the 11 patients in complete remission, 2 had minimal residual disease in the bone marrow or blood. During a median follow-up of 16 months (range, 10 to 23), 3 of the 11 patients who had a complete response relapsed and were retreated; all of these patients had a second complete remission. In 2 of the 16 patients, a serious but completely reversible hemolytic-uremic syndrome developed during the second cycle of treatment with BL22. Common toxic effects included transient hypoalbuminemia and elevated aminotransferase levels. CONCLUSIONS: BL22 can induce complete remissions in patients with hairy-cell leukemia that is resistant to treatment with purine analogues.

Lowering the isoelectric point of the Fv portion of recombinant immunotoxins leads to decreased nonspecific animal toxicity without affecting antitumor activity.

Recombinant immunotoxins are genetically engineered proteins in which the Fv portion of an antibody is fused to a toxin. Our laboratory uses a 38-kDa form of Pseudomonas exotoxin A termed PE38 for this purpose. Clinical studies with immunotoxins targeting CD25 and CD22 have shown that dose-limiting side effects are attributable to liver damage and other inflammatory toxicities. We recently showed that mutating exposed surface neutral residues to acidic residues in the framework region of the Fv portion of an immunotoxin targeting CD25 [anti-Tac(scFv)-PE38] lowered its isoelectric point (pI) and decreased its toxicity in mice without impairing its cytotoxic or antitumor activities. We have now extended these studies and made mutations that change basic residues to neutral or acidic residues. Initially the pI of the mutant Fv (M1) of anti-Tac(scFv)-PE38 was decreased further. Subsequently, mutations were made in two other immunotoxins, SS1(dsFv)-PE38 targeting ovarian cancer and B3(dsFv)-PE38 targeting colon and breast cancers. We have found that all these mutant molecules fully retained specific target cell cytotoxicity and antitumor activity but were considerably less toxic to mice. Therefore, lowering the pI of the Fv may be a general approach to diminish the nonspecific toxicity of recombinant immunotoxins and other Fv fusion proteins without losing antitumor activity.

Isolation of new anti-CD30 scFvs from DNA-immunized mice by phage display and biologic activity of recombinant immunotoxins produced by fusion with truncated pseudomonas exotoxin.

To target CD30 on Hodgkin's disease and anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, anti-CD30 single-chain antibodies were obtained by DNA immunization of mice with the complete human CD30 cDNA. Spleens were isolated from mice with high anti-CD30 titer, and the RNA was used for the production of an scFv-displaying phage library. Specific phages were enriched by 3 rounds of panning on soluble CD30 or CD30+ K562 cells. Recombinant immunotoxins (rITs) were made from 3 ELISA-positive scFv phages by fusion to a 38 kDa truncated mutant of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) with or without a KDEL mutant sequence at the C terminus. In vitro cytotoxicity of purified anti-CD30 rITs was measured on CD30-transfected A431 cells. IC50 values ranged from 3 to 7 ng/ml (50-110 pM) for PE38 rITs and 0.1 ng/ml (2 pM) for the PE38-KDEL IT on A431-CD30 cells. The parental A431 cells were resistant, indicating that the cytotoxicity was specific and CD30-mediated. rITs were tested for anti-tumor activity in a nude mouse model. A431-CD30 cells were injected s.c. on day 0; then, mice bearing measurable tumors were treated beginning on day 4 with 3 alternate daily doses i.v. Anti-tumor activity was dose-dependent and not found when irrelevant ITs were administered or when CD30- tumors were treated. Our data show that DNA immunization and antibody phage display may be useful in producing new rITs against hematologic malignancies. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Toxin-labeled monoclonal antibodies.

To arm monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with the power to kill malignant cells, they have been connected to toxins to create chimeric proteins called immunotoxins. Conventional immunotoxins contain a MAb chemically conjugated to a toxin which is mutated or chemically modified to minimize binding to normal cells. Examples include anti-B4-blocked ricin, targeting CD5, and RFB4-deglycosylated ricin A chain, targeting CD22. Conventional immunotoxins are capable of inducing responses in patients with hematologic malignancies, with dose-limiting toxicities being vascular leak syndrome, thrombocytopenia, and hepatic damage. Newer immunotoxins contain a recombinant ligand, either the variable domains (Fv) of a MAb, or a growth factor, fused to a truncated bacterial toxin. Bacterial toxins commonly used for this purpose include diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin. DAB389lL2 (Ontak) is a recently approved growth factor fusion toxin containing human interleukin-2 and diphtheria toxin and is effective in chemotherapy-resistant cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2) and RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22) are two recombinant immunotoxins, targeting CD25 and CD22, respectively, in which Fvs of MAbs targeting these antigens are fused to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin. Both LMB-2 and BL22 have exhibited clinical activity in patients with hematologic malignancies, with less vascular leak syndrome and probably less immunogenicity than the larger conventional immunotoxin conjugates. New recombinant immunotoxins are currently being engineered and developed to target other hematologic and solid tumor antigens.

Inhibition of TNF-alpha produced by Kupffer cells protects against the nonspecific liver toxicity of immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38, LMB-2.

LMB-2 (anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38) is a recombinant immunotoxin composed of the Fv fragment of the anti-Tac Ab fused to a 38-kDa form of Pseudomonas: exotoxin A. Recent clinical trials showed that LMB-2 is a promising agent for the treatment of patients with Tac-positive leukemia or lymphoma. One major side effect that needs to be overcome is nonspecific liver toxicity. In the current study, we have analyzed the mechanism of this toxicity using a mouse model. Mice that were injected with a lethal dose of LMB-2 showed severe hepatic necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that LMB-2 accumulated in Kupffer cells in the liver, suggesting that the damage to the hepatocytes was indirect. When we examined the effects of LMB-2 on peritoneal macrophages, cells in the same lineage as Kupffer cells, we found that LMB-2 induced the production of TNF-alpha by these cells. Following LMB-2 administration to mice, the levels of TNF-alpha in the liver increased to very high levels, whereas the rise in serum levels was modest. In addition, the LMB-2-induced liver toxicity was blocked by a specific TNF binding protein (TNFsRp55). Liver toxicity was also blocked by indomethacin, which also blocked the rise of TNF-alpha in the liver. Both TNFsRp55 and indomethacin treatment protected mice against a lethal dose of LMB-2. These data indicate that TNF-alpha produced in the liver by Kupffer cells has an important causal role in the nonspecific liver toxicity of LMB-2. These findings have important clinical implications for the use of immunotoxins in the therapy of patients with cancer.

Anti-tumor activity of K1-LysPE38QQR, an immunotoxin targeting mesothelin, a cell-surface antigen overexpressed in ovarian cancer and malignant mesothelioma.

Mesothelin, a differentiation antigen, is a 40-kD glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell-surface glycoprotein, that is present on the surface of normal mesothelium and is overexpressed in many patients with epithelial ovarian cancer and malignant mesotheliomas. Monoclonal antibody K1 is a murine immunoglobulin G1 that recognizes mesothelin. LysPE38QQR is a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin that lacks the cell-binding domain, but retains the translocation and adenosine diphosphate-ribosylation domains. It has a single lysine residue near the amino terminus that is available for conjugation to antibodies. To prevent chemical conjugation of the antibody to lysine residues at the C-terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin, the two lysine residues at positions 590 and 606 were mutated to glutamine, and the lysine residue at position 613 was mutated to arginine. Monoclonal antibody K1 was chemically conjugated with LysPE38QQR, by modifying the antibody with sulfosuccinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1-carboxylate and coupling it with SPDP N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate-modified LysPE38QQR. The resulting immunotoxin K1-LysPE38QQR was highly toxic to A431-K5 cells (a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line transfected with a mesothelin expression plasmid) with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 3-6 ng/mL. The immunotoxin had negligible activity against A431 cells, which do not express mesothelin (median inhibitory concentration > 100 ng/mL). This immunotoxin also caused complete regression of tumors in nude mice that received xenografts of mesothelin-positive human carcinomas. These results show that immunotoxins directed against mesothelin are a therapeutic option that merits further investigation for the treatment of ovarian cancer and malignant mesotheliomas.

Synaptic integration mediated by striatal cholinergic interneurons in basal ganglia function.

The physiological role of striatal cholinergic interneurons was investigated with immunotoxin-mediated cell targeting (IMCT). Unilateral cholinergic cell ablation caused an acute abnormal turning behavior. These mice showed gradual recovery but displayed abnormal turning by both excess stimulation and inhibition of dopamine actions. In the acute phase, basal ganglia function was shifted to a hyperactive state by stimulation and suppression of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, respectively. D1 and D2 dopamine receptors were then down-regulated, relieving dopamine-predominant synaptic perturbation but leaving a defect in controlling dopamine responses. The acetylcholine-dopamine interaction is concertedly and adaptively regulated for basal ganglia synaptic integration.

Human breast carcinoma cells express type II IL-4 receptors and are sensitive to antitumor activity of a chimeric IL-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Human breast carcinoma cell lines express high-affinity interleukin-4 receptors (IL-4R). We examined the expression and structure of these receptors on primary and cultured breast carcinoma cell lines and normal breast epithelial cells. We also tested the antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo of a fusion protein comprised of circular permuted IL-4 and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin, termed IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight different primary cell cultures and cell lines of human breast carcinomas were examined for the expression of IL-4R by radiolabeled binding, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern analyses, and subunit structure by crosslinking studies. The antitumor activity of IL-4 toxin was tested in vitro by cytotoxicity assays and in vivo in a xenograft model in immunodeficient animals. RESULTS: 125I-IL-4 specifically bound to primary cell cultures and cell lines with a Kd ranging between 0.2 and 1 nM. Breast tumor cells were found to express IL-4R beta and IL-13R alpha' chains, but not IL-2R gamma c chain. These cells were highly sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL. The IC50 (concentration inhibiting protein synthesis by 50%) ranged between approximately 0.005-1.5 nM. A normal breast epithelial cell culture was not sensitive to the cytotoxic activity of IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL. MDA-MB231 human breast carcinoma cell line formed a rapidly growing tumor in nude mice. Intratumor and intraperitoneal administration of IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL caused a dose dependent regression of established tumors. A control toxin, anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38KDEL, targeted to the IL-2 receptor alpha chain did not cause regression of these tumors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL may be a useful agent for targeting of IL-4 receptor positive human breast carcinomas and further studies should be performed to explore fully its potential.

Site-specific chemical modification with polyethylene glycol of recombinant immunotoxin anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2) improves antitumor activity and reduces animal toxicity and immunogenicity.

Chemical modification of proteins with polyethylene glycol (PEGylation) can increase plasma half-lives, stability, and therapeutic potency. To make a PEGylated recombinant immunotoxin with improved therapeutic properties, we prepared a mutant of anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2), a recombinant immunotoxin composed of a single-chain Fv fragment of the anti-human Tac monoclonal antibody to the IL-2 receptor alpha subunit fused to a 38-kDa fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin. For site-specific PEGylation of LMB-2, one cysteine residue was introduced into the peptide connector (ASGCGPE) between the Fv and the toxin. This mutant LMB-2 (cys1-LMB-2), which retained full cytotoxic activity, was then site-specifically conjugated with 5 or 20 kDa of polyethylene glycol-maleimide. When compared with unmodified LMB-2, both PEGylated immunotoxins showed similar cytotoxic activities in vitro but superior stability at 37 degrees C in mouse serum, a 5- to 8-fold increase in plasma half-lives in mice, and a 3- to 4-fold increase in antitumor activity. This was accompanied by a substantial decrease in animal toxicity and immunogenicity. Site-specific PEGylation of recombinant immunotoxins may increase their therapeutic potency in humans.

Apoptosis induced by immunotoxins used in the treatment of hematologic malignancies.

The recombinant immunotoxins anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 (LMB-2), targeting the interleukin-2 receptor alpha subunit (IL-2Ralpha, Tac or CD25), and RFB4(dsFv)-PE38 (BL22), targeting CD22, are being evaluated in clinical trials as treatment for hematologic malignancies. The toxin moiety Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) of these recombinant molecules leads to the arrest of protein synthesis due to inactivation of elongation factor 2. Here, we provide evidence that cell lines derived from patients with hematologic malignancies react to immunotoxins not only with inhibition of protein synthesis but also with characteristic hallmarks of apoptosis such as caspase activation, cleavage of the "death substrate poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase and DNA laddering. Anti-Tac(Fv)-PE38 leads to a 10-fold increase in the cleavage of the fluorescent substrate DEVD-AFC, suggesting that a caspase-3-like enzyme is involved. This was verified by cleavage of caspase-3 (CPP32). MT1 cells exhibited DNA laddering after treatment with immunotoxin, which was reversed by pre-treatment with the protease inhibitor zVAD-fmk. This caspase inhibitor led to an at least 5-fold improvement in cell viability without altering inhibition of protein synthesis. Interestingly, HUT-102 cells did not undergo programmed cell death after exposure to immunotoxins that kill these cells. We conclude that immunotoxins may be valuable in the treatment of cancers that are resistant toward apoptosis because their targeted killing is often facilitated by, but not completely dependent on, programmed cell death. Int. J. Cancer 87:86-94, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Intratumoral administration of recombinant circularly permuted interleukin-4-Pseudomonas exotoxin in patients with high-grade glioma.

Human glioblastoma but not normal brain cells express numerous receptors for the cytokine interleukin (IL)-4. To target these receptors, we have investigated the safety and activity of directly infusing IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL, a chimeric protein composed of circularly permuted IL-4 and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), into recurrent malignant high-grade gliomas. IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL (IL-4-toxin) was infused over a 4-8-day period into gliomas of nine patients by one to three stereotactically placed catheters. No apparent systemic toxicity occurred in any patient. The infusion of IL-4-toxin in six of nine patients showed glioma necrosis as evidenced by diminished gadolinium enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging. Seven of nine patients underwent craniotomy because of increased intracranial pressure at 16-101 days after the beginning of infusion. In six of these seven patients, partial-to-extensive tumor necrosis with edema was confirmed pathologically. No histological evidence of neurotoxicity to normal brain was identified in any patient. Two patients were not operated on; by magnetic resonance imaging, one showed mottled gadolinium enhancement, and the other showed extensive necrosis of tumor leading to complete remission; this patient remains disease-free > 18 months after the procedure. We conclude that direct glioma injection of IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL is safe without systemic toxicity. Local toxicity seemed attributable mainly to tumor necrosis or occasionally to the volume of infusion. Histological evidence of toxicity to normal brain was not observed and in many patients, could be pathologically excluded. Additional patients are being treated to determine the maximal tolerated concentration and volume of IL-4(38-37)-PE38KDEL.

Pharmacokinetics of 111In- and 125I-labeled antiTac single-chain Fv recombinant immunotoxin.

UNLABELLED: The use of immunotoxins for cancer therapy is an attractive strategy that exploits the targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies and their fragments as well as the exquisite toxicity of the toxins. However, few studies of immunotoxins have evaluated their biodistribution in vivo. Previous studies have used 125I for tracing immunotoxin biodistribution in mice. Because the immunotoxin works only when it is internalized and because of known problems with quick dehalogenation after internalization of antibodies, we decided to use 111In, which has greater intracellular retention than iodine. METHODS: To trace the in vivo pharmacokinetics of the immunotoxin in mice, we labeled the antiTac(Fv)-PE38 with 111ln and compared it with 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38. We successfully labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 with 111In at up to 2.96 GBq/mg. A 3- to 4-fold decrease in cytotoxicity was observed for both radiolabeled preparations. We evaluated the internalization of 111In- and 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)PE38 into ATAC4 cells (Tac-positive) as well as their biodistribution and pharmacokinetics in vivo in mice. In addition, some mice receiving these reagents were co-infused with 30 mg L-lysine to inhibit renal accumulation. RESULTS: Significantly more 111In- than 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 accumulated in the ATAC4 cells (20% versus 5% of initial surface-bound radioactivity; P < 0.001). In vivo, significantly more 111In- than 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 accumulated in the kidney (119 versus 31 percentage injected dose per gram [%ID/g]; P < 0.001). The tumor accumulation of 111In-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 at 96 h was 13-fold greater than that of 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 (1.4 versus 0.1 %ID/g; P < 0.001). No antiTac(Fv)-PE38 was excreted into the urine in its intact form unless lysine was co-infused. Co-injected lysine reduced the renal accumulation of 111In-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 by 62%. CONCLUSION: We evaluated the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and catabolism of 111In-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 and found that it differed from 125I-labeled antiTac(Fv)PE38. These studies suggest that 111In-labeled antiTac(Fv)-PE38 can be used to trace the fate of antiTac(Fv)-PE38 in humans.