RESUMO
Relations between parents' discipline, children's empathic responses, and children's prosocial behavior were examined in order to evaluate Martin Hoffman's claim that children's empathy and empathy-based guilt mediate the socialization of children's prosocial behavior. 78 sixth and seventh graders (138-172 months in age), their mothers, and teachers completed multiple measures of Hoffman's constructs. Results were largely consistent with theory. Parents' use of inductive as opposed to power-assertive discipline was related to children's prosocial behavior. Children of inductive parents were more empathic; and more empathic children were more prosocial. Moreover, children's empathy was found to mediate the relation between parents' discipline and children's prosocial behavior. Few relations were obtained for children's guilt indices, but post hoc analyses yielded theoretically consistent results. Contrary to expectations, parents' use of statements of disappointment was the component of the inductive discipline score which was most strongly related to children's prosocial behavior.
Assuntos
Empatia , Mães , Poder Familiar , Comportamento Social , Criança , Comportamento Infantil , Culpa , Humanos , Relações Mãe-FilhoAssuntos
Envelhecimento , Serviços de Saúde para Idosos , Idoso/psicologia , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Atenção à Saúde , Ética Médica , Geriatria/educação , Prioridades em Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , Pesquisa , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Problemas Sociais , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The elderly spend considerable amounts of time with mass media, but little is known about the psychology of their viewing habits. This study compared the relative impact of social, structural, and psychosocial variables on the television uses of elderly viewers. The results of a survey of 113 older respondents indicated that psychosocial factors accounted for variance above and beyond that of demographic and situational factors in viewing of television entertainment programs, parasocial programs (e.g., soap operas), as well as in watching of television for companionship purposes. Emotional loneliness and locus of control proved particularly significant predictors of television behavior.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Relações Interpessoais , Televisão , Idoso , Humanos , Controle Interno-Externo , Solidão , Meio SocialRESUMO
The cross-sectional area of airways can be estimated from their response to an acoustic pressure pulse introduced at the airway opening. Errors in these area estimates are expected if the airways do not behave rigidly at these frequencies. In eight dogs we tested the accuracy of this technique to estimate tracheal cross-sectional areas by comparing them with area estimates made from radiographic bronchograms. Tracheal areas using this technique were not statistically different from areas determined radiographically. The results indicate that the dog trachea does behave rigidly enough so that this method can be used to measure its cross-sectional area.