Comprehensive examination on codon usage bias pattern of the Bovine Ephemeral fever virus.

Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (BEFV) is a non-contagious virus that commonly infects cattle and water buffalo, reduces milk productivity, decreases the quality of beef, and causes an adverse economic impact on the global livestock industry. However, the evolution of BEFV is unclear, and uncertainty exists regarding its global geodynamics. Consequently, this study aims to comprehend the pattern of viral evolution and gene expression in the BEFV genes G, M, N, and P, including synonymous codons. Additionally, we performed recombination analyses, which exclusively detected recombination signals in the G- and P-genes. Subsequently, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to validate and support these findings. The codon usage bias results showed that the BEFV-selected genes were influenced by both natural and mutation pressure. Furthermore, nucleotide A is more abundant in all the selected genes. The eNC values, ranging from 42.99 to 47.10, revealed the presence of moderate codon usage bias, where gene P exhibited the highest and gene G had the lowest codon usage bias. The neutrality and PR-2 plots, specified codon usage patterns of the genes, are also being shaped by strong selectional pressure. This comprehensive analysis of BEFV genes (G, M, N, and P) sheds light on the molecular evolutionary patterns, co-adaptation, and different genes expression in diverse regions, facilitating the development of preventative programs and insights into viral pathogenesis and vaccine design.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Nano Zinc Supplementation Affects Immunity, Hormonal Profile, Hepatic Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) Gene Expression and Vital Organ Histology in Wister Albino Rats.

The study was conducted to assess nano zinc (ZnN) as a feed supplement with an aim to compare the supplemental dose of inorganic zinc (ZnI). ZnN was synthesized from 0.45 molar (M) zinc nitrate [Zn(NO3)2.6H2O] and 0.9 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and was confirmed to be of ZnN by TEM-EDAX measurements. Wister albino rats (rats; 84, 53.6 ± 0.65 g) were divided into seven groups (4 replicate with 3 rats each) and given feed supplemented with zinc for 60 days with either of the following diets: (1) normal control (NC): basal diet (BD) + no supplemental Zn; (2) ZnI-25: BD + 25 mg/kg Zn from inorganic ZnO; (3) ZnN-25: BD + 25 mg/kg of ZnN; (4) ZnN-12.5: BD + 12.5 mg/kg of ZnN; (5) ZnN-6.25: BD + 6.25 mg/kg of ZnN; (6) ZnN-3.125: BD + 3.125 mg/kg of ZnN; (7) ZnN-50: BD + 50 mg/kg of ZnN. T3 and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) hormone levels were similar among groups (P > 0.05), whereas T4 and testosterone were significantly affected, based on supplemented dose. Zn supplementation improved both cell-mediated and humoral immunity. However, both cell-mediated immunity at 24 h and humoral immunity were statistically similar in ZnI-25 and ZnN-6.25 groups. Superoxide dismutase 1 gene expression was found to be similar in all experimental groups. The vascular degeneration were found in liver tissues moderately in NC, mildly in ZnN-6.25 and ZnN-3.125 groups, and no observable changes were noticed in kidney and spleen tissues. However, there was a mild damage in intestinal epithelium of ZnN-25 group rats, hyperplasia of goblet cells, and moderate damage in intestinal villi were observed in ZnN-50 group rats. From the study, it can be concluded that ZnN at half the dose of ZnI showed similar or better responses in terms of immunity, SOD-1 expression, hormonal profiles, and the tissue architecture of vital organs in rats, i.e., 25 mg/kg of Zn from ZnI and 12.5 mg/kg of ZnN impacted similar biological responses like immunity, SOD-1 expression, hormonal profiles, and the tissue architecture of vital organs in rats.

Bovine babesiosis in India: Estimation of prevalence by systematic review and meta analysis.

Bovine babesiosis is a serious threat to the livestock sector especially in tropical countries like India. Understanding the epidemiology of the disease in the country is essentially important in strategizing the available methods to effectively control the disease. Keeping this as the background, the present study was undertaken to estimate the pooled prevalence of bovine babesiosis in India. The relevant literature pertaining to bovine babesiosis was identified and a total of 49 studies published between 1983 and 2018 were included in the final systematic review and meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted using meta-package of R software and prevalence estimates were calculated. Bovine babesiosis was reported from 21 states of India with pooled prevalence estimate of 6% (95% CI = 4%-9%) using random effect model. Zone wise analysis revealed highest pooled prevalence in the west zone and north zone (8%) followed by east zone (7%), central zone (6%), south zone (4%) and northeast zone (4%). The results of meta-analysis indicated high variability between studies. In addition, the pooled seroprevalence was high (29%) compared to prevalence of active infection (5%) of bovine babesiosis in India. Further, the pooled prevalence estimate of B. bigemina infection in India was more (7%) compared to B. bovis infection (1%). The estimation of prevalence of active infection and seroprevalence separately will helps to understand the actual disease prevalence in the country. The study indicated the wide prevalence of bovine babesiosis in India which urges for immediate mitigation strategies.

Animal disease surveillance: Its importance & present status in India.

Animal disease surveillance encompasses systematic collection of long-term data on disease events, risk factors and other relevant parameters followed by analyzing the same with reference to temporal and spatial characteristics to arrive at a conclusion so that necessary preventive measures can be taken. In India, the animal disease surveillance is done through National Animal Disease Reporting System, which is a web-based information technology system for disease reporting from States and Union Territories with the aim to record, monitor livestock disease situation and to initiate the preventive and curative action in a swift manner during disease emergencies. National Animal Disease Referral Expert System is a dynamic geographic information system and remote sensing-enabled expert system that captures an incidence of 13 economically important livestock diseases from all over the country and also provides livestock disease forecasting. The laboratories under State and Central governments, several research institutes under the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and veterinary colleges are involved in livestock disease diagnosis including zoonotic diseases. An integrated surveillance system is necessary for early detection of emerging/zoonotic diseases in humans. This review provides information on disease reporting and surveillance systems in animal health sector and the need for One Health approach to improve and strengthen the zoonotic disease surveillance system in India.

Barrier-assisted vapor phase CVD of large-area MoS2 monolayers with high spatial homogeneity.

Atomically thin molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) is a direct band gap semiconductor with negatively charged trions and stable excitons in striking contrast to the wonder material graphene. While large-area growth of MoS2 can be readily achieved by gas-phase chemical vapor deposition (CVD), growth of continuous MoS2 atomic layers with good homogeneity is indeed one of the major challenges in vapor-phase CVD involving all-solid precursors. In this study, we demonstrate the growth of large-area continuous single crystal MoS2 monolayers on c-plane sapphire by carefully positioning the substrate using a facile staircase-like barrier. The barrier offered great control in mitigating the secondary and intermediate phases as well as second layer nucleation, and eventually a continuous monolayer with high surface homogeneity is realized. Both micro-Raman and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) results confirmed the high structural quality of the grown MoS2 layers. Using low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy, additional pieces of information are provided for the strong band-edge emission in the light of vacancy compensation and formation of Mo-O bonding. The monolayer MoS2 transferred to SiO2/Si exhibited a room temperature field-effect mobility of ∼1.2 cm2 V-1 s-1 in a back-gated two-terminal configuration.

Removal of malachite green from aqueous solutions using a modified chitosan composite.

The synthesis of a novel composite adsorbent prepared from coir pith activated carbon (CPAC), chitosan and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS, an anionic surfactant) is reported. The characterisation of the composite was done using SEM, XRD, UV-visible and IR spectroscopy studies. The effectiveness of the composite was made for the removal of a toxic cationic dye, malachite green (MG) from waste water based on adsorption studies. The reaction conditions for the adsorption studies were optimized based on initial dye concentration, dose rate, reaction time, pH and temperature. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were adopted to study the mechanism of adsorption. The adsorption process was found to follow pseudo second order kinetics. The results of the present study indicate that the CPAC based composite could be an effective low cost adsorbent for the removal of MG from waste water.

Pathological Changes in Experimental Intramammary Infection with Different Staphylococcus Species in Mice.

INTRODUCTION: Mastitis is caused by different Staphylococcus species, produce great economic loss to farmers. Present study was conducted to know pathological changes in mice inoculated with Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus and S. aureus isolated from bovine milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were inoculated with 50 µl (2x104 cfu organisms) per mammary gland and euthanized at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Mammary gland weight, gross and histopathological changes of mammary gland, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung and inguinal lymph node were studied. RESULTS: Mammary gland weight and percentage of body weight increased at 6 and 96 h in S. aureus and S. haemolyticus infected mice. Gross changes were observed in mammary gland but not in other organs. Mammary gland revealed gross changes from 24 to 72 h in three Coagulase negative staphylococcal (CNS) species and persisted up to 96 h in S. aureus infected mice. Histopathological changes in mammary glands was severe in S. aureus and moderate in CNS species. S. aureus infected mice revealed severe damage to alveoli and loss of alveolar architecture at 96 h but three CNS species infection was overcome by host factors which was evident by proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells. No histological changes were observed in kidney, spleen, lung, heart and inguinal lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: S. aureus caused severe mastitis in mice when compared to CNS species. Further, it is first report of mice to study CNS mastitis, and in future it can be used as model for CNS mastitis.

Influence of boron supplementation on performance, immunity and antioxidant status of lambs fed diets with or without adequate level of calcium.

Little is known about biological significance of effects of dietary Boron (B) and Calcium (Ca) interaction on health and production of farm animals. This is a preliminary investigation to evaluate the effects of B supplementation in lambs fed diets with (normal) or without adequate (low) levels of Ca. Twenty-four crossbred ram lambs were randomly distributed into four groups with six animals each in a 2x2 factorial design namely, normal-Ca diet (NCa) and low-Ca diet (LCa) fed without or with 40 ppm B (NCaB-40 and LCaB-40). The lambs were fed paddy straw and hybrid napier hay-based total mixed ration (60 roughage: 40 concentrate) during 180 days experimental period. Compared to control, the LCa diet lowered (P<0.01) average daily gain of lambs, but B-supplementation (LCaB-40) of the same nullified the effect. The lowered (P<0.05) total antioxidant activity and humoral immune response in lambs fed LCa diet were restored (P>0.05) to become at par with the control (NCa) upon supplementation of B (LCaB-40). The mRNA expression of SOD1 was lowered (P<0.05) due to LCa diet feeding which too was normalized on B-supplementation to become at par (P>0.05) with the control (NCa). Further, B-supplementation restored lowered (P<0.05) SOD1 gene expression on LCa diet, but enhanced (P<0.05) that in NCaB-40 group, when compared to the control (NCa) diet fed animals. However, these variations were not reflected in the SOD activity in the erythrocytes. The cell-mediated immune response was higher (P<0.05) in lambs fed LCa and LCaB-40 groups and there was no significant interaction between the levels of either Ca or B in diets with the period of immune response measurement. B- supplementation of LCa diet ameliorated tissue degenerative changes in liver and kidney. It was concluded that feeding LCa diet to lambs resulted in reduced growth rate, total antioxidant activity, humoral immune response along with degenerative changes in liver and kidney tissues, but B-supplementation of such diet restored most of these changes and ameliorated histopathological alterations.

Epidemiological features and financial loss due to clinically diagnosed Haemorrhagic Septicemia in bovines in Karnataka, India.

The epidemiological features and financial losses due to Haemorrhagic Septicemia (HS) in bovines were studied in Karnataka state using the primary data collected from 133 clinically diagnosed HS affected farms. The various losses due to HS and the Benefit- Cost of the vaccination programme in cattle and water buffaloes were studied using mathematical models. The number of HS outbreaks were higher during the year 2002 and peaked during 2005 and thereafter declined due to targeted vaccination against HS. The morbidity and mortality risks were lower in large farms than medium and small farms, and lower in indigenous cattle compared to high yielding crossbred cattle and water buffaloes. The disease occurrence was more in in-milk animals causing serious economic loss to the farmers. Most outbreaks were observed during monsoon season, though the disease was prevalent throughout the year. The mean milk loss per animal was $2, $11 and $50 in indigenous cattle, water buffaloes and crossbred cattle, respectively. In the case of draught animals, the average effective draught power was unavailable for 1.2days/outbreak resulting in a loss of $5 per affected oxen. The treatment and extra labor expenses incurred per animal were $24 and $7, respectively. The average loss per animal due to mortality loss was $275, $284 and $415 in case of indigenous cattle, water buffaloes and crossbred cattle, respectively. The projected loss for the state of Karnataka were $23.89, $17.92 and $11.95 million under high, medium and low HS incidence scenarios, respectively. The Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA) of the vaccination against HS has been estimated at 5.97:1, 4.48:1 and 2.98:1 under high, medium and low incidence scenarios, respectively. The results highlight the important epidemiological features and financial losses to the affected households and the state of Karnataka.

Gender and age differences in cardiovascular complications in anorexia nervosa patients.

BACKGROUND: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is characterized by severe malnutrition and electrolyte imbalances. Differences in cardiovascular complications between males and females with AN have not been studied. Additionally, coronary artery disease (CAD) prevalence and cardiovascular complications in patients with AN >65years have not been reported. METHODS: AN patients>18years were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2009-2010 database using the Ninth Revision of International Classification of Disease code 307.1. Demographics, risk factors, and cardiovascular event rates were compared to general population data. RESULTS: CAD incidence was lower in all AN patients compared to the general population (4.4% vs 18.4%, p<0.001). Despite AN males having higher prevalences of hypertension and diabetes than AN females, there was no difference in CAD. AN males had higher rates of cardiac arrests, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Interestingly, 4.3% of patients with AN were >65years old. When compared to the general population>65years, older AN patients had lower rates of CAD (35% vs 16%; p<0.001). Older AN patients still had higher CAD rates compared to the general population under 65 (8.6%) and AN patients under 65 (4%; p<0.001). Older AN patients had a lower incidence of heart failure (24% vs 16%; p=0.04), and a trend towards less arrhythmias (30% vs 21%; p=0.08). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that male AN patients experienced more cardiac arrests, arrhythmias, and heart failure than female AN patients. Additionally, older AN patients have a decreased incidence of CAD and heart failure compared to the general population>65years old.

Primary hyperparathyroidism predicts hypertension: Results from the National Inpatient Sample.

INTRODUCTION: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), most commonly caused by solitary parathyroid adenomas, leads to mobilization of calcium and is known to result in nephrolithiasis and osteoporosis. To date, studies of pHPT and cardiovascular risk factors and events have produced discrepant findings, likely due to small sample sizes and enrolling populations with varying disease severity. HYPOTHESIS: We utilized a national registry, hypothesizing an association between pHPT and cardiovascular risk factors and events. METHODS: Patients >18years with a diagnosis of pHPT were identified in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2009-2010 database using the Ninth Revision of International Classification of Diseases code 252.01. Demographics, risk factors, and cardiovascular event rates were collected and compared to general population data. RESULTS: pHPT was present in 0.1% (n=37,922) of hospital admissions. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of most cardiac risk factors including hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. The rates of heart failure (HF) and coronary artery disease (CAD) were higher in the pHPT population. However, after performing multivariate regression for age and cardiac risk factors, pHPT did not independently predict HF or CAD. The risk of HTN, however, was independently predicted by pHPT (OR 1.3; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Primary hyperparathyroidism independently predicted the risk of hypertension in a patient population from a large national database. Despite significant differences in univariate analysis of cardiac risk factors and events, pHPT did not independently predict risk of HF or CAD after multivariate regression analysis. Future studies should explore potential mechanisms relating hypertension to pHPT.

An efficient removal of crystal violet dye from waste water by adsorption onto TLAC/Chitosan composite: A novel low cost adsorbent.

A composite of Typha latifolia activated carbon (TLAC) (a novel, low cost absorbent) and chitosan (TLAC/Chitosan composite) was prepared. The composite was characterised using IR spectra, XRD, FESEM and Pore size studies. Its effectivity was tested for the removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of pH, dose rate and initial dye concentration was evaluated. The adsorption isotherm, kinetics and thermodynamic parameters were studied. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were found fit effectively for the dye adsorption data in the present study. The adsorption followed pseudo-second order kinetics. The evaluated thermodynamic parameters show a spontaneous and exothermic reaction. Overall, this study indicates TLAC/Chitosan composite as an effective adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions.

Cytokine gene expression and pathology in mice experimentally infected with different isolates of Trypanosoma evansi.

Aim of the present study was to assess the cytokine gene expression in liver, kidney and spleen and histopathological changes in mice infected with buffalo and dog isolates of Trypanosoma evansi. Forty-four Swiss albino mice was divided into eleven groups of four mice each and injected subcutaneously with 1 × 105 trypanosomes of buffalo and dog isolate to twenty mice each, four mice served as control. Mice were examined for clinical signs, blood smear for trypanosome counts. Blood for PCR, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, lung, testis and abdominal muscle for histopathology and liver, kidney, spleen for cytokine gene expression studies, were collected. Mice showed dullness, lethargy, hunched back, sluggish movements on D4 and D5 in buffalo and dog isolate, respectively. Parasite count in blood varied between the two isolates of T. evansi. By PCR, trypanosome DNA was detected on D1 and D2 for buffalo and dog isolate, respectively. Splenomegaly was observed in mice infected with buffalo isolate but not with dog isolate. Histopathological changes were observed in liver, kidney, spleen and heart of mice but no changes in testis and abdominal muscles. Blood vessels of liver, heart, lung showed presence of trypanosomes in mice infected with buffalo isolate but not for dog isolate. Cytokine gene expression of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α and IFN-γ increased in liver, kidney and spleen in both these isolates. However, the buffalo isolate exhibited pronounced increase in cytokine gene expression when compare to dog isolate of T. evansi. Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene IL-10 showed 50-60 and 10-20 folds increment in buffalo and dog isolates, respectively. This is the first report of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12 cytokine changes in mice infected with T. evansi. A variation in pathogenicity between buffalo and dog isolates was recorded indicating buffalo isolate of T. evansi remained more pathogenic in mice.

Boron influences immune and antioxidant responses by modulating hepatic superoxide dismutase activity under calcium deficit abiotic stress in Wistar rats.

The influence of Boron (B) supplementation on immune and antioxidant status of rats with or without abiotic stress induced by dietary calcium (Ca) restriction was studied in a feeding trial of 90 days. Wistar strain rats (3-4 wk age, n=84) were divided into 7 dietary groups (4 replicates of 3 each) viz., normal-calcium (100%) basal diet alone (NC, control) or supplemented with B at 5 (NCB-5), 10 (NCB-10), 20 (NCB-20) and 40ppm (NCB-40) levels; low-calcium (50%) basal diet alone (LC) or supplemented with 40ppm B (LCB-40). After 75 days of experimental feeding, rats were challenged with intraperitoneal injection of sheep RBCs to assess their humoral immunity. At the end of the trial, cell-mediated immunity was assessed as foot pad reaction to sheep RBCs injected into the hind leg paws. Eight rats from each group were sacrificed to collect blood for estimation of minerals and total antioxidant activity, and liver for superoxide dismutase gene expression analysis. Supplementation of graded levels of B (5, 10, 20 and 40ppm) as borax in NC diets significantly increased (P<0.01) the footpad thickness and serum total antioxidant activity, hepatic expression levels of both Cu-Zn SOD (SOD1) and Mn-SOD (SOD2) mRNAs. The erythrocytic SOD activity and humoral response did not differ significantly among the dietary groups. In Ca restricted groups, humoral immune response was significantly decreased (P<0.01) compared to control but increased (P<0.05) with 40ppm B supplementation. Serum levels of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) remained similar among the dietary groups, while the manganese (Mn) content was significantly decreased (P<0.01) with increased levels of dietary B. In conclusion, B supplementation increased the hepatic mRNA expression levels of both SOD isoenzymes, thereby improving the immune and antioxidant status.

An analytics based clinical decision support system for CVD risk assessment and management.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of disability and premature death throughout the world. Acute coronary events and other cardiovascular events frequently occur suddenly, and are often fatal before medical care can be given. Risk factor modification can reduce clinical events and premature death in people with established cardiovascular disease as well as in those who are at high cardiovascular risk due to one or more risk factors. In this work, India specific World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension (WHO-ISH) guidelines has been implemented to stratify the subjects by their risk profile. It provides simplified approach to detect those people at high risk and provides guidance on what should be done for prevention of heart attack. Further, based on the risk stratification, lifestyle coaching, medication management and the next tests are advised to the subjects. This approach will help in early detection of cardiovascular risk subjects and provide necessary interventions at appropriate time frame. Also, it acts as motivation to the individuals to comply with recommended lifestyle changes.

A method to detect tortuosity of vessel using non imaging ultrasound approach in carotid structure.

Stroke is a leading cause of functional impairments. The typical screening mechanism is to measure localized Peak Systolic Velocity (PSV) and diagnose impending risk associated with stoke by characterizing the PSV values. However, an accurate measurement of PSV using Doppler ultrasound is affected due to the tortuous nature of carotid artery in elder population group as the angle at which acoustic beam strikes the vessel is over or under estimated resulting in improper measure the blood flow velocity. Hence, the proposed approach estimates the degree of tortuosity of the carotid vessel and includes this as calibration parameter to compute an accurate PSV. The proposed system consists of low cost custom-built ultrasound probe and algorithms for computation of tortuosity and calibration of PSV. The method is proposed on a phantom as well as data acquired on the human subjects using non-imaging probe. The results obtained are compared with the ultrasound imaging systems and it is observed to have an error tolerance of ± 2 SD units from ground truth. The proposed approach can be used as point of care non imaging device to screen at risk stroke patients more accurately.

A machine learning framework for auto classification of imaging system exams in hospital setting for utilization optimization.

In clinical environment, Interventional X-Ray (IXR) system is used on various anatomies and for various types of the procedures. It is important to classify correctly each exam of IXR system into respective procedures and/or assign to correct anatomy. This classification enhances productivity of the system in terms of better scheduling of the Cath lab, also provides means to perform device usage/revenue forecast of the system by hospital management and focus on targeted treatment planning for a disease/anatomy. Although it may appear classification of each exam into respective procedure/anatomy a simple task. However, in real-life hospital settings, it is well-known that same system settings are used to perform different types of procedures. Though, such usage leads to under-utilization of the system. In this work, a method is developed to classify exams into respective anatomical type by applying machine-learning techniques (SVM, KNN and decision trees) on log information of the systems. The classification result is promising with accuracy of greater than 90%.

A method for localized computation of Pulse Wave Velocity in carotid structure.

Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) promises to be a useful clinical marker for noninvasive diagnosis of atherosclerosis. This work demonstrates the ability to perform localized carotid PWV measurements from the distention waveform derived from the Radio Frequency (RF) ultrasound signal using a carotid phantom setup. The proposed system consists of low cost custom-built ultrasound probe and algorithms for envelope detection, arterial wall identification, echo tracking, distension waveform computation and PWV estimation. The method is proposed on a phantom data acquired using custom-built prototype non-imaging probe. The proposed approach is non-image based and can be seamlessly integrated into existing clinical ultrasound scanners.

Temporal and spectral analysis of internal carotid artery Doppler signal for normal and abnormal flow detection.

Detection of carotid artery stenosis is presently highly dependent on ultrasound imaging systems. This work presents a method that can detect the normal and abnormal blood flow in the carotid structure independent of Doppler angle by analysing the time and spectral domain representation of Doppler signal. In the proposed approach, time and spectral domain based features are extracted from the Doppler signals of internal carotid arteries. Further, these features are used in supervised machine learning approach to identify the presence of abnormal blood flow. The proposed method is evaluated on 100 subjects (200 signals) with equal number of normal and abnormal flow profiles. Experimental results show that the maximum classification accuracies of 79.3% and 82.9% are observed with k-nearest neighbours and support vector machine classifiers, respectively.