[Residual urine and phagocytic activity of polymorphonuclear cells in diabetes]. / Mocové reziduum a fagocytárna aktívita polymorfonukleárov pri cukrovke.

The authors examined by ultrasonography the residual urine in 105 diabetics after passing urine (55 men--53.3% and 49 women--46.7%) aged 20 to 50 years and compared the results with a control group of 103 non-diabetics selected at random (55 men--48.7% and 58 women--51.3%), also aged 20-50 years. Patients with organic diseases affecting the residual urine were not included in the group. In all patients the phagocytic ratio was examined, the urine was analyzed chemically and the sediment was examined, in selected cases also cultivation examinations were 105 diabetics residual urine was found in 34 cases (34.4% and in the control group of 113 non-diabetics in 3 cases (2.7%). The difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001). In the group of diabetic men and women residual urine was found more frequently in type I diabetics with diabetes existing for prolonged periods and the amount of residual urine was larger as compared with type II diabetes. Comparison of the phagocytic ratio in the diabetics and controls of both sexes revealed significant changes at the level of p less than 0.05. In the group of diabetics with residual urine was a significantly higher incidence of pathological findings in urine as compared with diabetics without residual urine which is of pathognomic importance for the development and persistence of urinary infections.

[Cystic changes in the liver in our 5-year ultrasonographic study]. / Cystické zmeny pecene v nasom pätrocnom ultrasonografickom materiáli.

The authors examined during 1983-1987 by ultrasonography the liver in a group of 13,672 patients with an average age of 54.8 +/- 4.1 years. The group comprised 7830 women (57.27%) and 5842 men (42.73%). Cystic changes were detected in 39 patients (0.28%). During subsequent examinations they revealed that in four patients metastases of tumours were involved. The correctness of the ultrasonographic diagnosis was confirmed in 35 patients (89.7%). Non-inflammatory and non-parasitic cysts were present in 31 patients (0.23%), incl. 20 women (0.26%) and 11 men (0.19%) with a sex ratio of 1.4:1. Concurrent cystic changes on the kidneys were found in 22.6% and on the pancreas in 12.9%. The spleen was not affected by cystic changes in any of the patients. The diagnosis of cysts was supplemented by laboratory, laparoscopic, scintigraphic, computed tomographic peroperative and aimed bioptic examinations, depending on the character of changes. An inflammatory cyst (tuberculous cavity) as well as three cases of echinococcal cysts were treated by operation. In the conclusion the authors discuss contemporary diagnostic and therapeutic methods in cystic liver diseases.

[Non-cystic diseases of the liver in a 5-year ultrasonographic study]. / Necystické ochorenia pecene v pätrocnom ultrasonografickom materiáli.

The authors evaluate five-year ultrasonographic material (13,672 examinations) focused on non-cystic liver disease. 8212 examinations (60.1%) were made as part of examinations of the gallbladder, 4919 (36%) as part of examination of the right sub-costal area or other organs and only 541 examinations (3.96%) were focused in the first place on the liver. The total number of examined patients included 7830 women (57.3%) and 5842 men (42.7%). Most frequently the ultrasonographic picture of steatosis was found--in 747 patients (5.46%), cirrhosis of the liver in 45 patients (0.33%), primary carcinoma of the liver was present in 7 patients (0.05%) and tumour metastases in 63 patients (0.46%). The group of women with steatosis comprised 42 diabetic women (32.06%), 78 overweight women (59.5%) and 18 with excessive alcohol intake for several years (13.7%). In the group of men with steatosis there were 48 diabetics (7.79%), 92 overweight (14.9%) and 479 with excessive alcohol intake extending over several years (77.7%). In the group of 34 men with cirrhosis excessive alcohol intake for years was found in 31 (91.2%), in the group of eight women with cirrhosis in five instances (62.5%). In abdominal ultrasonography liver disease must be actively searched for, in particular in patients with long-term alcohol intake, overweight, diabetes and long-term use of various hepatotropic drugs.

[Do oral contraceptives increase the risk of developing cholelithiasis?]. / Zvysujú perorálne kontraceptíva riziko vzniku cholelitiáz?

PIP: 106 IUD user, parous women (1.9-2.2 births) with an average age of 29.8 years and findings of triglyceridemia of 1.65 mmol/1 and cholesterolemia of 5.9 mmol/1 were studied. The control group consisted of 114 parous women (2.1 children) nonusers with an average age of 26.7 years and findings of triglyceridemia of 1.72 mmol/1 and cholesterolemia of 6 mmol/1. The IUD users were divided into 4 groups according to duration of use: 1-12 months, 13-24 months, 23-36 months, and 36 months. 45 women used Norbiogest, 34 used Neogest, 19 used Ovidon, 26 used Yermonil, 15 used Biogest, and 3 used Nonovlon. The incidence of cholelithiasis, measured by the 3.5 mHZ linear cholecystic sound of the SAL-22A ultrasonographic device made by Toshiba, was 13.2% in 106 IUD users vs. 10.5% in 114 nonusers, a finding without statistical significance. The rate of cholelithiasis was 20% in those who used IUDs for 36 months (average of 51 months) which was statistically significant when compared to the first group (10.9% rate) or controls (10.5%). The rate of longterm IUD users was similar to those who had had 3 pregnancies in their anamnesis (21.5%). Prolonged use of IUDs exceeding 3 years was associated with increased risk of developing cholelithiasis, but the levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were not different in the 2 groups. The following risk factors of the disease have to be considered for judging pathogenic potential: family history, prior birth, and obesity.^ieng