Methods for assessing the impact of PM2.5 concentration on mortality while controlling for socio-economic factors.

Even though industrial development has brought vast improvements to our daily lives, it carries with it negative effects such as adverse health outcomes caused by PM2.5 and other pollutants. The negative externalities and external costs might occur when property rights are not properly defined, which means that if no one holds a property right on the atmosphere and the quality of air, there is no appropriate mechanism to prevent a further expansion of negative effects. An economic burden of pollution related to premature morbidity and mortality in individual countries can account for 5-14% of GDP (World Bank, 2021). In 2019, the worldwide health cost of mortality and morbidity caused by exposure to PM2.5 concentration was $8.1 trillion, which is equivalent to 6.1 percent of the global gross domestic product (GDP) (World Bank estimate). Policymakers require evidence-based results that clearly show the impact that air pollution has on the economy and society, in order to be able to establish the proper regulations and ensure their successful implementation. The purpose of this long term study is to provide methods for assessing the negative effects of PM2.5 concentration on PM2.5-related mortality using panel data structure and demonstrate how socio-economic factors affect this relation. This study employed advanced econometric techniques to analyse the long-term impact of PM2.5 on human health, while controlling for socio economic indicators. This study has demonstrated significant effects of socio-economic, health risk and system and governance variables on the relation between PM2.5 â€‹concentration and PM2.5-related mortality.

Environmental and social responsibility of companies cross EU countries - Panel data analysis.

In recent years, the socio-environmental dimension has become a structural and strategic element of successful companies, where it is usually addressed through the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility. The challenge for business is to draft new paradigms for operational procedures and improve the business conditions towards social and environmental responsibilities. Companies focus on eco-innovations and the production of "green products". Green innovations or technologies can be used by firms of all sizes and organizations have various motives for implementing an environmental friendly strategy or processes. Conversely, consumers tend to move more towards green products, which provide them with a sense that they are protecting the environment. According to the data from the group of International Standards Organization ISO 14000 more organizations from the EU have registered their systems as "eco-friendly" over the last few years. Data in this study was obtained from company-level surveys across EU member states conducted by the World Economic Forum following the thematic research on Global Competitiveness Index. The static panel data regression model was employed to show that there is a strong relationship between innovation and "going green". The results from several models reveal that innovation is significant and positively associated with "going green". Access to green environment increases innovation among competitors to present products that are environmentally friendly. Also, we have found that corporate ethics influence firms to apply environment-friendly business practices.