Polymethylsiloxane alone and in composition with nanosilica under various conditions.

Disperse polymethylsiloxane (PMS) alone and in a mixture with highly disperse nanosilica A-300 was studied as a dry powder and a hydrogel located in various dispersion media (air, chloroform alone and with addition of trifluoroacetic acid) using low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, cryoporometry, thermogravimetry, nitrogen adsorption, microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and quantum chemistry. The powders of dried PMS and PMS/A-300 can be easily rehydrated upon strong stirring with added water. The slurry properties depend on mechanical treatment features due to stronger compaction of the secondary structures with increasing mechanical loading. The organization of bound water (at a constant hydration degree h = 1 g/g) depends strongly on the dispersion media (because chloroform can displace water from narrow interparticle voids into broader ones or into pores inaccessible for larger CDCl3 molecules) and mechanical loading reorganizing aggregates of PMS and A-300 nanoparticles (<1 µm in size) and agglomerates (>1 µm) of aggregates. The PMS/nanosilica blends could be of interest from a practical point of view due to additional control of the textural and structural characteristics determining efficiency of sorbents with respect to low- and high-molecular weight compounds depending on the dispersion media that is of importance, e.g., for medical applications.

Bonding of doxorubicin to nanosilica and human serum albumin in various media.

Interaction of doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) (anti-cancer drug) with hydro-compacted nanosilica A-300 (cA-300) alone or cA-300/human serum albumin (HSA) at a small content of water (h = 0.4 g per gram of dry silica) in different dispersion media (air, chloroform, and chloroform/trifluoroacetic acid) was analyzed using low-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy, NMR cryoporometry and quantum chemistry to elucidate specific changes in the interfacial layers. Initial (bulk density ρb ≈ 0.046 g/cm3) and hydro-compacted (ρb ≈ 0.051-0.265 g/cm3 as a function of the hydration degree) nanosilicas were analyzed using nitrogen adsorption-desorption, gelatin adsorption, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), TEM, and infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Equilibrium adsorption of DOX onto cA-300 and cA-300/HSA was analyzed using ultraviolet-visible light spectroscopy. Photon correlation spectroscopy was used to analyze the particle size distribution in aqueous suspensions with various contents of components. DOX more strongly bound to HSA than silica also affects structure of interfacial water layers that depends on dispersion media because chloroform as immiscible with water changes the water organization to enlarge water structures. In aqueous media, DOX alone remains mainly in the form of nano/microparticles (50 nm-2 µm in size). However, with the presence of cA-300, cA-300/HSA, and HSA alone DOX transforms into pure nano-sized structures. These effects are explained by effective bonding of DOX to HSA having good transport properties with respect to drug molecules/ions that exceed similar properties of nanosilica alone, but cA-300/HSA can be a more effective composite as a drug carrier.

Interactions of poly(dimethylsiloxane) with nanosilica and silica gel upon cooling-heating.

To control the properties of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, Oxane 1000) as a bio-inert material, the characteristics of Oxane 1000 were compared for PDMS alone and interacting with silica gel Si-100 and nanosilica PS400. Low-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy, applied to static samples at 200-300 K, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at 153-393 K were used to analyze the properties of PDMS and composites. The NMR study shows that liquid and solid-like fractions of PDMS co-exist over a broad temperature range. The cooling-heating cycles give hysteresis loops of intensity of (1)H NMR signals of methyl groups of a liquid fraction of PDMS vs. temperature depending on the silica type. The loop width differs for PDMS alone and bound to silicas, and the samples preheated at 420 K are characterized by much narrower loops. DSC measurements of the samples show a significant difference in the thermograms on the first and second DSC scans that depend on the silica type. For PDMS confined in pores of silica gel, 3D spatial structure of the polymers can be more ordered than that of PDMS located in thin layers at a surface of nanosilica. Therefore, both melting endotherms and crystallization exotherms are observed for PDMS/silica gel. However, for PDMS/nanosilica, both thermal features are much weaker and observed during only the first DSC scan.

Interfacial behavior of silicone oils interacting with nanosilica and silica gels.

The interfacial behavior of silicone oils Oxane 1000 and Oxane 5700 (polydimethylsiloxanes, PDMS) interacting with dried or hydrated (hydration h=0.005 or 0.1g/g) silica gels Si-60 and Si-100 or nanosilica A-400 was studied using low-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy over the 210-310 K range. Broadening of the melting temperature range toward both sides from the freezing point is observed for silicone oils confined in mesopores (2-15 nm in radius) of silica gel particles (0.2-0.5 mm in size) or voids (1-100 nm) between silica nanoparticles (5-10 nm in size) in their aggregates. This effect is a consequence of the phase state heterogeneity, since both liquid and solid-like fractions of adsorbed PDMS are observed over a large temperature range. The adsorbed PDMS heterogeneity depends on the pore size distribution (confined space effect), and it is lower for silica gel Si-100 possessing broader pores than Si-60. An increase in the amounts of adsorbed polymer and water diminishes the effects of confined space on PDMS because a fraction of the polymers is located in broader pores or out of pores (voids). This leads to relative decrease in interactions of PDMS with the silica surface. (1)H NMR spectra of PDMS and n-decane bound to silica gels reveal much stronger heterogenization of adsorbed PDMS (depending on the polymer length) than that of the alkane.

Role of short TE 1H-MR spectroscopy in monitoring of post-operation irradiated patients.

Post-surgical radiation therapy is a routine procedure in the treatment of primary malignant brain tumors. Along with modest therapeutic effects conventional fractionated radiotherapy, in spite of any modifications, produces damage to non-malignant brain tissues lying within the treatment volume, the extent of which depends on radiation dose. Serial 1H-MRS allows non-invasive investigation of tissue metabolic profiles. In the present study the ratios of resonance signals assigned to the major 1H-MRS-visible metabolites (N-acetylaspartate, choline, creatine, inositol, lactate and lipid methylene group) were evaluated before, during and after post-surgical fractionated radiotherapy in brain regions close to and more distant from the tumor bed, receiving different radiation exposures (60 and < 40 Gy, respectively). The study group consisted of ten patients (aged 28-51). A MRI/MRS system (Elscint 2T Prestige) operating at the field strength of 2 T and the proton resonance frequency of 81.3 MHz has been used and the 1H-MR spectra were acquired using single voxel double-spin-echo PRESS sequence with a short TE. The spectra were post-processed with automatic fitting in the frequency domain. It was found that although the metabolite profiles depend on the dose obtained, but other stress factors (like surgery) seem to contribute to the overall picture of the metabolic status of the brain as well. In studies of early irradiation injuries, an increase of choline related ratios may serve rather as cell proliferation indictors than as cell injury ones, whereas the mI/Cr ratio appears as one of the first indicators of local irradiation injury. In order to establish the prognostic marker for early radiation damage, however, it seems necessary to analyze all visible metabolites as well. None of the metabolites separately may serve as such an indicator due to the complexity of tissue metabolism. Interestingly, MRI reveals no changes during the therapy process, whereas the metabolite ratios are being affected in the course of time, thus supporting the presumption that the 1H-MRS is a valuable method of radiation therapy monitoring.

[Prognostic factors in radiotherapy of supraglottic cancer]. / Czynniki prognostyczne w radioterapii raka górnego pietra krtani.

In 971 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of supraglottic larynx several clinical and physical prognostic factors were evaluated. There were 55% of patients with advanced primary tumours and 71% of patients with no regional neck metastases. All patients were irradiated radically using external megavoltage beam. The total dose was in range 60-70 Gy for 95% of patients. The 3-year local control rate and 3-year overall in whole group were 41% and 50% respectively. Clinical stage, haemoglobin level at the end of treatment, overall treatment time, sex and total dose were estimated as an independent and important prognostic factors for the outcome in radiotherapy of supraglottic larynx cancer.