Immunological Profile in Individuals with Schistosomal Myeloradiculopathy.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomal myeloradiculopathy (SMR) is the most serious ectopic presentation of Schistosoma mansoni infection. The pathogenesis occurs mainly via the host inflammatory response to the eggs of the parasite that are stuck in the central nervous system, and the diagnosis is generally made by the exclusion of other neurological diseases. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the immune status of SMR patients and to identify a marker for SMR diagnosis. METHODS: We enrolled 15 patients with a presumptive diagnosis of SMR, and the control groups included 17 patients with myelopathy associated with human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and 11 with other neurological disorders. The determination of soluble egg antigen-specific IgE and the levels of cytokines from Th1, Th2, Th17 and T-regulatory cell profiles and the chemokines MIP-1a and RANTES were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum using an ELISA technique. RESULTS: We observed that SMR leads to an increase in IgE levels in the CSF compared to serum, and the levels of IL-13 and MIP-1α were significantly higher in the CSF and serum of the SMR patients than in the patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy. The levels of MIP-1α and RANTES were higher in the CSF than in the serum of the SMR group. The ratio between levels of IL-13, MIP-1α and RANTES over IL-10 was positive in the CSF of the SMR patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that S. mansoni-specific IgE in the CSF is a promising marker for the diagnosis of SMR and that the cytokines and chemokines associated with the Th2 profile may be important factors in the immunopathogenesis of SMR.

Epidemiology of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Bahia: Brazil

The Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a neurological disorder, with the degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. The aim is investigate the start of the symptoms, describe the findings and study the survival period of patients with ALS. We analyzed 70 patients. The patients’ average age was 49.68 years old and we found 43 patients (61.4 percent) who were white, 22 who were grayish brown (31.4 percent) and 5 who were black (7.1 percent). Regarding the start of the symptoms, 51 patients (72.9 percent) showed a distal start, 31 a proximal one (44.3 percent) and 8 of them (11.4 percent) showed a bulbar start. The survival period, after de diagnosis, was of 64.11 months. The mean age, signs and symptoms and the patients’ survival period we found, are compatible with the ones found in the literature, except for the number of black patients, that was bigger in our survey.

A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma desordem neurológica com degeneração dos neurônios motores superiores e inferiores. Objetivo: investigar o inicio dos sintomas, descrever a evolução e os achados neurológicos e estudar a sobrevida dos pacientes com ELA. Método: Analisamos 70 pacientes entre 1996 e 2007, que preencheram os critérios propostos no El Escorial, sendo 52 do sexo masculino e 18 do sexo feminino. A média de idade dos pacientes era de 49,6857 anos, encontramos 43 (61,4 por cento) brancos, 22 (31,4 por cento) pardos e 5 (7,1 por cento) negros. Quanto ao inicio dos sintomas, 51 (72,9 por cento) dos pacientes apresentaram inicio distal, 31 (44,3 por cento) de forma proximal e 8 (11,4 por cento) de forma bulbar. Os sintomas mais comuns foram dos fraqueza muscular, atrofia muscular e miofasciculações presente em 69 (98,6 por cento) pacientes. A sobrevida após diagnóstico foi de 64,116 meses. Conclusão: A idade média, os sinais e sintomas e a sobrevida dos pacientes analisados são compatíveis com os encontrados na literatura, exceto pela quantidade de pacientes da raça negra, que foi maior.

Evolution of HTLV-1 proviral load in patients from Salvador, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Variations in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (PVL) in infected individuals over time are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the evolution of proviral load in asymptomatic individuals and HAM/TSP patients in order to help determine periodicity for measuring proviral load. METHODS: A group of 104 HTLV-1 infected patients, followed at the HTLV reference center in Salvador, Brazil, were included in the study (70 asymptomatic and 34 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients). HTLV-1 PVL was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline and again at another point, either ≤ 12 months, between 12-24 months, or ≥ 24 months. RESULTS: HAM/TSP patients had higher PVL (ranging from 11,041 to 317,009 copies/10(6) PBMC) when compared to asymptomatic individuals (ranging from 0 to 68,228 copies/10(6) PBMC). No statistically significant differences were observed in the medians of PVL in HAM/TSP patients or asymptomatic individuals over time. However, in asymptomatic individuals with a PVL below 50,000 copies/10(6) PBMC, a statistically significant two-fold increase was observed over time. CONCLUSION: HTLV-1-PVL remained stable in both asymptomatic individuals and HAM/TSP patients over time. Frequent monitoring of asymptomatic individuals with low PVLs is recommended and further studies should be conducted to assess the course of PVL in these patients over extended periods of time.

Evolution of HTLV-1 proviral load in patients from Salvador, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Variations in human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load (PVL) in infected individuals over time are not well understood. Objective: To evaluate the evolution of proviral load in asymptomatic individuals and HAM/TSP patients in order to help determine periodicity for measuring proviral load. METHODS: A group of 104 HTLV-1 infected patients, followed at the HTLV reference center in Salvador, Brazil, were included in the study (70 asymptomatic and 34 HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients). HTLV-1 PVL was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at baseline and again at another point, either < 12 months, between 12-24 months, or > 24 months. RESULTS: HAM/TSP patients had higher PVL (ranging from 11,041 to 317,009 copies/10(6) PBMC) when compared to asymptomatic individuals (ranging from 0 to 68,228 copies/10(6) PBMC). No statistically significant differences were observed in the medians of PVL in HAM/TSP patients or asymptomatic individuals over time. However, in asymptomatic individuals with a PVL below 50,000 copies/10(6) PBMC, a statistically significant two-fold increase was observed over time. CONCLUSION: HTLV-1-PVL remained stable in both asymptomatic individuals and HAM/TSP patients over time. Frequent monitoring of asymptomatic individuals with low PVLs is recommended and further studies should be conducted to assess the course of PVL in these patients over extended periods of time.

Comparison between the spastic paraplegia rating scale, Kurtzke scale, and Osame scale in the tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy associated with HTLV.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compare Osame's scale of motor incapacity and the expanded scale of the state of incapacity of Kurtzke with the spastic paraplegia rating scale for the clinical evaluation of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of infection by HTLV-I/HTLV-II and with the clinical suspicion of HAM/TSP were included in the study. RESULTS: There were 45 patients who were evaluated. When analyzing the results of the scales, the researchers found the following averages of 21.08 points for the spastic paraplegia rating scale, 4.35 points for Osame's scale, and 4.77 points for Kurtzke's scale. The relation between the scale of paraplegia with Osame's was very significant with p < 0.0001, and regarding Kurtzke's scale, there was a similar result of p < 0.0001. When comparing Osame's, Kurtze's, and the spastic paraplegia rating scale with the time of disease, the researchers found a significant result of p = 0.0004 for the scale of spastic paraplegia, p = 0.0018 for Osame's scale, and p < 0.0001 for Kurtzke's scale. CONCLUSION: The spastic paraplegia rating scale has a good relation with Osame's and Kurtzke's scales showing a p index that is very significant that indicates that, although the scale was not initially made to be applied to patients with HAM/TSP because of the infection by HLTV, it showed to be as efficient as Osame's and Kurtzke's scales in evaluating the patients' neurological conditions.

Comparison between the spastic paraplegia rating scale, Kurtzke scale, and Osame scale in the tropical spastic paraparesis/myelopathy associated with HTLV / Comparação entre a escala para paraplegia espástica, escala de Kurtzke e escala de Osame, na paraparesia epástica tropical/mielopatia associada ao HTLV

INTRODUCTION:The objective of this study was to compare Osame's scale of motor incapacity and the expanded scale of the state of incapacity of Kurtzke with the spastic paraplegia rating scale for the clinical evaluation of patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). METHODS: Patients with the diagnosis of infection by HTLV-I/HTLV-II and with the clinical suspicion of HAM/TSP were included in the study. RESULTS: There were 45 patients who were evaluated. When analyzing the results of the scales, the researchers found the following averages of 21.08 points for the spastic paraplegia rating scale, 4.35 points for Osame's scale, and 4.77 points for Kurtzke's scale. The relation between the scale of paraplegia with Osame's was very significant with p < 0.0001, and regarding Kurtzke's scale, there was a similar result of p < 0.0001. When comparing Osame's, Kurtze's, and the spastic paraplegia rating scale with the time of disease, the researchers found a significant result of p = 0.0004 for the scale of spastic paraplegia, p = 0.0018 for Osame's scale, and p < 0.0001 for Kurtzke's scale. CONCLUSION: The spastic paraplegia rating scale has a good relation with Osame's and Kurtzke's scales showing a p index that is very significant that indicates that, although the scale was not initially made to be applied to patients with HAM/TSP because of the infection by HLTV, it showed to be as efficient as Osame's and Kurtzke's scales in evaluating the patients' neurological conditions.

INTRODUÇÃO:O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a escala de incapacidade motora de Osame e a escala expandida do estado de incapacidade de Kurtzke com a escala para avaliação da paraplegia espástica com o objetivo de avaliar a clinica dos pacientes com mielopatia associada a HTLV-I/paraparesia espastica tropical (PET/MAH). MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos pacientes com diagnóstico de infecção pelo HTLV-I/HTLV-II e a suspeita clinica de PET/MAH. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 45 pacientes. Ao analisar os resultados das escalas encontramos as seguintes médias de 21,08 pontos para a escala para paraplegia espástica, 4,35 pontos para a escala de Osame e 4,77 pontos para a de Kurtze. A relação entre a escala de paraplegia com a de Osame foi muito significativa com p < 0.0001, e com relação a escala de Kurtze obteve resultado semelhante com p < 0.0001, também significante. Comparando-se as escalas de Osame, Kurztze e escala para avaliação da paraplegia espástica com o tempo de doença obtivemos um resultado significante com p=0,0004, para a escala de paraplegia espastica, p = 0,0018 para a escala de Osame e p < 0,0001 para a escala de Kurtzke. CONCLUSÕES: A escala da paraplegia espástica possui boa relação com as escalas de Osame e Kurzte, mostrando um p muito significativo, indicando que apesar da escala não ter sido feita inicialmente para ser aplicada aos pacientes com PET/MAH devido à infecção pelo HLTV, ela se mostrou capaz de ser tão eficiente quanto às escalas de Osame e Kurtzke para avaliar o quadro neurológico dos pacientes.

Human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients according to new diagnostic criteria of HAM/TSP.

A high human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral load is described in HTLV-1-associated diseases, especially HAM/TSP. However, the cut-off value to define high levels of HTLV-1 proviral load is not well established. 281 HTLV-1-infected patients from the HTLV reference center in Salvador, Brazil, were followed from 2005 to 2008. Patients were classified as asymptomatic, possible-, probable-, and definite-HAM/TSP, in accordance with diagnostic criteria proposed by De Castro-Costa et al. (2006): AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 22:931-935. HTLV-1 proviral load was determined using real-time PCR. A receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed using only asymptomatic individuals and definite-HAM/TSP patients. The ROC curve was used to predict the proviral load level that differentiates these two groups. Out of 281 patients, 189 were asymptomatic and 92 were diagnosed with HAM/TSP (22 possible, 23 probable, 47 definite). The mean HTLV-1 proviral load was higher in possible- (89,104 ± 93,006 copies/106 PBMC), -probable (175,854 ± 128,083 copies/106 PBMC), and definite-HAM/TSP patients (150,667 ± 122,320 copies/106 PBMC),when compared to asymptomatic individuals (27,178 ± 41,155 copies/106 PBMC) (P < 0.0001). A comparison of all HAM/TSP groups showed the highest proviral loads in probable-HAM/TSP patients, yet the differences in mean values were not statistically significant. The ROC curve suggested a value of 49,865 copies/106 PBMC, with 87% sensitivity (95% CI » 74-95) and 81% specificity (95% CI » 75-86), as the best proviral load cut-off point to differentiate definite HAM/TSP patients from asymptomatic individuals. HTLV-1 proviral loads are higher in groups of infected patients with eurological symptoms and may represent a relevant biological marker of disease progression.