[Microbial communities in regions of arctic settlements].

The composition and the structure of microbial communities in areas of Arctic settlements were studied. The main attention has been given to microscopic fungi. As result of observation of 5 Arctic regions 117 species of microscopic fungi are revealed in soils and anthropogenic substrates. The identification was carried out with the use ofmycological and molecular genetic methods. Most ofspecies belong to the Ascomycotina. Genus Penicillium is characterized by the most species diversity (24 species). Most offungi are destructors of various materials and potential human pathogens. Dominant species are revealed. The distribution of microorganisms in the living and working areas of polar stations, as well as the adjacent areas are described. Black-colored fungi adapted to unfavorable environment are often the dominated group of microorganisms on soils and anthropogenic substrates. The shaping of soil microbiota was shown to be related to the anthropogenic impact. Considerable similarity of microbial communities composition in the soil and man-made substrates is fixed. As result of mycological analysis of contaminated soils 76 species of microscopic fungi were observed, but 41 species of them (53.9%) were identified in the areas of Arctic polar stations on the man-made materials. These species include the representatives of the genera Alternaria, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Exophiala, Geomyces, Humicola, Penicillium, Mucor, Phoma, Rhodotorula, Trichoderma and Ulocladium. The obtained data show a significant similarity in species composition of contaminated soils and anthropogenic substrates. Human activity contributes to the distribution of cosmopolitan species, including opportunistic fungi, in the Arctic region. The high numbers of organotrophic bacteria were revealed in soil samples. Some species of microorganisms produce the organic acids in an external environment that promotes the erosion of materials.

[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons content in Antarctica soils as exemplified by the Russian polar stations].

The comprehensive study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils of Antarctica (reference landscapes--mountains Hudson, Haswell Archipelago contaminated soil--Mirny, Druznaya-4, Bellingshausen--and imported soils) was performed with the use of HPLC in a gradient mode. A characteristic feature of the studied PAHs content of soils is the predominance of low-molecular polyarenes in them. Due to anthropogenic pollution the quantitative accumulation of both light and heavy PAHs occurs under the qualitative increase in the proportion of heavy polyarenes. Polyarenes pool in the studied soils is represented mainly by light PAHs: naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, etc. The content of benzo(a)pyrene does not exceed the MCL (adopted in the Russian Federation) for this ecotoxicant. Performed primary factual and statistical analysis of data permitted to reveal that heavy PAH pollution of Antarctica soils is in the most initial stage, there is no sustained and statistically significant accumulation of PAHs in soils of maritime as well as continental Antarctica. There are established the levels of the actual content of various PAHs in soils of different regions of the Antarctica, which is the basic data for further comparative analysis of data of geochemical studies.

[Mycobiota of soil and anthropogenic substrates of the Yamal Peninsula].

There are presented results of mycological examination of samples of soil and anthropogenic substrates, collected on the Yamal Peninsula. 40 species of micromycetes have been identified. The obtained results indicate to the qualitative difference in the complexes of micromycetes from soil and anthropogenic substrates in the examined area. On anthropogenic substrates dark-colored fungi were dominated Predominant group were known destructors of different materials and commensal human pathogens also. In soil samples from different depths species of the genus Penicillium and fungi of the genus Fusarium dominated clearly, that is quite typical for tundra soils. There is noted a general downward trend in species diversity and abundance of micromycetes with the increasing of the depth of the soil and the frozen ground. In the surface layer of soil there may occur species capable to move to man-made materials. The data obtained shows the feasibility of using the structure of complexes of micromycetes as an indicator index of anthropogenic impact on Arctic ecosystems.

[Photomodification of autologous blood in surgery]. / Fotomodifikatsiia autokrovi v khirurgii.

The use of the method of autologous blood photomodification in surgery is discussed on basis of generalized experience of the Leningrad Research-Practical Center of Blood Photomodification (3,000 procedures conducted in over 2,000 patients). The current state of the problem, the main mechanisms of the therapeutic action of the procedure, and the clinical efficacy of the method in various surgical diseases are dealt with. The possible complications and the means of their prevention are deal with. The methodological aspects of research are discussed. The authors define the main problems which must be solved in order to raise the efficacy of using photomodification of autologous blood in surgery.

[Comparative experimental study of various methods of photomodification++ of the blood]. / Sravnite'lnoe éksperimenta'lnoe izuchenie razlichnykh sposobov fotomodifikatsii krovi.

An experimental analysis of various methods of photomodification of blood has shown that their use in medical practice has principle possibility to obtain effects of various directions at the expense of variation of blood irradiation regimens. UV radiation brings about processes of lipid peroxidation in plasma membrane of lymphocytes, their intensity depends on the presence of oxygen in the surroundings.

[Use of autoblood photomodification in combined therapy of patients with diabetes mellitus of the non-insulin-dependent type]. / Primenenie fotomodifikatsii autokrovi v kompleksnom lechenii bol'nykh s insulinnezavisimym tipom sakharnogo diabeta.

The paper is concerned with the results of a study of the effect of single reinfusion of photomodified autoblood on the level of plasma hormones, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system of erythrocytes, the activity of the main enzymes of glucose metabolism in erythrocytes, the state of cellular immunity in 45 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in 1.7 and 14 days after autoblood photomodification (BPM). BPM was shown to cause a prolonged effect of the activation of intracellular glucose metabolism, a decrease in the endogenous insulin consumption by tissues, and a decrease in the blood concentration of hormones of contrainsular action. The use of BPM enhanced lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant system of erythrocytes. Higher activity of immunocompetent lymphocytes was in line with the time course of the hormone level. The authors proposed a hypothesis accounting for a many-sided effect of BPM on glucose metabolism and hormonal changes in NIDDM patients.

[The use of preserved photomodified autoblood for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in surgical interventions on the small pelvis]. / Primenenie konservirovannoi fotomodifitsirovannoi autokrovi dlia profilaktiki tromboémbolicheskikh oslozhnenii pri operativnykh vmeshatel'stvakh v malom tazu.

The method of UV irradiation of autoblood followed by infusion in the early postoperative period was used in 109 patients subjected to various operative interventions on the small pelvis organs. It was established that the infusion of autologous photomodified blood allowed to avoid postoperative thromboembolic complications.

[Photomodification of human immunocompetent blood cells]. / Fotomodifikatsiia immunokompetentnykh kletok krovi cheloveka.

Near-UV irradiation (280-365 nm) at non-lethal doses increased lymphocyte E and EAC rosette-forming capacity, reduced cell proliferation in response to mitogen (PHA), induced an increase in the content of lipid peroxidation products in the cell culture medium. An antioxidant (alpha-tocopherol, 10(-7) M) administered before or immediately after near UV irradiation of lymphocytes reduced the above effects. The addition of an antioxidant to the culture medium 90 min after cell irradiation failed to reduce lymphocyte rosette-forming capacity. Near-UV irradiation of the blood reduced cell proliferative response to PHA. alpha-tocopherol (10(-7) M) administered before and immediately after the blood photomodification blocked the suppression of cell proliferation in response to mitogen.

[Mouse splenocyte sensitization to normal tissue antigens and natural killer activity. III. The effect of partial hepatectomy]. / Sensibilizatsiia splenotsitov myshei k normal'nym tkanevym antigenam i estestvennaia killernaia aktivnost'. III. Vliianie chastichnoi gepatéktomii.

Partial hepatectomy leads to both increasing of natural cell-mediated activity and sensibilization level (SL) of splenocytes of hepatectomized mice towards antigens of the syngeneic liver. The wave-like variability of SL was shown with sharp increase at 3, 6 and 9 days after operation. Natural killer activity was elevated on the 2nd and 10th days with a significant decrease on the 3-4th days after operation. It is assumed that the variability in the functional activity of splenocytes under study may characterized splenocytes of different populations.

[Action of UV radiation on the surface of mammalian immunocompetent cells. III. Ultrastructural changes in the glycocalyx of mouse lymphocytes]. / Deistvie UF izlucheniia na poverkhnost' immunokompetentnykh kletok mlekopitaiushchikh. III. Ul'trastrukturnye izmeneniia glikokaliksa limfotsitov myshi.

The outer perimembrane layer of murine spleen lymphocytes were studied with electron microscopy. Mice were treated with short-wave (254 nm) and long-wave (365 nm) ultraviolet radiation in isoeffective lethal doses. The other perimembrane layers were stained with Alcian blue and Ruthenium red. The 254 nm UV treatment decreased the level of dye--sorption by these perimembrane layers, whereas no such effect was obvious after the 365 nm UV treatment.

[Electron microscopic study of the surface of nonirradiated and UV-irradiated human blood lymphocytes]. / Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie poverkhnosti neobluchennykh i UF-obluchennykh limfotsitov krovi cheloveka.

The action of the short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV, 254 nm) upon the outer perimembrane layers (OPML) of the human blood lymphocytes was studied with the aid of electron microscopy. The alcian blue and ruthenium red dye was used for the contrasting of the OPML. The UV-exposure of cells in shown to lead to the diminution of the dye-adsorbing cell surface as well as to the change of the nature of the observed OPML structures. The problem of the connection between the structural changes of the cell surface with modification of antigen properties of immunocompetent cells is discussed.

[Action of UV radiation on the surface of mammalian immunocompetent cells. I. Changes in the antigen and surface receptor expression of mouse spleen lymphocytes]. / Deistvie UF izlucheniia na poverkhnost' immunokompetentnykh kletok mlekopitaiushchikh. I. Izmenenie ékspressii nekotorykh antigenov i retseptorov poverkhnosti limfotsitov selezenki myshi.

Non-lethal and small lethal doses of short-wave (254 nm) and long-wave UV light (365 nm), the SUV and LUV rays, when acting upon the murine spleen cells, induce an increase in expression of the membrane markers of T-lymphocytes [theta-(Thy-I)-antigens] and B-lymphocytes (MBLA-antigens and EAC receptors). The sum of cells with T- and B-lymphocyte markers in an irradiated suspension is even more than the total amount of cells in a non-irradiated suspension (100%), which indicates the possibility of expression of those antigens and receptors of the plasmic membrane which are not revealed in non-irradiated lymphocytes. In the range of isolethal dosages (LD15-LD28) LUV irradiation suppresses, while that of SUV induces further increase of the expression of theta- and MBLA-antigens. From among the membrane markers of B-lymphocytes, the MBLA-antigens are more resistant against LUV and SUV irradiation than EAC-receptors.

[Destructive changes in the outer perimembrane layers (glycocalyx) of Zajdela ascites hepatoma cells under the action of UV radiation]. / Destruktivnye izmeneniia vneshnikh primembrannykh sloev (gliko-kaliksa) kletok astsitnoi gepatomy Zaidela pri deistvii UF izlucheniia.

Immediately after far (254) nm and near (300--380 nm) UV light in small and moderate doses alcian blue sorption by glycocalix of Zaidela ascitic hepatoma cells decrease, which is indicative of destruction and solubilization. The effect of UV light on the cell surface is compared with the action of trypsin. Contribution of the damage of outer perimembrane layers to the lethal effect of UV light is discussed.