Identification of marker genes for lipid-lowering effect of a short-chain fructooligosaccharide by DNA microarray analysis.

Administration of short-chain fructooligosaccharide (scFOS) is known to lower serum triglyceride levels in rats fed a high-fat diet, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to identify marker genes for lipid-lowering effect of scFOS administration. The changes in hepatic gene expressions in rats fed scFOS were investigated using DNA microarray and quantitative RT-PCR analysis. The DNA microarray showed that phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase 2 (Phyh2), lipoprotein lipase (Lpl) and tyrosine aminotransferase (Tat) were significantly affected by scFOS administration (p < .05). Since Lpl is involved in lipid metabolism, the up-regulation of Lpl in the liver can be a potential marker of the lipid-lowering effect of scFOS.

Identification of marker genes for intestinal immunomodulating effect of a fructooligosaccharide by DNA microarray analysis.

Prebiotic fructooligosaccharides are noted for their intestinal immunodulating effects, and the identification of markers for the effects is a matter of great concern. This study aimed to identify marker genes for physiological effects of a particular fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on a host animal and also to define the target of its function in the small intestine. DNA microarray technology was used to screen candidate marker genes, and comprehensive changes in gene expressions in the ileum of mice fed with FOS were investigated. One of the major physiological effects of FOS was intestinal immunomodulation. Marker genes were then identified for major histocompatibility complex classes I and II, interferon, and phosphatidylinositol metabolites. Also, the ileum was segmented into Peyer's patch (PP) and the other ileal organ (DeltaPP), and these were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR method, with the result that the site for recognizing the FOS function was the DeltaPP rather than the PP. This is the first paper showing the markers for the physiological effects of FOS in the small intestine at gene expression level. Applying these marker genes would make it possible to clarify the mechanisms of how the administration of dietary FOS and associated changes in the intestinal environment are recognized by host organisms as well as how its immunomodulating effects are expressed in the body.

Amino acid regions of family 45 endoglucanases involved in cotton defibrillation and in resistance to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents.

In the detergent industry, fungal endoglucanases are used to release microfibrils from the surfaces of dyed cellulosic fabrics to enhance color brightness. Family 45 endoglucanase (glycoside hydrolase family 45, GH45) EGL3 from Humicola grisea is more resistant to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents than family 45 endoglucanase RCE1 from Rhizopus oryzae, while in the present study, a catalytic domain of RCE1 had higher defibrillation activity on dyed cotton fabrics than did that of EGL3. To identify the amino acid regions involved in these properties, we compared the characteristics of RCE1, EGL3, and three chimeric endoglucanases, in which each of the three regions of the catalytic domain of EGL3 was replaced by the corresponding region of the catalytic domain of RCE1. Amino acids in the N-terminal region were involved in resistance to anionic surfactants and oxidizing agents. Furthermore, amino acids in the region adjacent to the N-terminal region were involved in releasing microfibrils and in binding to dyed cotton fabrics, indicating that the binding of the amino acids in this region might be important in the release of microfibrils from dyed cotton fabrics.

Exploring amino acids responsible for the temperature profile of glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanase EGL3 from Humicola grisea.

EGL3 and RCE1 are glycoside hydrolase family 45 endoglucanases isolated from Humicola grisea and Rhizopus oryzae respectively. The amino acid sequences of the two endoglucanases are homologous; on the other hand, the optimum temperature of EGL3 is higher than that of RCE1. In this study, four chimeric endoglucanases, named ER1, ER2, ER3 and ER4, in which one of four sequential amino acid regions of the EGL3 catalytic domain (CAD) was replaced by the corresponding RCE1 amino acids, were constructed to explore the region responsible for the EGL3 temperature profile. Then their temperature profiles were compared with that of the recombinant EGL3. Replacement of the N-terminal region of EGL3 with that of RCE1 caused the EGL3 temperature profile to shift to a lower temperature. These results suggest that the N-terminal amino acids of the EGL3 are responsible for the EGL3 temperature profile.

Increase in terminal restriction fragments of Bacteroidetes-derived 16S rRNA genes after administration of short-chain fructooligosaccharides.

It is well known that short chain fructooligosaccharides (scFOS) modify intestinal microbiota in animals as well as in humans. Since most murine intestinal bacteria are still uncultured, it is difficult for a culturing method to detect changes in intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration in a mouse model. In this study, we sought markers of positive change in murine intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis, which is a culture-independent method. The T-RFLP profiles showed that six terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) were significantly increased after scFOS administration. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA partial gene sequences of murine fecal bacteria suggested that four of six T-RFs that increased after scFOS administration were derived from the 16S rRNA genes of the class Bacteroidetes. Preliminary quantification of Bacteroidetes by real-time PCR suggests that the 16S rRNA genes derived from Bacteroidetes were increased by scFOS administration. Therefore, the T-RFs derived from Bacteroidetes are good markers of change of murine intestinal microbiota after scFOS administration.

Specific characteristics of family 45 endoglucanases from Mucorales in the use of textiles and laundry.

We examined the characteristics of family 45 endoglucanases (glycoside hydrolases family 45; GH45) from Mucorales belonging to Zygomycota in the use of textiles and laundry. The defibrillation activities on lyocell fabric of family 45 endoglucanases from Mucorales, such as RCE1 and RCE2 from Rhizopus oryzae, MCE1 and MCE2 from Mucor circinelloides, and PCE1 from Phycomyces nitens, were much higher than those of the other family 45 endoglucanases. By contrast, family 45 endoglucanases from Mucorales were less resistant to anionic surfactant and oxidizing agent, main components in detergents, than the other family 45 endoglucanases. RCE1 consists of two distinct modules, a catalytic module and a carbohydrate-binding module family 1 (CBM1), and these common specific characteristics were considered to due to the catalytic module, but not to the CBM1.

Cholic acid, a bile acid elicitor of hypersensitive cell death, pathogenesis-related protein synthesis, and phytoalexin accumulation in rice.

When plants interact with certain pathogens, they protect themselves by generating various defense responses. These defense responses are induced by molecules called elicitors. Since long ago, composts fermented by animal feces have been used as a fertilizer in plant cultivation, and recently, have been known to provide suppression of plant disease. Therefore, we hypothesized that the compounds from animal feces may function as elicitors of plant defense responses. As a result of examination of our hypothesis, an elicitor of rice defense responses was isolated from human feces, and its structure was identified as cholic acid (CA), a primary bile acid in animals. Treatment of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves with CA induced the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds (phytoalexins), hypersensitive cell death, pathogenesis-related (PR) protein synthesis, and increased resistance to subsequent infection by virulent pathogens. CA induced these defense responses more rapidly than did fungal cerebroside, a sphingolipid elicitor isolated from the rice pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Furthermore, fungal cerebroside induced both types of rice phytoalexins, phytocassanes and momilactones, whereas CA mainly induced phytocassanes, but not momilactones. In the structure-activity relationship analysis, the hydroxyl groups at C-7 and C-12, and the carboxyl group at C-24 of CA contributed to the elicitor activity. These results indicate that CA is specifically recognized by rice and is a different type of elicitor from fungal cerebroside. This report demonstrated that bile acid induced defense responses in plants.

Purification and characterization of a new endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanase from Beltraniella portoricensis.

A new endoglucanase, designated BCE1, produced by Beltraniella portoricensis, was purified from the culture supernatant. The N-terminal amino acid sequence suggests that BCE1 belongs to family 45 glycoside hydrolase (family 45 endoglucanase). The molecular mass of BCE1 was found to be 40 kDa by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The optimum pH for the carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) activity of BCE1 was 4.5, and the optimum temperature was 55 degrees C. Among family 45 endoglucanases, RCE1 and RCE2 from Rhizopus oryzae, PCE1 from Phycomyces nitens, and EGL3 and EGL4 from Humicola grisea, BCE1 was most resistant to anionic surfactant and oxidizing agent. These results indicate that BCE1 might prove to be a useful enzyme in the detergent industry.

Alternative splicing produces two endoglucanases with one or two carbohydrate-binding modules in Mucor circinelloides.

We previously cloned three endoglucanase genes, rce1, rce2, and rce3, that were isolated from Rhizopus oryzae as the first cellulase genes from a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. In this study, two cDNAs homologous to the rce1 gene, designated the mce1 and mce2 cDNAs, were cloned from Mucor circinelloides, a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. The mce1 cDNA encoded an endoglucanase (family 45 glycoside hydrolase) having one carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), designated MCE1, and the mce2 cDNA encoded the same endoglucanase having two tandem repeated CBMs, designated MCE2. The two cDNAs contained the same sequences but with a 147-bp insertion. The corresponding genomic mce gene consisted of four exons. The mce1 cDNA was created from exons 1, 3, and 4, and the mce2 cDNA was created from exons 1, 2, 3, and 4. These results indicate that the mce1 and mce2 cDNAs were created from one genomic mce gene by alternative splicing. MCE1 and MCE2, purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant of M. circinelloides, had molecular masses of 43 and 47 kDa, respectively. The carboxymethyl cellulase specific activity of MCE2 was almost the same as that of MCE1, whereas the Avicelase specific activity of MCE2 was two times higher than that of MCE1. Furthermore, MCE2, whose two tandem CBMs might be more effective for degradation of crystalline cellulose than one CBM, was secreted only at an early culture stage when crystalline cellulose was abundant.

Molecular cloning of a gene encoding endo-beta-D-1,4-glucanase PCE1 from Phycomyces nitens.

We previously cloned three endoglucanase genes, rce1, rce2, and rce3, from Rhizopus oryzae as the first cellulase genes from the subdivision Zygomycota. In this study, an endoglucanase gene, designated a pce1 gene, was cloned by plaque hybridization with the codon usage-optimized rce1 gene as a probe from Phycomyces nitens, a member of the subdivision Zygomycota. The pec1 gene had an open reading frame of 1,038 nucleotides encoding an endoglucanase (PCE1) of 346 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence deduced from the pce1 gene consisted of a cellulose-binding domain (CBD) at the N terminus and of a catalytic domain belonging to family 45 glycoside hydrolase at the C terminus. PCE1 was purified to apparent homogeneity from the culture supernatant of P. nitens and the molecular mass was found to be 45 kDa. The optimum pH for the CMCase activity of PCE1 was 6.0, and the optimum temperature was 50 degrees C, the lowest among the family 45 endoglucanases.