[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

[Comparative characteristics of in vivo models of hyperlipidemia in Wistar rats and C57Bl/6 mice].

In vivo simulation of lipid disorders (hyperlipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis) is of considerable interest to search for genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic markers that allow for differential diagnosis, prognosis and selection of personalized diet therapy in patients with such pathology. The aim of the study was the development and characterization of basic biochemical parameters of in vivo models of alimentary hyperlipidemia in outbred rats and inbred mice. The experiment was con­ducted on 48 growing female Wistar rats, and 48 growing female mice of line C57Black/6, which were divided into 12 groups of 8 animals per group. Within 63 days the rats and mice of first (control) group received a balanced semi synthetic diet (BD), the animals of the second groups - high-fat diet (HFD) with 30% of the total fat by weight of dry feed, third groups - BD and fructose solution (Fr) instead of water, the fourth groups -HFD + Fr, fifth groups - BD supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol (Cho) by weight of dry feed, sixth groups - BD with Cho and Fr. The amount and composition of diets consumed were corrected during the experiment for their closest approach in calories. After removal of animals from the experiment there were determined the mass of internal organs, HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose in blood plasma, total lipids and their fatty acid composition in liver, ghrelin, GIP, GLP-1, glucagon, leptin, PAI-1, resistin levels in blood plasma. It was found that in both species the liver is the most sensitive to nutritional imbalance, nutrient exerting the greatest impact on this was Fr. In rats, as compared to mice, there was significantly more pronounced shifts in lipoprotein spectrum in response to nutritional imbalances, especially to the consumption of additional Cho, which was manifested in an increase of LDL, decrease of HDL and magnification of atherogenic index. In the liver of rats fed diets with Cho, marked steatosis developed manifested in a disproportionate increase in the lipid content and accompanied by changes in their fatty acid composition, especially in the ratio ω6 to ω3 PUFAs. Changing of hormones - regula­tors of carbohydrate metabolism (GLP, glucagon) and ghrelin was significantly greater in mice than in rats as a result of consumption of additional Fr. Effect had the opposite direction in two species of Cho and Fr combining on leptin levels. The significance is dis­cussed of the revealed interspecies differences in the light of the characteristics of lipid and glucose metabolism in these two lines of animals that are the most common models of alimentary-dependent diseases.

Biochemical changes in rats with different behavioral characteristics under conditions of metabolic stress.

Food deprivation is an extreme state of the functional feeding system, which is reflected in the character of changes in the activity of central and peripheral components selectively included in the system. We studied the dynamics of coenzyme Q10 levels and spectrum of omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the blood serum, liver, and brain as well as LPO intensity in the serum and liver in behaviorally passive and active rats under conditions of food deprivation. Our results indicate that adaptive and compensatory processes during acute metabolic stress depend on the initial behavioral characteristics of the animals.

Biochemical features in rats with different behavioral activity under conditions of emotional stress.

Adaptive capacities of the organism under conditions of emotional stress are determined by individual complex of anti-stress protective mechanisms. We studied the content of coenzyme Q10 and the spectrum of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 and omega-6 in the serum, liver, and brain, and LPO intensity in the serum and liver of behaviorally active and passive rats under conditions of acute emotional stress. The differences in the formation of adaptive responses in animals with various behavioral activities were demonstrated.

[Nutrimetabolomics--the new stage of biochemistry of nutrition. The role of nutrilipidomic analysis].

In this review, in the light of current trends in the development of nutritional science and nutritional biochemistry the key directions associated with complex comprehensive study of metabolic processes in the body are discussed. We highlight the development of lipidomic researches and formation of nutrilipidomic analysis. We review the role of different lipids, including omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs, in mechanism of protein expression, the nature of lipid-protein interactions, and the signaling function of lipids. Since PUFAs influence the increase of peroxide oxidation of lipids, this review summarizes current methodology used to estimate the oxidative stress.

[Effect of phytosterols and alkylglycerols in the diet on morphometric indicators of liver structure in rats].

In the experiment where rats were fed a diet with phytosterols and alkylglycerols for 1,5 months, changes were observed in morphometric parameters in the liver structure in rats. In animals, which were fed a diet with 20% replacement of the fat component (lard) on phytosterols (stanols derived from rapeseed and conifers), blood circulatory disorders of the liver were observed. There was dilatation of the lumens of the central veins and hepatic veins in the interlobular vascular bundles. On the periphery of the lobules, around the vascular bundles, abundant clusters of lymphocytes were revealed. In both groups of rats fed a diet containing various amounts of alkylglycerols obtained from Berrytenthis magister liver (7 and 50 mg per day) and lard as a fat component, in peripheral areas of hepatic lobules the reticuloendothelial cell count was increased as compared with the control group of animals fed a diet containing as fatty component a mixture of lard and sunflower oil (1:1). These cells contained polysaccharides in the cytoplasm and formed thin bands along the hepatic tubules. In addition, in all groups of rats receiving diets with lipid components (both stanols and alkylglycerols), the occurrence of reticuloendothelium proliferation foci in the middle and central zones of liver lobules were 1,8, 2,3 and 2,1 fold higher than in control group. As compared to control animals, the foci in the above groups contained 1,8, 1,7 and 1,6 fold more cells. Furthermore, the number of animals with reticuloendothelium proliferation foci in the groups receiving investigated lipid components was also increased by 2 fold, as compared to controls.

[Enrichment effect of vitamin-deficient diet of rats by polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3 on vitamin biomarkers and antioxidant status].

Using the model of combined vitamin deficiency based on 5-fold reduction of the amount of vitamin mixture in semi-synthetic diet and on vitamin E exclusion from the mixture, the influence of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on vitamin and antioxidant status has been investigated. The enrichment of rat diet with PUFA was achieved by replacing of sunflower oil (4.5% of the diet) on linseed oil. This substitute led to omega-3 PUFA elevation from 0.03 to 2.4 g per 100 g of food and PUFA and saturated fatty acids diet ratio increased from 1.3 to 1.9. The diet treatment with PUFA did not affect blood plasma retinol concentration and total vitamin A (retinol palmitate and retinol) rat liver content, while liver retinol significantly 1,5-fold elevated. Despite of preliminary equation of tocopherols content in vegetable oils (up to 60 IU per 100 g by adding dl-alpha-tocopherol to linseed oil) the consuming of linen oil deteriorated animal vitamin E supply. The liver alpha-tocopherol content significantly decreased by 14%, its blood plasma concentration insignificantly decreased by 26%, while the amount of beta - and gamma-tocopherol significantly increased in 5,4-fold. At the same deprivation of vitamin D in the diet of rats treated with linseed oil 25(OH)D blood plasma concentration was 1,3-fold higher compared with the animals treated with sunflower oil, but the difference did not reach significance reliable. In this case, this index had significant differences from that of the receiving adequate diet rats in control group, having 2-fold higher concentration of vitamin D transport form in blood plasma. PUFA enrichment of the combined vitamin-deficit diet did not affect liver level of vitamin C, vitamin B1 and vitamin B2. Contrary to the assumptions, the enrichment with PUFA of vitamin-deficient diet did not lead to a further increase of liver MDA level and a decrease of liver ascorbic acid content, which is typical for animals in combined vitamin deficiency. The deterioration of vitamin E status at enriched with PUFA vitamin-deficient diet requires the additional intake of this vitamin for maintaining of vitamin E sufficiency.

Effect of coenzyme Q10 on the proteomic profile of the cytosolic and microsomal fractions from rat hepatocytes upon dietary consumption of various lipid components during ontogeny.

We studied proteomic features of subcellular fractions from rat hepatocytes and intensity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic free radical oxidation depending on the type of dietary fat during adaptation of animals to modified nutrition. Our results illustrate the formation of specific nutriproteomes in the microsomal and cytosolic fractions of rat hepatocytes (measurement of the macro-component and micro-component composition of diet).

[Effects of taurine supplementation on apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and proteomic pools of subcellular fractions of rat hepatocytes in experiment].

During research specific proteomic pools of subcellular fractions of rats hepatic cells typical for different states of ontogenesis were identified. Taurine supplementation during early ontogenesis leads to a production of a catalase in rats' microsomes, that may be an evidence of activation of antioxidant defense system. Majority of proteomic markers (C-type lectin, SH2B1, protein phosphatase-1), which was investigated during taurine supplement, are rather identify features of energy homeostasis, than common assessment of apoptosis or expression certain set of proteins. This fact confirms the requirement of using proteomic diagnostic during nutriproteomic studies that allows defining efficiency and probable risks of using biological active substances in nutrition.

[Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on apoptosis, free radical oxidative processes and proteome pool of microsomal and cytosol fractions of hepatocytes using food ration with different lipid component].

Our aim was to analyze biochemical mechanism in regulation and adaptation to feeding with omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA plus coenzyme Q10-based diet in rats. The rats were supplemented with Co Q10 (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 12 month. Male rats were fed a control, control + Q10, fish oil + Q10 palm oil + Q10 and flax oil + Q10 diet. The learning and tests were monitored in 1st, 3rd, 6th and 12th month after the start of feeding. There was studied the content of lipid peroxidation products in the liver, the level of their potential substrates polyunsaturated fatty acids of omega-3 and omega-6 families and MEC (metabolism effectiveness coefficient) index value. Growth of relative number of hepatocyte in the state of late apoptosis has been detected in rats receiving fish oil, linseed oil and palm oil as compared to the control group at the age of 1 and 3 months. In later period no differences in the invested indices, that can be the result of impact of CoQ10 and adaptation of organism to diet. Proteomic studies of microsomal fraction of hepatocytes in rats have found differences in the manifestation of catalase and cetochrome b5, associated both with age of animals and type of fat in diet. Proteomic analysis of cytosolic fraction revealed the expression of c-type lectin in the later stages of ontogeny. The levels of lipid peroxidation markers obtain to minimum at 3 month in serum and at 6 month in liver. The specific proteomic changes of influence of diet composition were identified during the research.

[Effect of fatty component in ration and coenzyme Q10 on indices of rat lipid metabolism in ontogenesis].

The studies made on rats of 1, 3, 6 and 12 months with fish, palm and linseed oil included in the ration in combination of KoQ10, showed that beginning from young age till 12 months fatty acid composition of liver depended of fat component in the ration. Long-term consumption of fish fat with age results in significant increase in omega 3 fatty acids. In this case the omega 6 fatty acids level remained rather high being indicative of organism adaptation and inclusion of compensatory mechanisms supporting the required level of omega 6. With rat age the content of of KoQ10 in liver of rats of the control group and animals fed by of KoQ10 and palm oil with of KoQ10 decreased by 15-27%, while the consumption of linseed oil and fish fat with tended to increase the content of KoQ10 by 30 and 35%, respectively.

[Relationship between changes in peroxide oxidation lipoide index, coenzyme Q10 and free fatty acids by of rats depending of fatty acid component in the ration].

Ontogenetic peculiarities of relationship concentration of coenzyme (K0) Q10, peroxide oxidation lipoide (POL) content, peroxidation index (PI), concentration of omega 3 and omega 6 PUFA and saturated fatty acid in blood serum and liver of rats of 1, 3, 9 and 12 months old are studied. In blood serum pronounced riverse dependence was discovered between K0Q10 concentration and POL process intensivety in rats of 3 to 6 month old, fed palm and linseed oil. Direct relationship was established between TBA-active products in liver of all animal groups and peroxidation index. Value PI can be used for evaluation of potential substrates of POL in experiments and for creation of ration with definite fatty acid composition.

[Effect of coenzyme Q10 and taurine on the availability of vitamins in the rat experiment].

It has been observed that coenzyme Q10 (100 mg per 1 kg body mass) and taurine (1% in drinking water) treatment of rats has differently directed effect on vitamin A and E level in liver and blood serum. Coenzyme Q10 consumption has been accompanied with a tendency to increasing or an increase of vitamin content, while taurine consumption lead to the reverse effect. Both coenzyme Q10 and taurine addition caused diene conjugates decrease in blood serum. Supplementary coenzyme Q10 or taurine intake did not influence on rat liver vitamin B1 and B2 content.

[Effect of dietary fats and supplementary coenzyme Q10 on vitamin provision in animals].

The full replacement of fatty component of a diet (sunflower-seed oil and lard 1:1) on enriched with alpha-tocopherol acetate fish oil under additional coenzyme Q10 intake led to the strengthening of lipid peroxidation (LP) and to some decrease of vitamins A and E level in liver and blood serum whereas replacement by linen oil was accompanied by the expressed deterioration of these vitamins sufficiency, but didn't influence on the LP intensity. The use of palm-oil as a fatty component didn't effect on the investigated parameters. The influences of a fatty component on vitamins B1 and B2 level in rat liver and blood serum has not revealed.

[Influence dietary therapy with use sunflower and amaranth oils on parameters of immine reactivity in patients with diabetes mellitus 2 types].

On the basis of the given own researches the positive influence of press non-rafinated amaranth and sunflower oils, and as, their mix on immune reactivity on the patients with diabetes mellitus types 2 is shown.

[Influence with amaranth and sunflower oils used in dietary therapy of patients with diebetes mellitus 2 types on parameters of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism].

On the basis of the given own researches the positive influence of press non-rafinate amaranth and sunflower oils, and as, their mix on clinical displays of disease, including, on carbohydrates and lipids metabolism an exchange on the patients with diabetes mellitus 2 types is shown. The updating dietary therapy of s diabetes mellitus 2 types by inclusion of press non-rafinate sunflower and amaranth oil is offered.

[Influence of long-term chitosan feeding of laying hens].

Under insufficient vitamin content in a diet of laying hens in compliance with lowered vitamins A, E and carotenoids content in an egg yolk acid- and water-soluble chitosan feeding (10 and 20 mg per 1 kg body mass) within 6-9 months did not render appreciable influence on these vitamins egg content. Long-term inclusion of a sorbent in a forage was not reflected in vitamin B2 level in a whole egg, blood serum and tissues of hens. Chitosan intake didn't lead to total lipids and phospholipids concentration in a whole egg. Under 15 per cent decrease of the sum of polyunsaturated fat acids its administration lead to 24 per cent increase of omega-3 polyunsaturated fat acids in the whole egg.

[The clinical and experimental research of metabolic effects of shark liver oil].

The investigation of influent of antiatherosclerotic diets with shark liver oil on clinical and metabolic parameters in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Results of the study show that enrichment of a diets with shark liver oil in patients with ischemic heart disease and hypertension improved clinic status, antropometric levels, lipid spectrum of blood and immunology status. The mechanism of shark liver oil was investigated in rats.

[Combine fats products: methodic opportunities of it identification].

At present time very topical problem is falsification of milk fat. The number of methods was considered to detection of milk fat authention and possibilities his difference from combined fat products. The analysis of modern approaches to valuation of milk fat authention has showed that the main method for detection of fat nature is gas chromatography analysis. The computer method of express identification of fat products is proposed for quick getting of information about accessory of examine fat to nature milk or combined fat product.

[The influence of diet with including amaranth oil on lipid metabolism in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteidemia].

It was investigated the influence of a diet supplemented with amaranth oil on dynamic of lipid profile and composition of fatty acids of erythrocytes in patients with ischemic heart disease and hyperlipoproteidemia. The efficacy of diet with different contents of squalene (100, 200, 400 and 600 mg per day) was compared. It was shown that antiatherosclerotic diet with including 600 mg squalene has promoted the most positive changes of the serum cholesterol and triglycerides level and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes membranes as well.