Diagnostic Approaches to Helicobacter pylori: A Comparative Study of Detection in Gastric Biopsy and Aspirates.

Background Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common bacterial pathogens in humans. It is a microaerophilic bacteria with multiple unipolar flagella. It is associated with the development of various lesions like chronic gastritis, gastric ulcers, adenocarcinoma, and mucosa-associated lymphomas. The aim of this study was a comparative evaluation of the rapid urease test (RUT) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in gastric biopsy and aspirates for the detection of H. pylori infection and to further determine the sensitivity and specificity of RUT and PCR. Method Endoscopic guided biopsy tissue and gastric aspirate specimens were collected from 110 patients with symptoms like gastritis, dyspepsia, etc., and subjected to RUT and PCR for detection of H. pylori infection. Results A total of 110 samples, including both biopsy tissue (77) and gastric aspirate (33) were subjected to RUT and PCR. RUT for biopsy tissue showed the highest sensitivity (97.18%), compared to gastric aspirate (78.94%). Comparing RUT with PCR, the sensitivity and specificity of PCR were 93.33% and 90.0%, respectively. The positive predictive value (PPV) of PCR was 97.67%, the negative predictive value (NPV) was 75.0%, and the accuracy was 92.73%. Conclusion The present study showed that RUT is a rapid and accurate invasive test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in biopsy tissue as compared to gastric aspirate specimens, which are more sensitive to PCR. The study also showed that biopsy tissue was found to be a superior specimen for the detection of Helicobacter pylori as compared to gastric aspirate.

Carbon sequestration and credit potential of gamhar (Gmelina arborea Roxb.) based agroforestry system for zero carbon emission of India.

The agroforestry system is the best option to achieve the net zero carbon emissions target for India. Keeping this view, carbon sequestration and credit potential of gamhar based agroforestry system has been assessed. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design in seven different treatments with five replications. Gamhar tree biomass accumulation was higher in gamhar based agroforestry system compared to sole gamhar. Among different tree components, stem contributed a maximum to total gamhar tree biomass followed by roots, leaves and branches. The average contributions of stems, roots, leaves and branches in total tree biomass in two annual cycles (2016-17 and 2017-18) varied between 50 and 60, 19.8 and 20, 19.2 and 20, and 10.7 and 12.7 percent, respectively. In case of crops, above ground, below ground and total biomass was significantly higher in sole intercrops than gamhar based agroforestry system. Total (Tree + interrops + Soil) carbon stock, carbon sequestration, carbon credit and carbon price were significantly affected by treatments, and was maximum in Sole Greengram-Mustard. Net carbon emission was also recorded lowest in Sole Greengram-Mustard for which the values were 811.55% and 725.24% and 760.69% lower than Sole Gamhar in 2016-17, 2017-18 and in pooled data, respectively.

Role of Cerebroplacental Ratio in Predicting Perinatal Outcome.

Objective Doppler velocimetry provides a sensitive, non-invasive, and safe method of surveillance of fetal hemodynamics and fetomaternal circulation. Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) is an indicator of placental function and fetal maladaptation to placental insufficiency. Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) is becoming a significant indicator of unfavorable pregnancy outcomes, which has implications for the assessment of fetal well-being. This study aimed to determine the cut-off value of the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses in high-risk mothers to predict adverse perinatal outcomes. We also compared the efficacy of CPR, umbilical artery pulsatility index (UmA PI), and middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI) for predicting adverse perinatal outcomes. Design and setting This was a prospective observational study conducted at the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India. Methods A total of 100 women with singleton high-risk pregnancies were included in this prospective observational study. Obstetric ultrasound was performed at the time of recruitment, and fetal weight and CPR were noted. Based on fetal weight, patients were divided into AGA and fetal growth restriction (FGR) groups; CPR was measured; patients were followed up fortnightly; and outcomes were noted. Main outcome The effectiveness of CPR, UmA PI, and MCA PI for predicting poor perinatal outcomes and identifying the cut-off value of CPR in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses in high-risk mothers was assessed. Result The values of MCA PI, UmA PI, and CPR were statistically significant between AGA and FGR (p-value =.023, .002 and .0001), respectively. The cut-off value for CPR-detecting adverse outcomes in AGA was 1.49. It has sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 67.5%, 68%, 71.69%, and 70.21%, respectively. Conclusion Cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) reflects both circulatory insufficiency of the placenta and adaptive changes of the middle cerebral artery, indicating an important non-invasive surveillance modality.

Efficient pneumonia detection using Vision Transformers on chest X-rays.

Pneumonia is a widespread and acute respiratory infection that impacts people of all ages. Early detection and treatment of pneumonia are essential for avoiding complications and enhancing clinical results. We can reduce mortality, improve healthcare efficiency, and contribute to the global battle against a disease that has plagued humanity for centuries by devising and deploying effective detection methods. Detecting pneumonia is not only a medical necessity but also a humanitarian imperative and a technological frontier. Chest X-rays are a frequently used imaging modality for diagnosing pneumonia. This paper examines in detail a cutting-edge method for detecting pneumonia implemented on the Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture on a public dataset of chest X-rays available on Kaggle. To acquire global context and spatial relationships from chest X-ray images, the proposed framework deploys the ViT model, which integrates self-attention mechanisms and transformer architecture. According to our experimentation with the proposed Vision Transformer-based framework, it achieves a higher accuracy of 97.61%, sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 98% in detecting pneumonia from chest X-rays. The ViT model is preferable for capturing global context, comprehending spatial relationships, and processing images that have different resolutions. The framework establishes its efficacy as a robust pneumonia detection solution by surpassing convolutional neural network (CNN) based architectures.

The Study of Clinical Profile of Patients With Mucormycosis During COVID-19 Pandemic in Tertiary Care Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Mucormycosis has gained a huge number of cases in the second wave of post COVID-19 infection, which may be attributed to increased awareness, advancement in diagnostic techniques, and an increase in the prevalence of predisposing factors. This study evaluated the pattern, risk factors, and clinical profile of patients with mucormycosis during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Emergency Medicine of a dedicated tertiary care hospital for COVID-19. The Institutional Ethics Committee approved the study. One hundred five patients diagnosed with mucormycosis were included from June 2021 to December 2021. Informed consent was obtained from the patients. Data on demography, clinical features, predisposing factors, co-morbid conditions, and microbiological samples were obtained and analyzed. RESULTS:  Out of 105 patients, 71 were male, and 34 were female. The patient presented with mucormycosis between the 2nd and 3rd week of post COVID-19 infection. Incidence was mainly seen in patients in their fifties, mostly associated with diabetes mellitus (DM) (53.30%), oxygen administration (80%), and previous use of steroids (45.71%). Predominantly, males were more affected. The most common presentation was headache (50.47%), orbital pain with restricted ocular movement (47.67%), proptosis (42.85%), and diminished vision (41.90%). Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) was the most common presentation of mucormycosis, while only five cases of pulmonary mucormycosis were found. CONCLUSION: ROCM was the most common presentation of mucormycosis between the second and third week of post COVID-19 infection. Diabetes mellitus and inadvertent use of steroids were major predisposing factors. Therefore, a high degree of suspicion and early diagnosis with initiation of treatment is warranted in cases of mucormycosis in post COVID-19 infection.

Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 IgG Antibodies in Healthcare Worker-Administered Covishield and Covaxin Vaccines at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jharkhand, India.

Introduction To mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, global distribution of vaccines such as Covishield and Covaxin has been undertaken. This research aimed to assess the responses and potential differences between these vaccines by examining the presence and levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in healthcare professionals who received them. Methodology A comprehensive cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care facility in Ranchi involving 227 healthcare professionals who had completed both doses of either Covishield or Covaxin. Blood samples were collected and subjected to chemiluminescence immunoassay analysis to measure IgG antibodies. Demographic data, immunization records, and previous COVID-19 infections were recorded. Statistical analyses, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), linear regression, and independent sample t-tests were performed. Results Antibody titers exhibited variability, potentially influenced by factors. There was no difference in antibody titers between recipients of Covishield and Covaxin vaccines. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between antibody levels and the number of days after vaccination. Factors such as age, gender, blood group, and prior COVID-19 infections did not significantly impact antibody titers. Conclusions This study contributes to responses elicited by Covishield and Covaxin vaccines among healthcare workers. The results highlight that Covishield showed a higher mean titer value than Covaxin, which is not statistically significant. The overall model showed statistically significant results indicating age, type of vaccine, number of days after vaccination, blood group, and previous history of COVID-19 infection collectively influenced the CoV-2 IgG titer values. The findings indicate that age, number of days after vaccination, and prior history of COVID-19 infection have substantial relationships with the CoV-2 IgG titer, but sex, vaccine type, and blood group show lesser, nonsignificant associations.

Anomalous lateral diffusion of lipids during the fluid/gel phase transition of a lipid membrane.

A lipid membrane undergoes a phase transition from fluid to gel phase upon changing external thermodynamic conditions, such as decreasing temperature and increasing pressure. Extremophilic organisms face the challenge of preventing this deleterious phase transition. The main focus of their adaptive strategy is to facilitate effective temperature sensing through sensor proteins, relying on the drastic changes in packing density and membrane fluidity during the phase transition. Although the changes in packing density parameters due to the fluid/gel phase transition are studied in detail, the impact on membrane fluidity is less explored in the literature. Understanding the lateral diffusive dynamics of lipids in response to temperature, particularly during the fluid/gel phase transition, is albeit crucial. Here we have simulated the phase transition of a single component lipid membrane composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) lipids using a coarse-grained (CG) model and studied the changes of the structural and dynamical properties. It is observed that near the phase transition point, both fluid and gel phase domains coexist together. The dynamics remains highly non-Gaussian for a long time even when the mean square displacement reaches the Fickian regime at a much earlier time. This Fickian yet non-Gaussian diffusion (FnGD) is a characteristic of a highly heterogeneous system, previously observed for the lateral diffusion of lipids in raft mimetic membranes having liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases co-existing together. We have analyzed the molecular trajectories and calculated the jump-diffusion of the lipids, stemming from sudden jump translations, using a translational jump-diffusion (TJD) approach. An overwhelming contribution of the jump-diffusion of the lipids is observed suggesting anomalous diffusion of lipids during fluid/gel phase transition of the membrane. These results are important in unravelling the intricate nature of lipid diffusion during the phase transition of the membrane and open up a new possibility of investigating the most significant change of membrane properties during phase transition, which can be effectively sensed by proteins.

Composition of fungal communities upon multiple passaging of rhizosphere microbiome for salinity stress mitigation in Vigna radiata.

The top-down approach of microbiome-mediated rhizosphere engineering has emerged as an eco-friendly approach for mitigating stress and enhancing crop productivity. It has been established to mitigate salinity stress in Vigna radiata using multi-passaging approach. During the process of acclimatization under increasing levels of salinity stress, the structure of rhizospheric microbial community undergoes dynamic changes, while facilitating stress mitigation in plants. In this study, using ITS-based amplicon sequencing, the dynamics of rhizosphere fungal community was unravelled over successive passages under salinity stress in V. radiata. Clear shifts were evident among the fungal community members under stress and non-stress conditions, upon application of acclimatized rhizosphere microbiome in V. radiata across successive passages. These shifts correlated with enhanced plant biometrics and reduced stress marker levels in plant. Significant changes in the fungal community structure were witnessed in the rhizosphere across specific passaging cycles under salinity stress, which possibly facilitated stress mitigation in V. radiata.

Clinical and Etiological Profile of Acute Undifferentiated Fever With Thrombocytopenia in an Emergency Department.

INTRODUCTION: Acute undifferentiated fever with thrombocytopenia is a common and challenging clinical presentation encountered in the emergency departments of tertiary care centers, particularly in tropical regions, often requiring prompt evaluation and management. The study aimed to explore the clinical and etiological profile of acute undifferentiated fever with thrombocytopenia in the Emergency Department of Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna. It investigates factors associated with patient outcomes and compares platelet transfusion requirements among different etiological groups. METHODS: In this cross-sectional observational study, 350 patients with acute undifferentiated fever with thrombocytopenia were analyzed for one year from October '21 to September '22. Pre-existing chronic infectious diseases, liver cirrhosis, and autoimmune conditions were excluded. RESULTS: Thrombocytopenia was observed in all patients, with 65% having platelet counts below 50,000/µL. Associations were found between the degree of thrombocytopenia and organ dysfunction, shock, and third space loss. Logistic regression analysis identified thrombocytopenia, organ dysfunction, and platelet transfusion requirement as significant predictors of the overall outcome. Etiological group comparisons revealed higher platelet transfusion requirements in the bacterial group. CONCLUSION: Prompt recognition and management of thrombocytopenia in acute undifferentiated fever are vital. Thrombocytopenia, along with organ dysfunction and shock, significantly influence patient outcomes. Tailored interventions based on etiological factors are crucial. Further research should focus on specific viral aetiologies in acute undifferentiated fever with thrombocytopenia.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Donation Patterns: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Blood centers, which are arguably the backbone of every hospital, depend on blood donors for a constant and regular supply of blood. Like many other fields, the COVID-19 pandemic severely affected blood donations. In this article, we aim to systematically search the studies done on blood donation during the COVID-19 pandemic period, analyze the pandemic's effect on blood donation, and examine the methodology used to overcome the problem. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on blood donation. Two independent reviewers searched different databases, such as PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for overall study characteristics. We included a total of 15 studies. There was an overall decrease in blood donation of 25%, with some regions showing a decrease of as much as 71%. However, some regions were able to experience a 2-10% increase in blood donation after taking stringent and early measures to prevent such decreases. The COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdown greatly affected blood transfusion services, resulting in a progressive decline in blood donations that threatened the lives of many patients who were fully dependent on blood transfusion. However, by making appropriate and early decisions and taking action, policymakers and the rest of society can prevent such shortages, potentially saving millions of lives.

Protecting Privacy: Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, Twenty-First Century Cures Act, and Social Media.

Advances in electronic health record technology, the ever-expanding use of social media, and cybersecurity sabotage threaten patient privacy and render physicians and health care organizations liable for violating federal and state laws. Violating a patient's privacy is both an ethical and legal breach with potentially serious legal and reputational consequences. Even an unintentional Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) violation can result in financial penalties and reputational harm. Staying complaint with HIPAA requires vigilance on the part of both individuals with legitimate access to protected health information (PHI) and the organizations handling that PHI.

Emerging threat of candida resistance among neonates at a teaching institute of Jharkhand.

Purpose: In the past few decades, candidemia has escalated to worrisome levels, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality in neonates. The rise in anti-fungal drug resistance demands prompt diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to determine the speciation and susceptibility pattern of Candida species recovered from special care new-born units and identify risk factors for developing candidemia in neonates. Method: A total of 580 blood samples from clinically suspected septicemic neonates were collected and subjected to culture. Cultures positive for yeasts were sub-cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Identification of a suspected purified colony of Candida was confirmed to the species level by both conventional and automated techniques matrix-assisted laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anti-fungal susceptibility of isolates was performed by an automated method (VITEK 2 system) using VITEK 2 cards. Multi-variate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors associated with candidemia. Result: A total of 56 (9.66%) isolates of Candida species were recovered from 580 blood cultures. Non-albicans Candida species predominated with 82.14% of cases, whereas 17.86% of cases were caused by Candida albicans. Candida tropicalis (46.42%) was the most common isolate recovered, followed by Candida albicans (17.8%). Risk factor analyses identified a very low birth weight [odds ratio (OR) =4.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) =2.03-8.08] and prolonged antibiotic therapy (OR = 3.79, 95% CI = 1.7-8.7) among others as significant predictors of candidemia. All the Candida isolates showed 100% sensitivity to voriconazole and micafungin, whereas the overall sensitivities for fluconazole, amphotericin B, caspofungin, and flucytosine were 85.71%, 96.43%, 96.43%, and 91.07%, respectively. Conclusion: Candidemia is a life-threatening condition in neonates. Identification of Candida species and routine anti-fungal susceptibility is a must to select a suitable and effective anti-fungal therapy to revoke emerging resistance to anti-fungals.

Laparoscopic management of an ileal lipoma presenting with massive gastrointestinal haemorrhage.

Small bowel lipomas are benign submucosal neoplasm composed mainly of mature adipose tissue. Despite their rare occurrence, lipomas are the second most common benign tumour of the small intestine. These tumours are mostly small in size and remain clinically asymptomatic. However, larger lesions tend to be more symptomatic, presenting with complications such as intussusception, bleeding or obstruction. Definitive surgical or endoscopic intervention is indicated in such symptomatic lipomas. Herein, we describe a rare case of ileal lipoma presenting with ileo-ileal intussusception and a life-threatening haemorrhage that was managed by laparoscopic-assisted ileal resection.

Pneumonia detection with QCSA network on chest X-ray.

Worldwide, pneumonia is the leading cause of infant mortality. Experienced radiologists use chest X-rays to diagnose pneumonia and other respiratory diseases. The diagnostic procedure's complexity causes radiologists to disagree with the decision. Early diagnosis is the only feasible strategy for mitigating the disease's impact on the patent. Computer-aided diagnostics improve the accuracy of diagnosis. Recent studies established that Quaternion neural networks classify and predict better than real-valued neural networks, especially when dealing with multi-dimensional or multi-channel input. The attention mechanism has been derived from the human brain's visual and cognitive ability in which it focuses on some portion of the image and ignores the rest portion of the image. The attention mechanism maximizes the usage of the image's relevant aspects, hence boosting classification accuracy. In the current work, we propose a QCSA network (Quaternion Channel-Spatial Attention Network) by combining the spatial and channel attention mechanism with Quaternion residual network to classify chest X-Ray images for Pneumonia detection. We used a Kaggle X-ray dataset. The suggested architecture achieved 94.53% accuracy and 0.89 AUC. We have also shown that performance improves by integrating the attention mechanism in QCNN. Our results indicate that our approach to detecting pneumonia is promising.

Minimally invasive approach to Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome with giant endometriotic cyst: a case report.

Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly of the Mullerian and Wolffian ductal system, manifesting as a triad of dipelphys uterus, obstructed hemivagina, and ipsilateral renal agenesis. Patients usually remain asymptomatic till menarche and experience progressive dysmenorrhea, suprapubic lump, and/or features of infection (pyometra, pelvic collection, etc.) afterward. We hereby present a case of a young lady with Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome with a large endometriotic cyst, likely arising from the right hemiuterus. She presented with dysmenorrhea and progressive abdominal distention for seven years. She was treated by laparoscopic ovarian cyst excision and right hemihysterectomy that relieved her symptoms.

A Study on the Clinical Profiles of Patients With Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke) in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jharkhand.

Introduction Stroke is a devastating and disabling cerebrovascular disease with a significant amount of residual deficit. The prevalence of stroke is in a rising trend in India. Larger studies are needed for the evaluation of risk factors. Material and methods This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the clinical profile of patients with stroke. The demographic details of the patients were taken, comorbidities were noted, and laboratory tests were done. Observation The most common age group who presented with stroke was 61-80 years, followed by 41-60 years, comprising 47% and 46%, respectively. Ischemic stroke was more common (60%) than hemorrhagic stroke (40%). Male patients were more than female patients. Alcohol, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and proteinuria were present in the study group. Conclusion Regular evaluation of blood pressure, blood sugar, lipid profile, and proteinuria should be routinely done in patients with diabetes and hypertension who are more than 40 years old.

Unfractionated heparin versus enoxaparin for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in intensive care units: a propensity score adjusted analysis.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in hospitalized patients. Pharmacologic prophylaxis is used in order to reduce the risk of VTE events. The main purpose of this study is to compare the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who received unfractionated heparin (UFH) versus enoxaparin as VTE prophylaxis. Mortality was evaluated as a secondary outcome. This was a Propensity Score Adjusted Analysis. Patients admitted to neurology, surgical, or medical ICUs and screened with venous doppler ultrasonography or computed tomography angiography for detection of VTE were included in the analysis. We identified 2228 patients in the cohort, 1836 (82.4%) patients received UFH and 392 (17.6%) patients received enoxaparin. Propensity score matching yielded a well-balanced cohort of 950 (74% UFH, 26% enoxaparin) patients. After matching, there was no difference in prevalence of DVT (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.67-1.64, p = 0.85) and PE (RR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.44-1.30, p = 0.31). No significant differences in location and severity of DVT and PE between the two groups were detected. Hospital and intensive care unit stay was similar between the two groups. Unfractionated heparin was associated with a higher rate of mortality, (HR 2.04; 95% CI, 1.13-3.70; p = 0.019). The use of UFH as VTE prophylaxis in ICU patients was associated with a similar prevalence of DVT and PE compared with enoxaparin, and the site and degree of occlusion were similar. However, a higher mortality rate was seen in the UFH group.

Tertiary treatment of coke-oven wastewater using suspended and immobilized whole live cells of constructed bacterial-microalgal consortium: modeling and optimization using ANN-GA hybrid methodology.

Coke-oven wastewater (CW), containing an array of toxic pollutants above permissible limits even after conventional primary and secondary treatment, needs a tertiary (polishing) step to meet the statutory limit. In the present study, a suitable bacterial-microalgal consortium (Culture C) was constructed using bacterial (Culture B: Bacillus sp. NITD 19) and microalgal (Culture A: a consortium of Chlorella sp. and Synechococcus sp.) cultures at different ratios (v/v) and the potential of these cultures for tertiary treatment of CW was assessed. Culture C4 (Culture B:Culture A = 1:4) with inoculum size: 10% (v/v) was selected for the treatment of wastewater since the maximum growth (3.08 ± 0.57 g/L) and maximum chlorophyll content (4.05 ± 0.66 mg/L) were achieved for such culture in PLE-enriched BG-11 medium. During treatment of real secondary treated coke-oven effluent using Culture C4 in a closed photobioreactor, the removal of phenol (80.32 ± 2.76%), ammonium ions (47.85 ± 1.83%), fluoride (65.0 ± 4.12%), and nitrate (39.45 ± 3.42%) was observed after 24 h. In a packed bed bioreactor containing immobilized C4 culture, the maximum removal was obtained at the lowest flow rate (20 mL/h) and highest column bed height (20 cm). Artificial intelligence-based techniques were used for modeling and optimization of the process.

How Do Cyclopropane Fatty Acids Protect the Cell Membrane of Escherichia coli in Cold Shock?

The cyclopropanation of unsaturated lipid acyl chains of some bacterial cell membranes is an important survival strategy to protect the same against drastic cooling. To elucidate the role of cyclopropane ring-containing lipids, we have simulated the lipid membrane of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and two modified membranes by replacing the cyclopropane rings with either single or double bonds at widely different temperatures. It has been observed that the cyclopropane rings provide more rigid kinks in the lipid acyl chain compared to the double bonds and therefore further reduce the packing density of the membrane and subsequently enhance the membrane fluidity at low temperatures. They also inhibit the close packing of other lipids and deleterious phase separation by strongly interacting with them. Therefore, this study has explained why E. coli bacterial strain, susceptible to freezing environments, relies on the cyclopropanation of an unsaturated chain.