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INTRODUCTION: Dexmedetomidine is a selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist. It is conventionally used as a sedative in the intensive care unit. However, recently, the application of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to a local anesthetic agent has been studied. The present study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to 2% plain lignocaine for surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar and to compare the efficacy of dexmedetomidine with 2% plain lignocaine with 2% lignocaine and 1:200000 adrenaline. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 80 patients who required surgical removal of impacted mandibular third molar extraction were included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups using a computer-generated table. Patients in the study group received 2% plain lignocaine with 1 mcg/ml dexmedetomidine. Patients in the control group received 2% lignocaine with 1:200000 adrenaline. The parameters evaluated were onset and duration of action, pulse rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and blood loss. RESULTS: Onset of action was faster and the duration of action was longer when dexmedetomidine was used with lignocaine as a local anesthetic agent. The vital parameters in both the groups were stable. Bleeding at the surgical site was less in the dexmedetomidine group. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the combination of dexmedetomidine with lignocaine enhances the local anesthetic potency of lignocaine when injected for nerve blocks.
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Brown tumour [BT] is an uncommon, non neoplastic complication of Hyperparathyroidism [HPT]. Skeletal changes are the main consequences of this endocrine condition. HPT manifest in three categories. Primary HPT is due to hyperfunction of one or more parathyroid gland, causing an increase of parathyroid hormone secretion resulting in hypercalcemia. Secondary HPT occurs due to chronic renal failure, decreased vitamin D production or with hypocalcemia. Tertiary HPT occurs when the parathyroid activity turns autonomous and excessive, leading to hypercalcemia. BT occurs frequently in the mandible than the maxilla. They are more common in women aged over 50y and majority of BT are asymptomatic. Radiographically, it appears as well defined radioluceny. The gross specimen usually shows a brown or reddish-brown colour. We report a relatively rare combination of maxillary posterior BT as a clinical manifestation of secondary HPT due to vitamin D deficiency with polydactyly, syndactyly and cardiac anomalies.
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INTRODUCTION: Many essential oils have been advocated for use in complementary medicine for bacterial and fungal infections. However, few of the many claims of therapeutic efficacy have been validated adequately by either in vitro testing or in vivo clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: To study the antibacterial activity of nine commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans in vitro and to compare the antibacterial activity between each material. METHODOLOGY: Nine pure essential oils; wintergreen oil, lime oil, cinnamon oil, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, lemongrass oil, cedarwood oil, clove oil and eucalyptus oil were selected for the study. Streptococcus mutans was inoculated at 37ºC and seeded on blood agar medium. Agar well diffusion assay was used to measure antibacterial activity. Zone of inhibition was measured around the filter paper in millimeters with vernier caliper. RESULTS: Cinnamon oil showed highest activity against Streptococcus mutans followed by lemongrass oil and cedarwood oil. Wintergreen oil, lime oil, peppermint oil and spearmint oil showed no antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION: Cinnamon oil, lemongrass oil, cedarwood oil, clove oil and eucalyptus oil exhibit antibacterial property against S. mutans. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The use of these essential oils against S. mutans can be a viable alternative to other antibacterial agents as these are an effective module used in the control of both bacteria and yeasts responsible for oral infections.
