Optimal Forearm Position Allowing Maximum Hand Function: A Quasi-experimental Study in Adolescent Children.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the ideal forearm position that allows maximum upper-limb function. In certain congenital/acquired upper-limb disorders, the management boils down to sacrificing rotatory movements of the forearm. The position of fusion that facilitates maximum upper-limb function is a topic of debate and is decided upon by personal preferences and assumptions. Although the literature has many level five evidence reports, there is a lack of well-designed research to answer the same question and we intended to study it both in dominant and non-dominant limbs. Methods: 15 healthy adolescent volunteers were fitted with a custom adjustable brace that simulated forearm arthrodesis in five rotatory positions. They were asked to carry out a series of activities as per Sollerman's hand function test, and each activity was scored using the standardized scoring system. The test was carried out with the brace fitted first in the dominant side, followed by the non-dominant side, and finally in both the upper limbs together. Results: We found that the mid-prone position allowed for the best function overall in both dominant and non-dominant upper limbs, and if both upper limbs required simultaneous fusion, our results suggest that fixing the dominant side in mid-prone and non-dominant side in 45° supination would be ideal. Conclusions: For unilateral forearm arthrodesis, the ideal position of fusion is the same irrespective of the dominance of the limb, whereas, for bilateral arthrodesis, limb dominance is to be taken into consideration. Level of Evidence: Level III quasi-experimental study.

A review on pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila and their mitigation through medicinal herbs in aquaculture.

Aeromonas hydrophila is a freshwater, facultatively anaerobic, chemo-organoheterotrophic bacterium that distressed fishes with gastroenteritis, septicemia and causes a disease known as Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), which affects the aquatic environment. Haemolysin, aerolysin, cytosine, gelatinase, enterotoxin and antimicrobial peptides have been identified as virulence factors in A. hydrophila. Medicinal herbs/plants and their uses are the instant, easily available, cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly approach for socio-economic, sustainable development of modern aquaculture practice. Phytotherapy either through a dip or by incorporation into the diets is an alternative approach to synthetic pharmaceuticals to diminish the pathogenicity of aquatic environmental pathogens. Due to the presence of remarkable phytoconstituents like flavonoids, alkaloids, pigments, terpenoids, steroids and essential oils, the medicinal plant exhibits anti-microbial, appetite-stimulating, anti-stress, growth-promoting and immunostimulatory activities. Aqua-industry preferred phytotherapy-based techniques/compounds to develop resistance against a variety of aquatic pathogens in culturable fishes because they are inexpensive and environment-friendly. As a result, this review elaborates on the diverse applications of phytotherapy as a promising tool for disease management in aquaculture and a major step toward organic aquaculture.

CAR T-cell therapy: Reprogramming patient's immune cell to treat cancer.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is a game changer in cancer treatment. Although CAR-T cell therapy has achieved significant clinical responses in specific subgroups of B cell leukaemia or lymphoma, various difficulties restrict CAR-T cell therapy's therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumours and haematological malignancies. Severe life-threatening toxicities, poor anti-tumour effectiveness, antigen escape, restricted trafficking, and limited tumour penetration are all barriers to successful CAR-T cell treatment. Furthermore, CAR-T cell interactions with the host and tumour microenvironment have a significant impact on their activity. Furthermore, developing and implementing these therapies necessitates a complicated staff. Innovative methodologies and tactics to engineering more potent CAR-T cells with greater anti-tumour activity and less toxicity are required to address these important difficulties.

Efficacy assessment of virtual reality therapy for neuromotor rehabilitation in home environment: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Neuromotor impairments can affect any part of the body. It leads to many disorders, injuries, or disabilities, conventional rehabilitation is a long, rigorous, and tedious process. There is a need to inculcate new and innovative techniques in rehabilitation processes, to increase individuals' interest and overall performance with such therapies. Virtual Reality is considered a new technology that has the potential to be a useful aid in overcoming therapeutic problems in clinical and home-based environments. However, providing home-based rehabilitation is more practicable, cost-effective, and even safer than in-hospital rehabilitation. In addition, the need for home-based rehabilitation is growing as the number of neuromotor disorders rises and the capacity of acute inpatient rehabilitation decreases. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a home-based Virtual Reality exercise treatment to identify the areas for future rehabilitation research. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data Extraction of 24,257 articles from seven databases were identified and the review is narrowed down and only 45 studies were focussed on efficacy assessment of Virtual Reality in the home environment. RESULTS: The significant outcome of the effective home-based therapy system for the exercise improved functional ability, increasing range of motion, and motivation through Virtual reality-based rehabilitation is inferred. CONCLUSION: Unlike clinical settings, a home-based system provides efficacious therapy with a controlled environment. This survey facilitates bettering methods and devices for neuromotor disorders. It is a good living long-term problem-solving approach and investigates awareness, needs, and a preferred component of home-based rehabilitation services.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONVR-based rehabilitation in the home environment has many physical and mental benefits in persons with neuromotor disorders.The most commonly neuromotor disorders considered in the study were Stroke, Spinal Cord Injury, Parkinson's disease, and Cerebral Palsy.Assistive technologies in home environments can compensate for long-term disorders or be used in rehabilitation as an addition to conventional therapy.The study gives an overview of current interventions and how they can be of benefit for a person suffering from neuromotor disorders in the home environment.

Effect of leaves and seeds of Achyranthes aspera as feed supplements on the immunological and stress parameters and related gene expressions of Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus).

The immunostimularory properties of Achyranthes aspera leaves and seeds supplemented feeds were evaluated in Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus (0.352±0.008 g). The experimental feeds contained 0.25% leaves (EFL1), 0.5% leaves (EFL2), 0.5% seeds (EFS) and 0% leaves or seeds (control feed; CF). In CF, leaves and seeds were absent. Fish were immunized with chicken-RBC after 60 days of feeding. The blood and tissue samples were collected on 7th, 14th and 21st days after immunization for various assays. The average weight of magur was significantly higher in EFS compared to the other treatments throughout the study period and EFL2 followed this group. Serum lysozyme level of fish was significantly higher in EFS on 7th and 14th days and in EFS and EFL2 on 21st day after immunization compared to the other treatments. Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase levels were always significantly higher in EFS diet fed fish compared to other treatments. The highest hemagglutination titer level was found in EFS throughout the study period. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl protein levels were significantly lower in liver and kidney of enriched diets fed magur compared to CF treatment. TBARS and carbonyl protein levels were minimum in EFS diets fed fish. In EFS and EFL2 treatments, the expressions of TNF-α, iNOS and NF-kB were significantly higher compared to the CF group. A. aspera seeds and leaves showed significant immunostimulatory properties in Asian catfish fry.

Memory augmented recurrent neural networks for de-novo drug design.

A recurrent neural network (RNN) is a machine learning model that learns the relationship between elements of an input series, in addition to inferring a relationship between the data input to the model and target output. Memory augmentation allows the RNN to learn the interrelationships between elements of the input over a protracted length of the input series. Inspired by the success of stack augmented RNN (StackRNN) to generate strings for various applications, we present two memory augmented RNN-based architectures: the Neural Turing Machine (NTM) and the Differentiable Neural Computer (DNC) for the de-novo generation of small molecules. We trained a character-level convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict the properties of a generated string and compute a reward or loss in a deep reinforcement learning setup to bias the Generator to produce molecules with the desired property. Further, we compare the performance of these architectures to gain insight to their relative merits in terms of the validity and novelty of the generated molecules and the degree of property bias towards the computational generation of de-novo drugs. We also compare the performance of these architectures with simpler recurrent neural networks (Vanilla RNN, LSTM, and GRU) without an external memory component to explore the impact of augmented memory in the task of de-novo generation of small molecules.

Recent Trends and Practices Toward Assessment and Rehabilitation of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights From Human Gait.

The study of human movement and biomechanics forms an integral part of various clinical assessments and provides valuable information toward diagnosing neurodegenerative disorders where the motor symptoms predominate. Conventional gait and postural balance analysis techniques like force platforms, motion cameras, etc., are complex, expensive equipment requiring specialist operators, thereby posing a significant challenge toward translation to the clinics. The current manuscript presents an overview and relevant literature summarizing the umbrella of factors associated with neurodegenerative disorder management: from the pathogenesis and motor symptoms of commonly occurring disorders to current alternate practices toward its quantification and mitigation. This article reviews recent advances in technologies and methodologies for managing important neurodegenerative gait and balance disorders, emphasizing assessment and rehabilitation/assistance. The review predominantly focuses on the application of inertial sensors toward various facets of gait analysis, including event detection, spatiotemporal gait parameter measurement, estimation of joint kinematics, and postural balance analysis. In addition, the use of other sensing principles such as foot-force interaction measurement, electromyography techniques, electrogoniometers, force-myography, ultrasonic, piezoelectric, and microphone sensors has also been explored. The review also examined the commercially available wearable gait analysis systems. Additionally, a summary of recent progress in therapeutic approaches, viz., wearables, virtual reality (VR), and phytochemical compounds, has also been presented, explicitly targeting the neuro-motor and functional impairments associated with these disorders. Efforts toward therapeutic and functional rehabilitation through VR, wearables, and different phytochemical compounds are presented using recent examples of research across the commonly occurring neurodegenerative conditions [viz., Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis, Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]. Studies exploring the potential role of Phyto compounds in mitigating commonly associated neurodegenerative pathologies such as mitochondrial dysfunction, α-synuclein accumulation, imbalance of free radicals, etc., are also discussed in breadth. Parameters such as joint angles, plantar pressure, and muscle force can be measured using portable and wearable sensors like accelerometers, gyroscopes, footswitches, force sensors, etc. Kinetic foot insoles and inertial measurement tools are widely explored for studying kinematic and kinetic parameters associated with gait. With advanced correlation algorithms and extensive RCTs, such measurement techniques can be an effective clinical and home-based monitoring and rehabilitation tool for neuro-impaired gait. As evident from the present literature, although the vast majority of works reported are not clinically and extensively validated to derive a firm conclusion about the effectiveness of such techniques, wearable sensors present a promising impact toward dealing with neurodegenerative motor disorders.

Freshwater Macrophytes: A Potential Source of Minerals and Fatty Acids for Fish, Poultry, and Livestock.

The freshwater macrophytes are abundant in tropical and subtropical climates. These macrophytes may be used as feed ingredients for fish and other animals. The nutritional value of twelve freshwater-cultured macrophytes was evaluated in the present study. Significantly higher crude protein (36.94-36.65%) and lipid (8.13-7.62%) were found in Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza; ash content was significantly higher in Hydrilla verticillata, Wolffia globosa, and Pistia stratiotes (20.69-21.00%) compared with others. The highest levels of sodium, magnesium, chromium, and iron levels were recorded in P. stratiotes. H. verticillata was a rich source of copper, manganese, cobalt, and zinc; the contents of calcium, magnesium, strontium, and nickel were highest in S. polyrhiza. Selenium and potassium contents were higher in Salvinia natans and W. globosa, respectively. The n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contents were significantly higher in W. globosa and Ipomoea aquatica, respectively compared with others. Linoleic and α-linolenic acids were dominant n-6 and n-3 PUFAs. The highest value (4.04) of n-3/n-6 was found in I. aquatica. The ratio ranged from 0.61 to 2.46 in other macrophytes. This study reveals that macrophytes are rich sources of minerals, n-6 and n-3 PUFAs.

Evaluation of UV-B protective properties of leaves and seeds of Achyranthes aspera in Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.).

The ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is harmful to the aquatic organisms. The UV-B protective properties of leaves and seeds of herb Achyranthes aspera were evaluated in Clarias batrachus. Fish were fed with four diets-EFL1, EFL2 containing 0.25 and 0.5% leaves, EFS containing 0.5% seeds and control, CF. After 83 days of feeding, fish were exposed to UV-B (157 µW/cm2) for 7 days at the rate of 15 min/day. One batch of fish in each treatment was kept unexposed. Significantly higher final weight was found in EFS followed by EFL2 and EFL1 treatments. It was higher in unexposed fish compared to the exposed ones. Among exposed fish, significantly higher lysozyme was found in EFS and myeloperoxidase in EFS and EFL2 compared to others. Nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly higher in liver and head kidney of EFS diet fed fish compared to others. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and carbonyl protein levels were minimum in EFS followed by EFL2. The independent sample t-test showed that nitric oxide synthase was significantly higher and myeloperoxidase and TBARS levels were significantly lower in unexposed group compared to the exposed fish in respective treatment. There were up-regulations of TNF-α, iNOS, NF-kB, BAX, Cytochrome c, SOD-c, Caspase 3, Caspase 9, BCL2 in liver and head kidney of leaves and seeds incorporated diets fed fish compared to control. Supplementation of A. aspera seeds and leaves at 0.5% level in diets gave UV-B protection to the fish.

Novel machine learning-based hybrid strategy for severity assessment of Parkinson's disorders.

Parkinson's disease (PD) severity assessment in clinical settings largely depends on expertise level of clinicians which have inherent limitations and non-uniformity. Instrumented gait analysis plays a significant role in disease diagnosis and management. However, these are agonized from data dispersion due to demography, anthropometry, and self-selected walking speed of an individual. This research work aims to develop computationally efficient hybrid strategy using normalized features for PD severity evaluation. The relevance of each considered gait feature in demonstrating the outcomes is explained through feature importance and partial dependence plot (PDP) to build substantial insight for clinical needs. Gait, a biomarker, is used to access human mobility by utilizing vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) data of 72 healthy and 93 Parkinson's individuals. A multi-variate normalization approach identifies gait differences between PD and non-PD. The proposed hybrid model used is able to detect PD with accuracy of 99.39% and 99.9%, and its severity assessment based on MDS-UPDRS-III shows coefficient of determination (R2) as 97% and 98.7% using leave-one-out cross-validation (CV) and tenfold CV respectively. The significant features suitable for clinical implications are reported. Moreover, normalized gait parameters supplement capability to compare individuals with diverse physical properties, resulting in assistive system for evaluation of PD severity.

A neurophysiologically interpretable deep neural network predicts complex movement components from brain activity.

The effective decoding of movement from non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG) is essential for informing several therapeutic interventions, from neurorehabilitation robots to neural prosthetics. Deep neural networks are most suitable for decoding real-time data but their use in EEG is hindered by the gross classes of motor tasks in the currently available datasets, which are solvable even with network architectures that do not require specialized design considerations. Moreover, the weak association with the underlying neurophysiology limits the generalizability of modern networks for EEG inference. Here, we present a neurophysiologically interpretable 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) that captured the spatiotemporal dependencies in brain areas that get co-activated during movement. The 3D-CNN received topography-preserving EEG inputs, and predicted complex components of hand movements performed on a plane using a back-drivable rehabilitation robot, namely (a) the reaction time (RT) for responding to stimulus (slow or fast), (b) the mode of movement (active or passive, depending on whether there was an assistive force provided by the apparatus), and (c) the orthogonal directions of the movement (left, right, up, or down). We validated the 3D-CNN on a new dataset that we acquired from an in-house motor experiment, where it achieved average leave-one-subject-out test accuracies of 79.81%, 81.23%, and 82.00% for RT, active vs. passive, and direction classifications, respectively. Our proposed method outperformed the modern 2D-CNN architecture by a range of 1.1% to 6.74% depending on the classification task. Further, we identified the EEG sensors and time segments crucial to the classification decisions of the network, which aligned well with the current neurophysiological knowledge on brain activity in motor planning and execution tasks. Our results demonstrate the importance of biological relevance in networks for an accurate decoding of EEG, suggesting that the real-time classification of other complex brain activities may now be within our reach.

Evaluation of a Customized 3D Printed ORGAN-Hand Orthotic Device for Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: a Pilot Study.

To achieve intensive activity-based and goal-directed rehabilitation for unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), several static and functional upper limb orthoses have been used but with limited robust evidence-base. The current pilot study evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of a customized 3D-printed orthotic device in children with UCP. The attainment of a prespecified goal and Shriners Hospital Upper Extremity Evaluation (SHUEE) at 3 and 6 mo were the efficacy measures. Of the 14 screened children, 5 (median age: 7.9 y; 3 boys) were included. The 3-mo follow-up could be completed for 3 children while 6-mo follow-up could be completed for 1 child. Rest could not be assessed due to pandemic restrictions. Although none attained set goals till the last follow-up, all 3 children (at 3-mo follow-up) showed improvement in SHUEE scores without any significant safety concerns. Further studies on 3D-printed orthosis in UCP are the need of the hour.

Role of machine learning in gait analysis: a review.

Human biomechanics and gait form an integral part of life. The gait analysis involves a large number of interdependent parameters that were difficult to interpret due to a vast amount of data and their inter-relations. To simplify evaluation, the integration of machine learning (ML) with biomechanics is a promising solution. The purpose of this review is to familiarise the readers with key directions of implementation of ML techniques for gait analysis and gait rehabilitation. An extensive literature survey was based on research articles from nine databases published from 1980 to 2019. With over 943 studies identified, finally, 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. The outcome reported illustrates that supervised ML techniques showed accuracies above 90% in the identified gait analysis domain. The statistical results revealed support vector machine (SVM) as the best classifier (mean-score = 0.87 ± 0.07) with remarkable generalisation capability even on small to medium datasets. It has also been analysed that the control strategies for gait rehabilitation are benefitted from reinforcement learning and (deep) neural-networks due to their ability to capture participants' variability. This review paper shows the success of ML techniques in detecting disorders, predicting rehabilitation length, and control of rehabilitation devices which make them suitable for clinical diagnosis.

LabVIEW based monitoring and rehabilitation module for freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease.

Freezing of gait (FOG) is an episodic motor symptom that occurs in almost half of the patients having Parkinson's Disease (PD). Levodopa and other dopaminergic drugs, although quite effective for tremors and bradykinesia (dyskinesia) are not so effective in case of postural instability and freezing of gait. This establishes a need for a non-pharmacological intervention. It has been well established in research that PD patients who experience FOG respond positively to sensory cueing. In this paper, a complete modular system has been developed that has both: (i) biofeedback in the form of vibrational cueing, synchronised with gait (hardware), as well as (ii) real-time monitoring, and graph generation for offline analysis (software). To realise this, a force sensor fitted shoe is constructed to analyse gait and provide vibrations in sync with phases of gait, for rehabilitation therapy. The assembly is monitored on LabVIEW, where (i) a 5-level force heat map and a 3D pressure map qualitatively shows the force experienced by force sensing resistors (FSR), (ii) an indicator for each vibrational motor shows its on/off state, and (iii) a live voltage vs. time graph (separate for each foot) is generated.

Validation of growth enhancing, immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of Achyranthes aspera in Labeo rohita fry in pond conditions.

The immunostimulatory and disease resistance properties of herb Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) were evaluated in rohu Labeo rohita in pond. Rohu fry (1.9 ± 0.08 g) were cultured in hapas (25 hapa-1) set inside a pond and were fed with two experimental diets containing 0.5% seeds (D1) and leaves (D2) of A. aspera and control diet (D3). Fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila after 80 days. The cumulative mortality rate of fish was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in D3 (28-48%) compared to others. Average weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in D1 (6.5-12.5%) compared to other treatments. Myeloperoxidase and nitric oxide synthase levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in D1 and D2 compared to D3. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl protein levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in hepatopancreas and kidney of D1 compared to others. In hepatopancreas, the expressions of lysozyme C, loysozyme G, TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-1ß were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in D1 compared to others. This treatment was followed by D2. In kidney, lysozyme G and TNF-α levels were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in D1 and D2 compared to D3. Whereas, IL-10 and IL-1ß were significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated and up-regulated, respectively in kidney of D2. There was up-regulation (P < 0.05) of TLR-4 in hepatopancreas and kidney of D1 and D2 diets fed rohu, respectively compared to others.

Effectiveness of robo-assisted lower limb rehabilitation for spastic patients: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Though many rehabilitative treatments are available for treatment of spasticity, thus the effectiveness of different robo-rehabilitative devices needs to be evaluated through a systematic review. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to focuses on the efficacy of Robot assistive rehabilitation device for the removal of spasticity from the lower limb of Spastic patients. DATA SOURCESSOURCES: PubMed, Web of Sciences, EMBASE (Excerpta Medical database), CDSR (Cochrane database of systematic reviews), Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Wiley online library, MEDLINE (OvidSP), Science Direct, Springer Link were from January 1980 to September 2017 DATA EXTRACTIONEXTRACTION: Seventy-one publications from eleven databases published were selected using keywords Ankle foot, spasticity, robotic rehabilitation, efficacy of robotics and Ankle foot rehabilitation. The review is narrowed down to twenty-six articles which were selected for they focused on effects of Robot assistive rehabilitation device quantitatively. RESULT: A quantitative study from analyzing 26 studies comprising of 786 subjects is carried out. The major outcome of the effectiveness of the robot assistive therapy for the movement of ankle and functioning of gait is deduced. As the used protocols and treatment procedures vary, made comparative study complex or impracticable. CONCLUSION: Robo-rehabilitation possesses an ability to provide unified therapy protocols with greater ease in comparison to conventional therapies. They continuously prove to be irreplaceable assistant devices when it comes to providing excellent treatment in terms of improvement from this study. Though many mechatronic devices are available but the devices for treatment of early stage rehabilitation of stroke patients is very limited.

Investigations on postural stability and spatiotemporal parameters of human gait using developed wearable smart insole.

Measurement of spatiotemporal parameters of human gait is important for designing new, intelligent and efficient prosthetic and orthotic devices. The paper presents a novel application of smart insole for measuring force generated at various pressure points during dynamic gait on a human foot. Besides recording and analysing the spatiotemporal parameters during stance phase, the developed sensor is also used for development of active orthotic devices. Data from the sensors is analysed in LabVIEW software for detection of plantar force and temporal gait parameters. The smart instrumentation allows processing, display and storage of gait parameters and gait events in real time. Variations of pressure pattern reported by gait experiments can also be used in identifying an accidental fall. This information will be used as a feedback signal for controlling the motion of an indigenously developed gait assistive device, i.e. an active orthotic device. Pressure at the heel and great toe points is higher than the metatarsal heads during dynamic walk. It is higher at the heel and metatarsals points than the toe point during standing position.

Parametric optimization and design validation based on finite element analysis of hybrid socket adapter for transfemoral prosthetic knee.

BACKGROUND: Finite element analysis has been universally employed for the stress and strain analysis in lower extremity prosthetics. The socket adapter was the principal subject of interest due to its importance in deciding the knee motion range. OBJECTIVES: This article focused on the static and dynamic stress analysis of the designed hybrid adapter developed by the authors. A standard mechanical design validation approach using von Mises was followed. Four materials were considered for the analysis, namely, carbon fiber, oil-filled nylon, Al-6061, and mild steel. STUDY DESIGN: The paper analyses the static and dynamic stress on designed hybrid adapter which incorporates features of conventional male and female socket adapters. The finite element analysis was carried out for possible different angles of knee flexion simulating static and dynamic gait situation. METHODS: Research was carried out on available design of socket adapter. Mechanical design of hybrid adapter was conceptualized and a CAD model was generated using Inventor modelling software. Static and dynamic stress analysis was carried out on different materials for optimization. RESULTS: The finite element analysis was carried out on the software Autodesk Inventor Professional Ver. 2011. The peak value of von Mises stress occurred in the neck region of the adapter and in the lower face region at rod eye-adapter junction in static and dynamic analyses, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Oil-filled nylon was found to be the best material among the four with respect to strength, weight, and cost. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Research investigations on newer materials for development of improved prosthesis will immensely benefit the amputees. The study analyze the static and dynamic stress on the knee joint adapter to provide better material used for hybrid design of adapter.