RESUMO
Energy loss at a manhole which is at a junction of storm sewers or combined sewers is important for accurately estimating its discharge capacity. However, even in Japan, the energy loss at the manhole is usually ignored in designing sewers and flood inundation analysis. One of the reasons for the ignorance is difficulty to formulate the energy loss at the manhole because the number of variables which must be considered increases as the number of sewers connected to the manhole increases. The authors have formulated the energy loss of a four-way circular manhole with three inflow sewers and one outflow sewer at crossroad. The formula is applicable only to the equal flow rates in two opposite lateral inflow sewers. In this paper, a new formula for the energy losses is proposed based on experimental data on a four-way circular manhole with different flow rates on three inflow sewers. It shows that the energy losses calculated with it almost reproduce the measured ones.
Assuntos
Esgotos , JapãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the genetic effects of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). STUDY DESIGN: A prospective study from a tertiary center that enrolled 204 Japanese infants (<35 weeks of gestational age (GA)) having no anomalies. ROP developed in 127, but not in 77 infants. The relative severity was defined as non-severe, moderate and severe ROP for GA, based on the staging criteria. VEGF (g.-634G>C, g.+13553C>T) and VEGF-receptor (KDR g.+4422(AC)11 to 14, Flt-1 c.+6724(TG)13 to 23) gene polymorphisms and clinical variables were assessed by uni/multivariate analyses. RESULT: The frequency of polymorphisms did not differ between ROP and non-ROP patients. The TT genotype of g.+13553 showed a higher odds ratio for non-severe ROP than CC genotype (P=0.006). Multivariate analyses indicated that low birth weight, blood transfusion and respiratory distress syndrome, but not polymorphisms, were the risk factors of advanced ROP (≥ stage 3). CONCLUSION: A genotype of the VEGF pathway weakly affects the severity of ROP compared with other clinical factors.
Assuntos
Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso , Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório do Recém-Nascido/complicações , Retinopatia da Prematuridade , Reação Transfusional , Receptor 1 de Fatores de Crescimento do Endotélio Vascular , Feminino , Genótipo , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Masculino , Polimorfismo Genético , Nascimento Prematuro/fisiopatologia , Nascimento Prematuro/terapia , Estudos Prospectivos , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/complicações , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/genética , Retinopatia da Prematuridade/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fator A de Crescimento do Endotélio VascularAssuntos
Colangiopancreatografia Retrógrada Endoscópica/métodos , Gastrectomia/métodos , Icterícia Obstrutiva/cirurgia , Esfinterotomia Endoscópica/métodos , Stents , Idoso , Endoscopia por Cápsula/métodos , Terapia Combinada , Seguimentos , Gastroenterostomia/métodos , Humanos , Icterícia Obstrutiva/diagnóstico , Masculino , Metais , Medição de Risco , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
The current study evaluated the effect of rotifers on the stability of aerobic granules. Two sequence batch reactors (SBRs) with airflow rates of 4 (R1) and 6 (R2) 1 min(-1), respectively, were used to develop aerobic granules. Granules were well developed with excellent settleability in terms of SVI30 (sludge volume index,) of about 50 ml g(-1) in both reactors at the beginning. With the outgrowth of rotifers, granules completely disintegrated in R1 around cycle 500 (a cycle was 3 hours). However, after the rotifers disappeared, i.e. cycle 550, granules re-appeared with a slow settling rate in R1 (SVI30: 200-300 ml g(-1)). The rotifers mechanically damaged the structure of granules, resulting in disintegration. However, granules developed under high shear force seem to have strong resistance to rotifers. During re-granulation, a long time lag between the improvements of morphology and settleability suggested that re-granulation resulted from entanglement more than bio-attachment or bio-growth. Additionally, it was confirmed that the ratio of carbohydrate to protein extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) could well indicate the strength of granules. Protein EPS well correlated with the difference between SVI5 and SVI30 in R1, therefore, decreasing protein EPS would increase the compactness of granules.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Rotíferos , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Animais , EsgotosRESUMO
In order to evaluate the characteristics of aerobic granular sludge, a sequencing batch reactor, feeding with synthetic wastewater at the organic loading rate of 8 kg COD/m3 d, was employed on the laboratory scale. Granules occurred in the reactor within 1 week after the inoculation from conventional flocculent sludge. Aerobic granular sludge was characterised by the outstanding settling properties and considerable contaminates removal efficiencies. The SVI30 values were in the range of 20 to 40 ml g(-1). However, the sludge volume index of short settling time (e.g. SVI10--10 min) is suggested to describe the fast settling properties of aerobic granular sludge. The potential application in the decentralised system is evaluated from the point view of footprint and high bioactivity. The occurrence of sloughing, resulting from the outgrowth of filamentous organisms, would be responsible for the instability of aerobic granules. The starvation phase should therefore be carefully controlled for the maintenance and stability of aerobic granular sludge system.
Assuntos
Esgotos/química , Purificação da Água/métodos , Aerobiose , Amônia/análise , Abastecimento de Água/normasRESUMO
A shortage of organic substances (COD) may cause problems for biological nutrient removal, that is, lower influent COD concentration leads to lower nutrient removal rates. Biological phosphorus removal and denitrification are reactions in which COD is indispensable. As for biological simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal systems, a competition problem of COD utilisation between polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs) and non-polyphosphate-accumulating denitrifiers is not avoided. From the viewpoint of effective utilisation of limited influent COD, denitrifying phosphorus-removing organisms (DN-PAOs) can be effective. In this study, DN-PAOs activities in modified UCT (pre-denitrification process) and DEPHANOX (post-denitrification process) wastewater treatments were compared. In conclusion, the post-denitrification systems can use influent COD more effectively and have higher nutrient removal efficiencies than the conventional pre-denitrification systems.
Assuntos
Reatores Biológicos , Nitrogênio/análise , Fosfatos/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Purificação da Água/métodos , Aerobiose , Anaerobiose , Projetos Piloto , Esgotos/química , Purificação da Água/instrumentação , Purificação da Água/normasRESUMO
Villoglandular papillary adenocarcinoma (VGPA) of the uterine cervix is a rare neoplasm, and its treatment has rarely been reported. We report a patient with VGPA stage IIA responding to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel (60 mg/m2 as an intravenous infusion) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2 as an intra-arterial infusion). At 3 weeks after completing one course of this regimen, the tumor size was reduced from 5.3 x 4.0 cm to 2.0 x 2.0 cm (81.1% reduction), revealed by computed tomography. Accordingly, the patient underwent radical hysterectomy, and there have been no signs of recurrence. Thus, the combination of docetaxel and cisplatin is suggested to be useful for neoadjuvant chemotherapy of cervical adenocarcinoma.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Papilar/tratamento farmacológico , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/patologia , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administração & dosagem , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/patologia , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Cisplatino/administração & dosagem , Docetaxel , Feminino , Humanos , Histerectomia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Taxoides/administração & dosagem , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/cirurgiaRESUMO
Recently, water pollution with high concentrations of organic matter has occurred frequently in Hakata Bay. It is said that a high level of primary production provides much organic matter and affects water quality of the bay, and it is proved by the appearance of phytoplankton throughout the year. In this study, we simulated variations of phytoplankton population with a box-type model using monthly data in a long-term measurement and we analyzed the final growth rate changes of phytoplanktons that explain the conditions for its appearance. Consequently, we found that the final growth rate varies with pattern of half-year periodicity and water temperature and/or ambient nutrient controls the final growth rate to be low every January and July.
Assuntos
Modelos Teóricos , Fotossíntese , Fitoplâncton , Poluentes da Água/efeitos adversos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Japão , Nitrogênio , Periodicidade , Fósforo , Dinâmica Populacional , Estações do Ano , TemperaturaRESUMO
To examine the generation probability of oxygen-depleted sea water in Hakata Bay, possible 20 time-series of different hourly-solar-radiation intensities were generated stochastically, and a numerical simulation on dissolved oxygen was carried out for each time series. The results of the model calibration followed the seasonal variation of observed water quality well, and generated cumulative-frequency-distribution curves of daily solar radiation agreed well with the observed ones. The simulation results indicated that the exchange of sea water would have a great influence on the DO concentration, and that the concentration could change more than 1 mg/L in a day. This prediction method seems to be an effective way to examine a solution to minimize fishery damages when DO is depleted.
Assuntos
Eutrofização , Modelos Teóricos , Oxigênio/análise , Luz Solar , Animais , Monitoramento Ambiental , Pesqueiros , Japão , SolubilidadeRESUMO
The effect of hyperoxia on the level of three phospholipase C (PLC) isozymes (beta1, gamma1, delta1) was assessed in the rat cerebral cortex. When the rats were exposed to 100% oxygen for 60 h, there was a significant reduction in the catalytic activity of low molecular weight phosphotyrosine phosphatase, which was susceptible to activity loss under oxidative stress. The result suggests that oxidative stress is induced in the rat cerebral cortex through hyperoxia. The protein levels of PLC-beta1 and -delta1 were significantly increased in the cerebral cortex where oxidative stress had been induced, although that of PLC-gamma1 was not altered. There was no significant difference in the total PLC activity of the cerebral cortex between hyperoxia and control rats. Using gel filtration chromatography, it was revealed that the PLC-beta1 activity in the cerebral cortex of the hyperoxia rats was higher than that in the control rats, but the PLC-delta1 activity in the former did not differ from that in the latter, despite an increase in the PLC-delta1 protein level. These findings suggest that the PLC-beta1 and -delta1 protein levels of brain tissues are increased by oxidative stress, and that the increased PLC-delta1 molecule is less active.
Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/enzimologia , Oxigênio , Fosfolipases Tipo C/metabolismo , Aerobiose/fisiologia , Animais , Hiperóxia/metabolismo , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Masculino , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos WistarRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relationship between cyclin E mRNA overexpression and p53 protein accumulation in epithelial ovarian cancers. METHODS: mRNA was isolated and cDNA was prepared from 36 epithelial ovarian tumors (three adenomas, three low malignant potential tumors, and 30 carcinomas), and six normal ovaries. The cyclin E mRNA expression levels relative to an internal control, beta-tubulin, were determined by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cyclin E and p53 protein expression in ovarian cancer tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry using the same series of samples. Fisher exact test of significance and an unpaired t test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Considerable levels of cyclin E mRNA were detected in all normal ovaries and ovarian tumor samples examined by semiquantitative PCR amplification. mRNA levels of cyclin E were significantly higher in nine of 30 (30%) ovarian cancers compared with those in normal ovaries. The immunohistochemical expression of cyclin E protein was confirmed in the nuclei of tumor cells in 13 of 30 (43%) ovarian cancers. p53 protein accumulation was detected in 12 of 30 (40%) ovarian cancers examined. There was a significant inverse correlation between cyclin E mRNA overexpression and p53 protein accumulation (P <.01, Fisher exact test). CONCLUSIONS: Cyclin E mRNA overexpression frequently occurs in ovarian cancers without p53 protein accumulation. Cyclin E might have an important effect on the development of a limited number of ovarian cancers.
Assuntos
Adenoma/metabolismo , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Ciclina E/genética , Expressão Gênica , Neoplasias Ovarianas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Adenoma/química , Ciclina E/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Neoplasias Ovarianas/química , Ovário/química , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , RNA Mensageiro/análise , Tubulina (Proteína)/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/químicaRESUMO
The primary production of phytoplanktons provides organic matter in high concentration in eutrophicated Hakata bay in Japan, even during the winter season in spite of low water temperature. Phytoplanktons may have the biological capabilities to maintain activities of photosynthesis under unfavorable conditions, and these capabilities affect water quality in the bays. In this study, characteristics of primary production were analyzed with a simple box-type ecosystem model. We introduced a concept of efficiency for absorption of sunlight energy to our simulation model of water quality to explain rather high growth rates of phytoplanktons in low sunlight intensity. Through simulation with a box model, we found that the efficiency of primary production in winter is higher than that in summer. It was suggested that the organic pollution comes from dissolved organic carbon (DOC) throughout the year and that the DOC is originated from the primary production of phytoplanktons in biological response of the seasonal change of ambient conditions.
Assuntos
Eutrofização , Modelos Teóricos , Fotossíntese , Fitoplâncton , Poluição da Água , Adsorção , Carbono/metabolismo , Monitoramento Ambiental , Japão , Compostos Orgânicos , Estações do Ano , Luz Solar , TemperaturaRESUMO
Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC), a sphingolipid, concentration-dependently (1-50 microM) induced contraction and slight elevation of the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in smooth muscle of the pig coronary artery, the result being a marked increase in the force/[Ca(2+)](i) ratio. In alpha-toxin- or beta-escin-permeabilized, but not Triton X-100-permeabilized, vascular strips, SPC induced contraction at constant [Ca(2+)](i) (pCa 6.3) in the absence of GTP, whereas a G-protein-coupled receptor agonist, histamine, required the presence of GTP to induce the contraction. The Rho-kinase blocker, Y-27632 (10 microM) abolished the SPC-induced Ca(2+)-sensitization, without affecting the Ca(2+)-induced contraction. These results suggest that SPC induces Ca(2+)-sensitization of force in vascular smooth muscle, presumably through the activation of Rho-kinase (or a related kinase).
Assuntos
Cálcio/metabolismo , Vasos Coronários/fisiologia , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Músculo Liso Vascular/fisiologia , Fosforilcolina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases/metabolismo , Esfingosina/análogos & derivados , Amidas/farmacologia , Animais , Vasos Coronários/efeitos dos fármacos , Citosol/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Guanosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Histamina/farmacologia , Técnicas In Vitro , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intracelular , Cinética , Contração Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Músculo Liso Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilcolina/farmacologia , Potássio/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Esfingosina/farmacologia , Suínos , Quinases Associadas a rhoRESUMO
A 65-year-old man with multiple hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) underwent intra-hepato-arterial chemotherapy (IHAC) through an implantable port over a period of 10 months after transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) had been performed three times. TAE was performed twice more, and radiotherapy (total dose, 30 Gy; given over a 3-week period) was given for progressive disease in the lateral segment of the liver. Three months after the radiotherapy had finished, the patient suddenly developed melena. Diagnostic imaging revealed gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage from HCC invading the stomach, and total gastrectomy and lateral segmentectomy of the liver were performed because the bleeding could not be controlled. The resected specimen disclosed a centrally necrotic tumor that had invaded the lesser gastric curvature and perforated into the lumen. Pathology examination revealed that the HCC had expansively invaded the gastric mucosa, resulting in exposure in the lumen. The possible mechanisms of direct GI invasion by HCC are briefly discussed, with a review of the literature. GI bleeding secondary to involvement by HCC is rare. The enteric radiation injury seems to have been largely responsible for the GI bleeding in this patient.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/etiologia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/complicações , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Idoso , Quimioterapia do Câncer por Perfusão Regional/métodos , Terapia Combinada , Embolização Terapêutica/métodos , Evolução Fatal , Gastrectomia , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Gastrointestinal/cirurgia , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Masculino , Invasividade Neoplásica , Radioterapia , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
We report herein the unusual case of a 66-year-old woman found to have adenocarcinoma arising in a tailgut cyst. The patient had been observed for 6 months following the discovery of a presacral cystic mass measuring 10 x 9 cm for which she had refused surgery. The serum tumor marker, carcinoembryonic antigen, became slightly elevated, and diagnostic imaging distinctly revealed a tumorous lesion with papillary projection into the cyst lumen. The cystic mass was then excised through the transsacral approach. The pathological findings were compatible with moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma arising in a tailgut cyst. This entity is extremely rare, and only six cases, including our own, have been reported in the English literature. Early complete excision is advised because it is almost impossible to determine for certain whether presacral cystic masses are benign or malignant prior to surgery.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Cistos/patologia , Região Sacrococcígea/patologia , Adenocarcinoma/complicações , Adenocarcinoma/cirurgia , Idoso , Antígeno Carcinoembrionário/sangue , Cistos/complicações , Cistos/cirurgia , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
From the study on correlation between the depth of cancer invasion and the results of surgery, early cancer of the biliary tract may be defined as cancer cell invasion limited to the mucosal or muscularis propria in the case of carcinoma of the gallbladder, and to the mucosal or fibro-muscular layer in the case of carcinoma of the bile duct. With few exceptions, these tumors had no lymph node metastasis, venous invasion, perineural infiltration or involvement of the lymphatic vessels. Since the cumulative 5-year survival rate was 100% after resection of early cancer, the choice of surgical procedures was considered to be extended cholecystectomy for early cancer of the gallbladder, and the standard radical resective operation for early cancer of the bile duct. An accurate diagnosis was not made preoperatively in most cases of early cancer of the biliary tract. The diagnostic approach is discussed, including the recently developed imaging modalities, such as endoscopic ultrasonography and percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy or cholangioscopy.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Papilar/patologia , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/patologia , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/mortalidade , Adenocarcinoma Papilar/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/diagnóstico , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/mortalidade , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Colangiografia , Colecistectomia , Feminino , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/diagnóstico , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/mortalidade , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/patologia , Neoplasias da Vesícula Biliar/cirurgia , Humanos , Japão/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
We treated 65 patients with carcinoma of the hepatic duct confluence between 1976 and 1991, 57 (87.7%) of whom were treated surgically; of the 57, 55(96.5%) underwent resection. Radical resection was performed at a rate of 50.9%. Procedures for these 55 patients included resection of the extrahepatic bile duct plus hepatectomy (n = 33; 60.0%), and resection of the duct without hepatectomy (n = 22; 40.0%). In addition, the caudate lobe was resected in 28 of these patients, and the portal vein, hepatic artery, or both were resected in 6. The overall operative morbidity was 21.8%; morbidity occurred in 33.3% of patients with hepatectomy, a significantly higher percent than the 4.5% rate in those without hepatectomy (p < 0.05). Operative death occurred in only 1.9%. As the depth of cancer invasion in the bile duct wall advanced, the incidence of tumor spread (e.g., lymphatic permeation, venous invasion, perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis) increased significantly. The prevalence of extramural tumor extensions in a transverse direction was higher than that in the longitudinal direction along the bile duct wall; and the distance from the margin of the primary tumor to the site of tumor extensions along the bile duct wall was much longer on the hepatic side than on the duodenal side. Cancer invasion of the caudate lobe was observed in 36.4%, and invasion at the surgical margins was found more frequently in those without hepatectomy than those with hepatectomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Assuntos
Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/cirurgia , Ducto Hepático Comum , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Neoplasias dos Ductos Biliares/mortalidade , Feminino , Hepatectomia , Ducto Hepático Comum/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
Based on the histological findings of 1,686 resected cases of gallbladder carcinoma and operative results collected from 172 major hospitals in Japan, the present status of radical operation was assessed with respect to the relationship between the depth of carcinoma invasion and the operative results. The depth of carcinoma invasion was classified into 5 groups, i.e., limited to the mucosal layer (m) in 11.9%, advanced to the proper muscle layer (pm) in 9.8%, extending to the subserosal layer (ss) in 29.6%, serosal involvement (se) in 21.8%, and carcinoma invading the adjacent organs (si) in 26.9%. Tumor extension, such as lymph node metastasis, invasion of lymphatic and venous vessels, and perineural infiltration, were observed more frequently in patients with ss, se, and si than in those with m and pm. The cumulative 5-year survival rates were 82.6% and 72.5% in patients with m and pm, which were significantly higher than 37.0%, 14.7%, and 7.5% in those with ss, se, and si, respectively. The choice of operative procedures should depend on the depth of carcinoma invasion. Cholecystectomy alone is done only in patients with tumor limited to the mucosa, and more radical procedures such as extended cholecystectomy should be performed in those with carcinoma invasion beyond the mucosa. Pancreatoduodenectomy is indicated in those with lymph node metastasis posterior to the head of the pancreas and with invasion to the duodenum. When the tumor directly invades the liver, major hepatic resection is recommended.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)