Endogenous Brassinosteroids Are Involved in the Formation of Salt Resistance in Plants.

The endogenous brassinosteroid (BS) profile was for the first time shown to change in response to salt stress in potato plants. A group of 6-keto-BSs was identified and found to significantly increase in content during salinization in contrast to other groups of hormones examined. A tenfold reduction in the level of endogenous BSs in mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants with impaired biosynthesis (det2) (or reception (bri1)) of phytosteroids decreased their salt resistance, as evidenced by a lower efficiency of photochemical processes of photosystem II (PSII) and growth inhibition. The results confirmed the idea that endogenous BSs are involved in the formation of salt resistance in plants.

Polymetallic Stress Changes the Endogenous Status of Brassinosteroids and Reduces the Effectiveness of Photochemical Reactions Photosystem II in Barley Plants.

The effect of polymetallic stress (Mn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, and Al3+) of different duration and intensity on the endogenous brassinosteroids (BS) content and photochemical activity of photosystem II in barley plants was studied. The content of steroid hormones was determined by a two-stage enzyme immunoassay. It was established for the first time that barley plants responded to polymetallic stress by changing the endogenous content of various phytosteroid groups (24S-methylBS, 24-epiBS, 28-homoBS, B-lactoneBS, and 6-ketoBS). It was shown that the stress-dependent dynamics of changes in the endogenous content of various BS groups is characterized by organ specificity and is determined by the age of plants, the intensity of the acting stressor, and the specificity of brassinosteroids. The observed changes in the endogenous status of BS in barley plants under polymetallic stress are accompanied by inhibition of growth processes, a decrease in the content of the main photosynthetic pigments, and a slight decrease in the efficiency of photochemical processes in PS II (Fv/Fm, ETR, qN, and NPQ). Considering the multifunctional stress-protective effect of brassinosteroids, it is assumed that the change in the endogenous status of BS against the background of polymetallic pollution is adaptive and allows minimizing the damaging effects of toxic heavy metals and aluminum.

Development of a Test System to Detect the Omicron Variant of SARS-CoV-2 and the Frequency of Its Detection in Patients.

We developed a new test system to detect the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 using allele-specific reverse transcription PCR and estimated the frequency of its detection in patients living in the Novosibirsk Region. Clinical samples were divided into 3 groups: samples collected from December 1 to December 30, 2021 (group 1; n=66), from December 30, 2021 to January 10, 2022 (group 2; n=20), and from January 11 to January 22, 2022 (group 3; n=101). Based on the identification of 5 mutations specific to SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.1.529), two systems of oligonucleotide primers and probes were developed for detecting this coronavirus genotype in clinical samples. Limit of detection (LOD95) was 4×103 genome equivalents per 1 ml of clinical sample for the first test system and 2×103 for the for the second test system. The omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 was absent in group 1 of studied samples, but was detected in 20% (4/20) of group 2 samples and 88% of group 2 samples collected within less than 2 weeks of January 2022. Using developed test system, we showed that in less than 2 weeks the omicron variant has become dominant in patients, which confirms previously published data on its exceptional contagiousness.

Comparison of Protective Reactions of Rape Seeds to Chloride Salination at Exposure to Epibrassinolide before or during Salt Stress.

We compared the defensive response of rape plants to treatment with 24-epibrassinoldide (10 nM, EBL) before the onset of salt stress (preadaptation stage) and under conditions of chloride salination (150 mM NaCl). It is shown that salt stress inhibits some growth parameters by 30-35%. EBL, regardless of the plant treatment method, showed a pronounced protective effect, first of all, at the level of the assimilating surface, the main photosynthetic pigments, and the photochemical activity of photosystem II. It was established for the first time that the pretreatment of plants with EBL followed by salt stress is accompanied by suppression of NaCl-induced accumulation of proline and an increase in superoxide dismutase activity, whereas the addition of a hormone under salt stress increases the content of carotenoids, which leads to a decrease in the level of lipid peroxidation.

Exogenic Melatonin Reduces the Toxic Effect of Polymetallic Stress on Barley Plants.

The effect of melatonin on growth parameters, the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PS II), the content of the main photosynthetic pigments, and lipid peroxidation in barley plant leaves under polymetallic stress were studied. Melatonin reduces the toxic effect of polymetals on biomass accumulation, root growth, and maintenance of the assimilating surface. The protective action of the hormone is based on its ability to reduce the intensity of oxidative stress by maintaining the level of carotenoids and increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, but not by regulating the photochemical activity of chloroplasts. The effectiveness of melatonin does not depend on the duration of exposure. The data obtained can be the basis for optimizing the use of melatonin as a plant priming inducer.

Interpretable Feature Generation in ECG Using a Variational Autoencoder.

We propose a method for generating an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal for one cardiac cycle using a variational autoencoder. Our goal was to encode the original ECG signal using as few features as possible. Using this method we extracted a vector of new 25 features, which in many cases can be interpreted. The generated ECG has quite natural appearance. The low value of the Maximum Mean Discrepancy metric, 3.83 × 10-3, indicates good quality of ECG generation too. The extracted new features will help to improve the quality of automatic diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases. Generating new synthetic ECGs will allow us to solve the issue of the lack of labeled ECG for using them in supervised learning.

Cold and distant: structural features of the nucleoprotein complex of a cold-adapted influenza A virus strain.

Two influenza A nucleoprotein variants (wild-type: G102R; and mutant: G102R and E292G) were studied with regard to macro-molecular interactions in oligomeric form (24-mers). The E292G mutation has been previously shown to provide cold adaptation. Molecular dynamics simulations of these complexes and trajectory analysis showed that the most significant difference between the obtained models was distance between nucleoprotein complex strands. The isolated complexes of two ribonucleoprotein variants were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). Presence of the E292G substitution was shown by DSF to affect nucleoprotein complex melting temperature. In the filament interface peptide model, it was shown that the peptide corresponding in primary structure to the wild-type NP (SGYDFEREGYS) is prone to temperature-dependent self-association, unlike the peptide corresponding to E292G substitution (SGYDFGREGYS). It was also shown that the SGYDFEREGYS peptide is capable of interacting with a monomeric nucleoprotein (wild type); this interaction's equilibrium dissociation constant is five orders of magnitude lower than for the SGYDFGREGYS peptide. Using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), the supramolecular structures of isolated complexes of these proteins were studied at temperatures of 15, 32, and 37 °C. SANS data show that the structures of the studied complexes at elevated temperature differ from the rod-like particle model and react differently to temperature changes. The data suggest that the mechanism behind cold adaptation with E292G is associated with a weakening of the interaction between strands of the ribonucleoprotein complex and, as a result, the appearance of inter-chain interface flexibility necessary for complex function at low temperature.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Melatonin Supports Photochemical Activity of Assimilation Apparatus and Delays Senescence of Leaves of Monocotyledonous Plants.

Melatonin supports the photochemical activity of photosystem II (PS II) and slows down the degradation of the main photosynthetic pigments during aging of leaves of monocotyledonous plants. The protective effect of melatonin is manifested in an increase in the maximum (Fv/Fm) and effective (Y(II)) quantum yield of PS II, in an increase of regulated (Y(NPQ)) and a decrease in unregulated dissipation of excitation energy (Y(NO)). These effects are based on the ability of melatonin to reduce the intensity of oxidative stress by maintaining a high level of carotenoids, which exhibit pronounced antioxidant properties, during aging.

Jasmonic Acid Enhances the Potato Plant Resistance to the Salt Stress in Vitro.

The protective effect of jasmonic acid (JA) was evaluated under the stress conditions (100 mM NaCl). The potato plants Solanum tuberosum L, mid-season variety Lugovskoy, were used in the experiments. The plant-regenerants were grafted and grown in test tubes on the modified Murashige and Skoog agar medium in the absence (control) or presence of JA at concentrations of 0.001, 0.1, and 10 µM under the optimal conditions or with addition of NaCl. After 28 days of cultivation, the growth (stem and root lengths, tier and leaf numbers, and plant mass) and physiological (proline and photosynthetic pigment contents and teh osmotic potential of cell exudate) characteristics of the plants were assessed. Jasmonic acid (0.1 and 10 µM) has been demonstrated to display a pronounced protective effect on potato plants under the salt stress condition. JA abolished partially the negative salt effect on the main photosynthetic pigments and maintained the cell osmotic status during salinization.

The Endogenous Brassinosteroid Content and Balance in Potato Microclones Is Determined by Organ Specificity and the Variety Ripening Term.

The brassinosteroid (BS) profiles in shoots and roots of the potato plants were shown to be organ-specific and dependent on the term of variety ripening. The amount of all studied groups of steroid phytohormones proved to be an order of magnitude higher in roots than in shoots. In roots, the brassinosteroid lactones predominated, while in shoots, their biogenetic precursors, 6-ketones, were prevailing. The early-ripening variety Zhukovsky Early is characterized by a high content of almost all BS groups (first of all, brassinolide group) and a relatively high content of B-lactones in shoots. With aging, the content of B-lactones in plants decreases, while that of B-ketones grows up.

Prion Diseases: actual clinical and diagnostic aspects

Recently, the problem of neurodegenerative diseases in the medical community has become increasingly relevant. This is due to many factors: from insufficiently studied mechanisms of development of some nosological units to low awareness of medical workers. Among neurodegenerative diseases in humans, prions constitute a very specific group, which are infectious protein particles with a unique morphological structure and capable of causing a number of incurable diseases. Despite years of research, no optimal remedy has yet been found to treat them. This review examines the already studied aspects of prion diseases as a class, including small historical background, features of ethiology, pathogenesis, course and outcome of the most common of them, as well as existing research on experimental methods of diagnostics, treatment and prevention of prion infections.

Tolerance of Potato Plants to Chloride Salinity Is Regulated by Selective Light.

Potato plant tolerance to chloride salinity rose after short-term exposure to blue light, which has been first shown in this study. The protective effect of blue light was based on its ability to stimulate the accumulation of low-molecular weight organic compounds with antioxidant activity.

5D operando tomographic diffraction imaging of a catalyst bed.

We report the results from the first 5D tomographic diffraction imaging experiment of a complex Ni-Pd/CeO2-ZrO2/Al2O3 catalyst used for methane reforming. This five-dimensional (three spatial, one scattering and one dimension to denote time/imposed state) approach enabled us to track the chemical evolution of many particles across the catalyst bed and relate these changes to the gas environment that the particles experience. Rietveld analysis of some 2 × 106 diffraction patterns allowed us to extract heterogeneities in the catalyst from the Å to the nm and to the µm scale (3D maps corresponding to unit cell lattice parameters, crystallite sizes and phase distribution maps respectively) under different chemical environments. We are able to capture the evolution of the Ni-containing species and gain a more complete insight into the multiple roles of the CeO2-ZrO2 promoters and the reasons behind the partial deactivation of the catalyst during partial oxidation of methane.

The Priming of Potato Plants Induced by Brassinosteroids Reduces Oxidative Stress and Increases Salt Tolerance.

This is the first study to show that brief pretreatment of potato plants with two brassinosteroids differing in structure causes in plants the ability to react to delayed salt stress by accumulation of compounds with antioxidant activity and by increased salt tolerance.

Long-term hyperthermia impairs activity of both photosystems.

This is the first study to perform a simultaneous analysis of the activity of photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 after long-term exposure to elevated temperature. It was found that the quantum yield of photochemical reactions decreases in both photosystems. It is shown that, in photosystem 2, the regulated nonphotochemical quenching decreases whereas the unregulated non-photochemical quenching increases. In photosystem 1, limitation on both acceptor and donor sides increases.

[CHARACTERISTIC OF ALTERATIONS OF ARTERIES IN PATIENTS WITH ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE AND CHRONIC HEPATITIS C].

The article presents an assessment of degree and type of atherosclerosis of coronary and non-coronary vessels in old patients with ischemic heart disease associated with chronic viral hepatitis C (VHC), the incidence of myocardial infarction and the possibility of participation chronic VHC in atherogenesis. Patients with ischemic heart disease have correlation of atherosclerosis of arteries with age, hypercholesterinemia. Patients without chronic VHC more often give a higher risk of myocardial infarction, especially in early period (1-1,5 years) of onset of ischemic heart disease clinical implications. Patients with ischemic heart disease associated with chronic viral hepatitis C more often have generalized alterations in vessels, multifocal type of alteration. So, participation of VHC in atherogenesis is most probably connected with maintenance of chronic immune inflammation in vascular endothelium.

[MODERN APPROACHES TO THE SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR EARLY-STAGE ENDOMETRIAL CANCER].

The article is devoted to one of the most controversial issues of modern oncogynecology--the volume of surgery for endometrial cancer of early stages. There are discussed the indications for lymphadenectomy and its volume as well as how correlate performing lymphadenectomy and conducting postoperative radiotherapy.

[Induction chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer].

The main methods of treatment for cervical cancer are surgery, radiotherapy or their combination. During past two decades chemotherapy are increasingly being used not only in patients with disseminated forms of this disease but also in patients undergoing chemoradiotherapy or as induction therapy. Possibilities of adjuvant chemotherapy for cervical cancer are being studied. According to A.D.Kaprin and V.V. Starinskiy in 2013 in Russia, 32% of patients with newly diagnosed cervical cancer underwent only radiation therapy, 32%--combined or complex treatment, 27.3%--only surgery, and just 8.7%--chemoradiotherapy.

[Influence of abscisic acid and fluridone on the content of phytohormones and polyamines and the level of oxidative stress in plants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. under salinity].

The effect of abscisic acid (ABA) and fluridone on the content of endogenous phytohormones and free polyamines and the intensity of oxidative stress was studied in plants of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. under salinity. It was shown that the pretreatment of plant roots with 1 µM ABA, followed by the action of 300 mM NaCl, caused a protective effect and improved the physiological state of the plants, which was manifested in increased biomass and content of available cytokinins and reduced values of the indicators of oxidative stress. It was noted that the inhibitor fluridone reduced the effect of ABA and acted as a pro-oxidant.

[Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria in soda lake stratified sediments].

Various previously developed techniques for DNA extraction from the samples with complex physicochemical structure (soils, silts, and sediments) and modifications of these techniques developed in the present work were tested. Their usability for DNA extraction from the sediments of the Kulunda Steppe hypersaline soda lakes was assessed, and the most efficient procedure for indirect (two-stage) DNA extraction was proposed. Almost complete separation of the cell fraction was shown, as well as the inefficiency of nested PCR for analysis of the clone libraries obtained from washed sediments by amplification of the 16S rRNA gene fragments. Analysis of the clone library obtained from the cell fractions of stratified sediments (upper, medium, and lower layers) revealed that in the sediments of Lake Gorchina-3 most eubacterial phylotypes belonged to the class Clostridia, phylum Firmicutes. They were probably specific for this habitatand formed a new, presently unknown high-rank taxon. The data obtained revealed no pronounced stratification of the spe- cies diversity of the eubacterial component of the microbial community inhabiting the sediments (0-20 cm) in the inshore zone of Lake Gorchina-3.