RESUMO
Recently, LEDs with various light qualities have been used in closed plant factories, and they are known to have different effects on the growth and quality of crops. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the change in growth and quality in mini red romaine lettuce using LEDs with various light qualities. Wide red spectrum (WRS)-LEDs, blue (B)-LEDs, blue + red (BR)-LEDs, red (R)-LEDs, and white (W)-LEDs were used as the artificial light sources. Regarding growth, the R-LED treatment showed the most positive effect, but the leaf shape was not normal and the Hunter b* value was not suitable because it was higher than that of the other treatments. The Hunter a*, SPAD, and NDVI values of the B- and BR-LED treatments were effective, but this was not the case for those of the R- and W-LED treatments. The anthocyanin reflectance index 1 (ARI1) was 20 times higher in the B-LED treatment than in the R-LED treatment, and the ascorbic acid content was the highest in the WRS-LED treatment. In the sensory evaluation, bitterness and sweetness showed opposite tendencies. Regarding the overall preference, the BR-LED treatment received the highest score. Correlation analysis showed that the bitterness was closely correlated with the anthocyanin content and leaf color. Taken together, BR-LEDs provided a good top fresh weight, dark red leaves, and high anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents, with the highest overall preference; therefore, BR-LEDs were the most suitable for the cultivation of mini red romaine lettuce.
RESUMO
This study investigated the effects of supplemental inter-lighting on paprika (cv. Nagano RZ) in South Korea in summer using various LED light sources. The following LED inter-lighting treatments were used: QD-IL (blue + wide-red + far-red inter-lighting), CW-IL (cool-white inter-lighting), and B+R-IL (blue + red (1:2) inter-lighting). To investigate the effect of supplemental lighting on each canopy, top-lighting (CW-TL) was also used. Additionally, a control without supplemental lighting was included for comparison. Significant variations were observed in the plant growth indexes 42 days after treatment. The SPAD values and total chlorophyll content in the last period of cultivation were significantly higher than those of the control. In November, the marketable fruit yield was significantly higher than that of the control. QD-IL, CW-IL, and CW-TL resulted in significantly higher values of total soluble solids than the control, and CW-IL resulted in higher values of ascorbic acid content than the control. Regarding the economic analysis, CW-IL resulted in the highest net income rate (12.70%) compared with the control. Therefore, the light sources of CW-IL were assessed as suitable for supplemental lighting due to the highest total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, and net income rate obtained.
RESUMO
The effect of 10% CO2 pre-storage treatment for 12, 24, and 48 h alongside modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on chilling injury was determined in this study. This study found significant interactions between chilling injuries and cell membrane damage indicators. The results show that chilling injuries can be somewhat reduced by the use of CO2 treatment for sweet peppers. It was noticed that the fruit's respiration rate increased as the treatment duration increased immediately after the treatments, while the resultant did not affect the ethylene production rate, electrolyte leakage, or malondialdehyde. Similarly, after cold storage and on the final day, no really significant differences were shown in all those parameters except for the weight loss rate, chilling injury, calyx browning, and firmness, which were at the poorest state in the control group. Of all the treatments in this study, MAP appeared to be the best treatment, and preference may be given to the 24 h treatment of pretreated fruits. Weight loss, firmness, calyx browning, and chilling injury were maintained best in MAP due to the presence of CO2 and high humidity.
RESUMO
This study investigated the anti-osteoclastic effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) through suppression of Nox1-mediated superoxide anions production. The multi-nucleated cells were counted and followed by measuring their tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity. The superoxide anion production was determined by using fluorescent probe dihydroethidium (DHE). After one day of exposure to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), the expression of the proteins involved in superoxide anion production was determined by western blotting. A potent anti-osteoclastic effect of CAPE was observed; the superoxide anion level reached a maximum value after one day of incubation. CAPE attenuated the expression of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase 1 (Nox1) and Rac1, and mitigated the RANKL-induced translocation of p47phox to the cell membrane. In addition, CAPE suppressed the expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB p65), its translocation to the nucleus, and the activation of NF-κB inhibitor (IκBα) and its kinase (IKKß). Furthermore, CAPE diminished the expression and activation of the c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and the expression of protein-1 activators (AP-1) such as c-Fos and c-Jun. The expression of Nox1 was suppressed by CAPE through the down-regulation of IKKß/IκBα/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 signal pathway. This study provides evidence that the anti-osteoclastic effect of CAPE depends upon the attenuated superoxide anion production, which is closely related with interruption of an active Nox1 complex formation due to the attenuated catalytic subunit Nox1 expression resulting from suppression of the IKKß/IκBα/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway and the down-regulation of the p47phox subunit translocation to the cell membrane.