Continuing professional development (CPD) system development, implementation, evaluation and sustainability for healthcare professionals in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a rapid scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Policymakers and program developers in low-and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) are increasingly seeking evidence-based information and guidance on how to successfully develop and implement continuing professional development (CPD) systems. We conducted a rapid scoping review to map and synthesize what is known regarding the development, implementation, evaluation and sustainability of CPD systems for healthcare professionals in LLMICs. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE, CINAHL and Web of Science. Reference lists were screened and a cited reference search of included articles was conducted. Supplementary information on the CPD systems identified in the articles was also identified via an online targeted grey literature search. English, French and Spanish literature published from 2011 to 2021 were considered. Data were extracted and combined and summarized according to country/region and healthcare profession via tables and narrative text. RESULTS: We included 15 articles and 23 grey literature sources. Africa was the region most represented followed by South and Southeast Asia and the Middle East. The literature most often referred to CPD systems for nurses and midwives; CPD systems for physicians were frequently referred to as well. Findings show that leadership and buy-in from key stakeholders, including government bodies and healthcare professional organizations, and a framework are essential for the development, implementation and sustainability of a CPD system in a LLMIC. The guiding framework should incorporate a regulatory perspective, as well as a conceptual lens (that informs CPD objectives and methods), and should consider contextual factors (support for CPD, healthcare context and population health needs). In terms of important steps to undertake, these include: a needs assessment; drafting of a policy, which details the regulations (laws/norms), the CPD requirements and an approach for monitoring, including an accreditation mechanism; a financing plan; identification and production of appropriate CPD materials and activities; a communication strategy; and an evaluation process. CONCLUSION: Leadership, a framework and a clearly delineated plan that is responsive to the needs and context of the setting, are essential for the development, implementation and sustainability of a CPD system for healthcare professionals in a LLMIC.

Nursing Students and Nurses' Recommendations Aiming at Improving the Development of the Humanistic Caring Competency.

BACKGROUND: Most nursing education programs prepare their students to embody humanism and caring as it is expected by several regulatory bodies. Ensuring this embodiment in students and nurses remains a challenge because there is a lack of evidence about its progressive development through education and practice. PURPOSE: This manuscript provides a description of nursing students' and nurses' recommendations that can foster the development of humanistic caring. METHODS: Interpretive phenomenology was selected as the study's methodological approach. Participants (n = 26) were recruited from a French-Canadian university and an affiliated university hospital. Data was collected through individual interviews. Data analysis consisted of an adaptation of Benner's (1994) phenomenological principles that resulted in a five-stage interpretative process. RESULTS: The following five themes emerged from the phenomenological analysis of participants' recommendations: 1) pedagogical strategies, 2) educators' approach, 3) considerations in teaching humanistic caring, 4) work overload, and 5) volunteerism and externship. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest the existence of a challenge when using mannikins in high-fidelity simulations with the intention of developing humanistic caring. The findings also reaffirm the importance of giving concrete and realistic exemplars of humanistic caring to students in order to prevent them from making "communication" synonymous to "humanization of care".

Script Concordance Approach in Nursing Education.

BACKGROUND: The script concordance approach aims at triggering judgments in simulated contexts of uncertainty. PROBLEM: Nursing students need to be prepared to manage the uncertainty of clinical practice. APPROACH: The purpose of this article is to describe the theoretical foundation and the pedagogical use of the script concordance approach, as well as to present the current state of nursing evidence on the subject. The script concordance approach includes (1) script concordance testing, which is a quantitative examination that evaluates clinical reasoning; (2) a face-to-face script concordance activity; and (3) a digital educational strategy based on script concordance delivered via an online teaching/learning platform that aims to support clinical reasoning development. CONCLUSIONS: Relying on questioning and experts' modeling, the script concordance offers an innovative pedagogical approach that approximates the uncertainty of clinical practice.

Humanistic caring, a nursing competency: modelling a metamorphosis from students to accomplished nurses.

BACKGROUND: Most nursing regulatory bodies expect nurses to learn to be humanistic and caring. However, the learning process and the developmental stages of this competency remain poorly documented in the nursing literature. METHODS: The study used interpretive phenomenology, and 26 participants (students and nurses) were individually interviewed. Benner's (1994) method was adapted and concretised into a five-phase phenomenological analysis to assist with intergroup comparisons. RESULTS: Critical milestones and developmental indicators were identified for each of the five stages of the 'humanistic caring' competency. Satisfaction and meaning at work seemed closely connected to the development of 'humanistic caring'. Links emerged between the development of 'humanistic caring' and three other competencies. CONCLUSIONS: Nurse educators might insist on the fact that 'humanistic caring' goes beyond nurse-patient communication and that it is integrated in nursing care. The findings highlight that nurses' working conditions should be improved in order to uphold humanistic caring after graduation.

Facilitating and hindering experiences to the development of humanistic caring in the academic and clinical settings: an interpretive phenomenological study with nursing students and nurses.

Objectives This paper reports on nursing students' and nurses' lived experiences mediating their development of humanistic caring. Methods Using interpretive phenomenology, 26 participants were individually interviewed. A five-stage phenomenological analysis based on Benner's (Benner, P. (1994). Interpretive phenomenology: Embodiment, caring, and ethics in health and illness. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE) method occurred simultaneously. Results The analysis highlighted that the development of humanistic caring is affected by role models and counterexamples, environments in which humanistic caring is exalted or trivialized, communication-related courses, patient storytelling, and work overload. Conclusions It might be valuable to raise the awareness of nurse educators about their opportunity in shaping the development of students' humanistic caring.

[The Humanistic Model of Nursing Care - UdeM : an innovative and pragmatic perspective]. / Le Modèle humaniste des soins infirmiers -UdeM : perspective novatrice et pragmatique.

As in many other countries, Québec is not immune to healthcare reforms, which can unfortunately hinder quality of care as well as induce some dehumanization, both for the patients and the healthcare professionals. Thus, the « Humanistic Model of Nursing Care - UdeM ¼ (HMNC-UdeM) aspires to offer an innovative perspective that aims at improving the quality and the safety of care, in addition to satisfaction and well-being for both patients and nurses. While respecting their theoretical influences, the authors present their vision of the central concepts of the discipline and the Model's key concepts, seeking to make them more understandable, accessible, and applicable in nurses' daily practice. Therefore, the aim of this article is to raise awareness of the Model into the nursing community, to promote its implantation in nursing's spheres of activities, in addition to demonstrate its applicability and impact in nursing research. It appears that this model is promising for the renewal and the development of humanistic interventions for patients' care.