Raman spectra soft modeling of the biodiesel oxidation through evolving factor analysis & multivariate curve resolution.

The oxidative stability of biodiesel is defined by its relative resistance to the action of oxygen at room temperature. Its determination is an essential reference to the quality of biofuel and a significant parameter to be determined. This parameter concerns the quality of the biodiesel to be supplied to the consumer, and its determination is fundamental to maintaining the engine's proper functioning. Raman spectroscopy allows the rapid obtaining of structural information regarding biodiesel quality and, when aided by multivariate analysis methods, allows a quantitative determination of specific properties. This work uses Raman spectroscopy, Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternative Least Squares (MCR-ALS) method, and Evolving Factor Analysis (EFA) to study biodiesel's oxidation kinetics. Also, the vibrational modes C = C, CH2, and CH3 were identified as the main structural groups involved in this process, corroborating previous studies. The MCR-ALS & EFA combination allowed modeling of the degradation kinetics following an A â†’ B â†’ C mechanism, where A corresponds to the biodiesel (starting material), B is related to the hydroperoxide mixture, and C is the final product. The results also suggested that this process follows a first-order reaction, with kinetic constant values of k1 = 0.0056 min-1 and k2 = 0.0031 min-1.

How common is extra-articular knee deformity? How to achieve a ''safe zone'' alignment total knee arthroplasty in patients with extra-articular deformity.

The need for total knee arthroplasty is increasing considerably and one of the goals is to achieve post-surgical coronal alignment. Robotic surgical assistance achieves a functional alignment, which is a hip-knee-ankle angle of 0°. However, it is not possible to provide robotic assisted surgery to all our patients so we must include the full-length hip-to-ankle AP weight-bearing radiograph in preoperative planning to obtain a "safe zone" alignment, which is a post-surgical hip-knee-ankle Angle of 0 ± 3°. How can we achieve a "safe zone" alignment total knee arthroplasty in patients with extra-articular deformity?

La necesidad de artroplastia total de rodilla está aumentando considerablemente y uno de los objetivos es lograr la alineación coronal postquirúrgica. La asistencia quirúrgica robótica consigue una alineación funcional, que es un ángulo cadera-rodilla-tobillo de 0°. Sin embargo, no es posible ofrecer cirugía asistida por robot a todos nuestros pacientes, por lo que debemos incluir la radiografía AP de soporte de peso de cadera a tobillo de cuerpo entero en la planificación preoperatoria para obtener una alineación de "zona segura", que es un ángulo postquirúrgico cadera-rodilla-tobillo de 0 ± 3°. ¿Cómo podemos conseguir una artroplastia total de rodilla con alineación de "zona segura" en pacientes con deformidad extraarticular?

Camouflage therapy workshop for pediatric dermatology patients: a review of 6 cases.

Certain skin conditions, such as vitiligo, acne, vascular malformations, and surgical scars, can impair the quality of life of pediatric patients, especially adolescents-even to the point of hindering psychosocial development. We review the cases of 6 patients with discoloration or scarring, predominantly of the face, who attended our cosmetic camouflage workshops from January through December 2012. The quality-of-life impact of their skin disorder was assessed before and after workshop attendance. Cosmetic camouflage is an easily replicated, cheap, and noninvasive adjunctive treatment of great potential value in managing skin conditions that impair the physical and emotional well-being of pediatric patients.

Usefulness of a large field of view sensor for physicochemical, textural, and yield predictions under industrial goat cheese (Murcia al Vino) manufacturing conditions.

The applicability of a light backscatter sensor with a large field of view was tested for on-line monitoring of coagulation and syneresis in a goat cheese (Murcia al Vino) manufactured under industrial conditions. Cheesemaking was carried out concurrently in a 12-L pilot vat and a 10,000-L industrial vat following the normal cheesemaking protocol. Cheese moisture, whey fat content, hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness were measured during syneresis. The results obtained show that cutting time is best predicted by considering the coagulation ratio at the inflection point and the percentage increase in the ratio during coagulation, with no need for the first derivative. The large field of view reflectance ratio provided good results for the prediction of moisture content, yield, hardness, springiness, and adhesiveness of the final cheese.

Influence of lamb rennet paste on the lipolytic and sensory profile of Murcia al Vino cheese.

The influence of lamb rennet paste (71.1% chymosin, 177 international milk-clotting units/mL, 4.57U/g of lipase activity) during the ripening of Murcia al Vino goat cheese was studied. The aim of this study was to improve the knowledge of the effect of lamb rennet paste on the lipolytic patterns in this type of cheese by reference to the evolution of total and free fatty acids. A sensory analysis was carried out to compare cheeses made with commercial and paste rennet. The rennet paste showed higher lipolytic activity, enhancing the production of short-chain free fatty acids. In addition, the cheese produced with lamb rennet paste had a slightly more bitter and piquant taste, making it an attractive commercial alternative that can be used to develop new varieties of goat cheese.

Empleo de coagulantes vegetales en leche de cabra murciano-granadina / Use of vegetable coagulants in Murciano-Granadina goat milk

El uso de coagulantes alternativos en la fabricación del queso favorece la obtención de productos con diferentes características a los que habitualmente encontramos en el mercado. Los coagulantes vegetales más utilizados en la actualidad son los derivados de Cynara Cardunculus, ya que permiten la elaboración de variedades de quesos con características organolépticas diferentes, que son ampliamente aceptadas por consumidores. En este trabajo se ha comparado la actividad coagulante de dos extractos vegetales de la flor de cardo (cardo silvestre: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens y cardo cultivado: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus) comparándolos con coagulantes de origen animal y microbiano en leche de cabra Murciano-Granadina. Para ello se han utilizado dos métodos que definen el tiempo de coagulación: determinación visual de la aparición de los primeros flóculos (Método de Berridge) y la aplicación de sensores ópticos (CoAguLabTM). No se observan diferencias significativas en el perfil de reflectancia difusa, obtenido por el sensor CoAguLabTM entre los coagulantes vegetales y microbianos, pero si entre estos y los de origen animal con un 80% de quimosina. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la existencia de una correlación lineal entre ambos métodos, por lo que el sensor óptico podría ser una alternativa al método de Berridge(AU)

The uses of alternative coagulants in cheese manufacture increase the products variability usually found in the market. Most of the vegetable coagulants used today are derived from Cynara cardunculus which allow the development of cheeses with different sensory characteristics. In this study, the clotting activity of two vegetable coagulants (wild cardoon: Cynara cardunculus subsp. flavescens and cultivated cardoon: Cynara cardunculus subsp. cardunculus) was compared with animal rennet and microbial coagulant in Murciano-Granadina goat milk. Two different procedures have been applied: Berridge method and optic sensor (CoAguLabTM). The corresponding means of vegetable, animal and microbial coagulant reflectance profiles obtained by CoAguLabTM were compared and no differences were found between vegetal and microbial coagulants, while differences were found between these and animal rennet (80% chymosin). Monitoring results showed the existence of a linear relationship between both methods, so that the optical sensor could be an alternative for Berridge method(AU)

Purification and characterization of a protein capable of binding to fatty acids and bile salts in Giardia lamblia.

A specific fatty acid binding protein was isolated from Giardia lamblia, using an affinity column with butyric acid acting as a ligand in place of stearic acid. This method has proved to be more efficient than the one previously described using stearic acid as ligand. The purified fraction showed 8 electrophoretic bands of proteins, with molecular weights ranging between 8 and 80 kDa. This pattern is a consequence of the aggregation of a protein with a molecular weight of 8,215 Da, corresponding to the lower molecular weight band, the only one capable of binding to fatty acids. The labeled oleic acid bound to these purified proteins was replaced by a 100-fold greater concentration of taurocholate, glycocholate, deoxycholate, palmitic acid, and arachidonic acid, having a greater displacement of the bile salts than the free fatty acids.

Hot topic: microstructure quantification by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis of goat cheese curd.

Five microstructural parameters of goat cheese curd (number of pores, their area and perimeter, strand thickness, and porosity) were studied by scanning electron microscopy and image analysis. Image analysis was used to characterize and quantify differences in all parameters and to provide a procedure for the measurement of strand thickness. The micrographs provided visual evidence of differences in the protein matrix and were quantified by image analysis at 3 production times: 34 ± 1 min (cutting), 154 ± 6 min (before molding), and 293 ± 35 min (after pressing). The data showed that this procedure is an adequate tool for quantifying differences in the parameters analyzed in industrial samples despite their natural heterogeneity. The procedure was reproducible and repetitive for the first 2 production times because no significant intragroup differences were observed. Significant differences were found when comparing the values of the microstructure parameters analyzed at 34 ± 1 min and those corresponding to 154 ± 6 min and 293 ± 35 min, but no significant differences between samples analyzed at 154 ± 6 min and 293 ± 35 min were found. All microstructure parameters analyzed were related at a significance level of at least 95%. This procedure enables the characterization of the microstructure of industrial goat cheese curd.

Modelos estructurales de la micela de caseína / Structural models for the casein micelle

La micela de caseína constituye un sistema coloidal muy estable en la leche. Este hecho tiene importantesimplicaciones prácticas relacionadas con la formación de los geles de caseína, así como con la estabilidad delos productos lácteos durante su tratamiento térmico, concentración y almacenamiento. Por este motivo, lamicroestructura de la micela de caseína ha sido intensamente estudiada durante las últimas cinco décadas. Apesar de ello, existen todavía muchas lagunas sobre su estructura y estabilidad, como se refleja en los resultadosderivados de recientes investigaciones basadas en el empleo de novedosas técnicas analíticas

Casein micelle constitutes a very stable milk colloidal system. This has significant practical implicationsespecially regarding to casein gel formation and stability of dairy products during heating, concentration andstorage. For that reason, the microstructure of the casein micelle has been intensively investigated during thelast five decades. However, specific questions about micelle structure and stability are still arising as new instrumentalmethodologies become available

The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala.

We compared epidemiologic characteristics of Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora in surveillance data from outpatient departments in Guatemala. Routinely-submitted stool specimens were screened by microscopy. Age, sex, and symptom data were collected. Cyclospora was detected in 117 (2.1%) and Cryptosporidium in 67 (1.2%) of 5,520 specimens. The prevalence of Cyclospora peaked in the warmer months, while Cryptosporidium was most common in the rainy season. Both affected children more than adults, but Cryptosporidium affected children at a younger age than Cyclospora (median age 2 years versus 5 years; P < 0.001). Cyclospora showed a stronger association with diarrhea than Cryptosporidium, even when data were stratified by age. These contrasts may reflect differences in the relative importance of transmission modes, the frequency of exposure, and the development of immunity.

Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala.

In 1996 and 1997, cyclosporiasis outbreaks in North America were linked to eating Guatemalan raspberries. We conducted a study in health-care facilities and among raspberry farm workers, as well as a case-control study, to assess risk factors for the disease in Guatemala. From April 6, 1997, to March 19, 1998, 126 (2.3%) of 5, 552 surveillance specimens tested positive for Cyclospora; prevalence peaked in June (6.7%). Infection was most common among children 1.5 to 9 years old and among persons with gastroenteritis. Among 182 raspberry farm workers and family members monitored from April 6 to May 29, six had Cyclospora infection. In the case-control analysis, 62 (91%) of 68 persons with Cyclospora infection reported drinking untreated water in the 2 weeks before illness, compared with 88 (73%) of 120 controls (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4, 10.8 by univariate analysis). Other risk factors included water source, type of sewage drainage, ownership of chickens or other fowl, and contact with soil (among children younger than 2 years).

Bone mineral density in children and adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1 of recent onset.

There is still controversy over the impact of diabetes control and duration on bone mass and growth parameters in children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The aim of this study was to assess bone mineral density (BMD) at axial and appendicular sites, in children with noncomplicated IDDM of recent onset, and its relation to metabolic control and auxological parameters (weight, height, and puberal stage). Fifty-five young Spanish IDDM, otherwise healthy patients (26 males, aged (SD 9.7 +/- 4.3 years) and 29 females, aged (SD 11.2 +/- 3.8 years) were studied. Duration of diabetes was 1-13.8 years. Two hundred eighty-two age-matched, healthy, Spanish children served as controls. HbA1 was assayed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and BMD was measured using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) densitometry at the spine and forearm. Results showed a Gaussian BMD distribution of patients according to sex and age, without sexual-stage differences. There was no correlation between BMD and glycated hemoglobin (average life disease or last HbA1 values) or duration of the disease; moreover, no differences in bone mass were found between <3 and >/=3 years of disease duration. Diabetes impact index (mean HbA1 x duration of disease in months) showed no significant influence of diabetes control on BMD. We could not demonstrate any impact of diabetes on BMD and growth parameters in children with IDDM of short duration.

Beak infection by Penicillium cyclopium in a macaw (Ara ararauna).

A case of localized beak infection by Penicillium cyclopium in a macaw (Ara ararauna) is described. A necrotic lesion, with destruction of the corneous layer, was localized in the upper zone of the beak. Diagnosis was carried out on samples of the affected zone by direct microscopic observation, routine fungal culturing techniques, and scanning electron microscopy. Results were consistent: P. cyclopium was the only microorganism associated with the lesion site. No previous reports concerning this type of beak pathology have been found in the literature.

Bone density and turnover in Addison's disease: effect of glucocorticoid treatment.

Osteoporosis is a well-known side-effect of chronic treatment with glucocorticoids. We have studied vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical markers of bone metabolism in 30 patients diagnosed of Addison's disease (AD) to determine the effect of long-term replacement treatment with hydrocortisone (30 mg/day) or prednisone (7.5 mg/day). Lumbar bone mineral density was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in L-1-4 in two occasions, separated by 12 months. BMD in premenopausal women and men with AD was similar to healthy controls and postmenopausal women had slightly lower results. Rate of change of bone density followed up over a period of 12 months was -0.82%. Bone loss was not influenced by duration or type of steroid treatment. Biochemical parameters, serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, procollagen type I, PTH and 25(OH)vitamin D were within normal limits. Our results show that in patients with AD, after replacement with low doses of glucocorticoids there is no significative trabecular bone loss neither modifications in bone formation markers.

Bone loss and turnover in patients with liver transplantation.

We have studied bone turnover markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in 82 patients (26 females and 56 males) that underwent orthotopic liver transplantation in our center. Follow-up was for a median of 19.2 months (range 1-60 months). During this period they were treated with prednisone, azathioprine and cyclosporine in accordance with protocols. Spinal bone loss was measured with a dual energy X-ray densitometer (precision 1.3%), and, depending on Z score and BMD values, two groups were distinguished: A) Without osteoporosis: 47 patients, Z = -0.98 +/- 0.09 and BMD 0.899 +/- 0.098 g/cm2, and B) With osteoporosis: 35 patients, Z = -2.71 +/- 0.55 and BMD 0.739 +/- 0.080 g/cm2 (X +/- SD). Serum bone markers such as osteocalcin (BGP) 10.0 +/- 0.8 ng/ml and procollagen-I (pColl-I) 268.1 +/- 32.1 micrograms/ml, were found to be increased. Serum PTH was within the normal range. No significant differences were found between the etiologic subgroups studied with respect to bone loss. Also, no correlation was found between bone loss and duration of follow-up or other factors, such as immunosuppressant drugs or acute rejection. Our study confirms an increased prevalence of bone loss in patients with liver transplantation, which is associated with a high bone turnover, indicating that earlier diagnosis and treatment is necessary to improve survival and quality of life in these patients.

Spinal bone mass after long-term treatment with L-thyroxine in postmenopausal women with thyroid cancer and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.

This study investigated the effect of long-term treatment upon bone density with L-Thyroxine in postmenopausal women compared with untreated postmenopausal women with climacteric symptoms. We measured spinal bone density in three groups (n = 84) of postmenopausal women: (A) those treated with TSH-suppressive doses of L-Thyroxine for a medium of 5 years after removal of thyroid cancer; (B) those on L-Thyroxine treatment for a median of 9 years after being diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLT); and (C) those with no thyroid disease or other known pathology and without any treatment. There were no differences in dietary calcium intake and daily activity between untreated and L-Thyroxine-treated women. Measurements of bone mineral density were performed at spine level L1-L4 using a dual X-ray densitometer and serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and bone markers (serum osteocalcin, procollagen I, urinary calcium), and PTH levels were assayed and found to be within normal ranges. Women receiving L-Thyroxine after thyroid cancer had slightly higher FT4 levels compared with women who had CLT and lower TSH levels, with serum T4 and T3 levels normal and similar in both groups. No significant differences were found in spinal bone density after L-Thyroxine treatment between Groups A and B and compared with Group C. Bone loss according to 2 SD below reference standards (age and sex matched) was found in the 12.9% of L-Thyroxine-treated patients versus 22.6% of untreated women. No correlation was found between bone loss and thyroid hormone levels and duration of treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Efficacy and cost of cardiac monitoring in patients receiving doxorubicin.

We compared the incidence of heart failure (CHF), CHF mortality and CHF severity in cancer patients (pts) treated with doxorubicin (DXR) in the presence and absence of cardiologic monitoring (CM). CM consisted of endomyocardial biopsy and right heart catheterization as definitive tests with and without echocardiograms and phonocardiographically derived systolic time intervals as screening tests. CHF incidence was very low (0.03) in non-CM pts without risk factors (RF). RF pts had a CHF incidence of 0.17 without and 0.06 with CM (P = 0.107). Five of 58 RF pts in the non-CM group and 0 of 49 RF pts in the CM group died of problems related to CHF. CHF symptomatology by NYHA criteria was less in CM RF pts than non-CM RF pts (P = 0.034). The prevention of CHF mortality and morbidity in CM pts was not due to administering less DXR, as CM pts actually received an average of 43 mg/m2 more DXR than non-CM pts. We conclude that pts without RF need no CM during treatment with DXR, and that CM can reduce CHF severity and CHF mortality in RF pts.

Dihydromevinolin, a potent hypocholesterolemic metabolite produced by Aspergillus terreus.

A new, potent hypocholesterolemic agent is produced by cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The isolation of the compound and its characterization as 4a,5-dihydromevinolin containing a trans-fused octahydro-naphthalene system are described. Comparative data for dihydromevinolin and mevinolin in three biological assays are given: in vitro inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase, inhibition of sterol synthesis in cell cultures, and inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vivo in rats.